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7/22/2019 BIOLOGY Form 5 Chapter 1 Transport
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Ongptjr 7=Qrgbsphrt 3;71
Lhauij Cehihdy Qregi pgpjr ohiijotehb
_ZIEQ 1::7/3
13
Qrgbs`jr tnj eb`hrlgtehb `rhl tnj tjxt gchvj ebth tnj drgpneo hrdgbezjr cjihw.
Oerouigthry systjl
@esn
OihsjaHpjb
EbsjotsAhucij
oerouigthrysystjl
ohbsests h`
jxglpij
jxglpij
CerasNulgb Glpnecegbs
_ebdij
oerouigthrysystjl
CihhaNjgrt Cihha vjssji
ohbsests h`
Ojiiuigr ohlphbjbts[igslg
lgaj up h`
ohbsests h`
Sja cihha ojii [igtjijtsTnetj cihha ojii
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Ongptjr 7=Qrgbsphrt 3;71
Lhauij Cehihdy Qregi pgpjr ohiijotehb
_ZIEQ 1::7/3
1?
Tretj tnj ohrrjot ojii auj th ets `ubotehb.
Ojiiuigr ohlphbjbt @ubotehb
Jrytnrhoytjs (rja cihha ojii)Ohbtgebs ngjlhdihceb th ogrry hxydjb gba ogrchb
aehxeaj
Ijuohoytjs
(wnetj cihha ojii)
Drgbuigr
Bjutrhpnei[ngdhoytjs wneon jbdui` gba aedjst cgotjreg gba ajga
ojiis
Jhsebhpnei Sjijgsjs jbzylj tngt ohlcgt eb`igllgtehb eb giijrdeo
rjgotehbs.
Feiis pgrgseteo whrls.
Cgshpnei Ohlcgts eb`igllgtehb eb giijrdeo rjgotehbs.
Gdrgbuigr
Iylpnhoytj
[rhauojs tnj ellubj rjsphbsj gdgebst `hrjedb
sucstgbojs.
Lhbhoytj[ngdhoytjs wneon jbdui` gba aedjst cgotjreg gba ajga
ojiis
[igtjijts Ebvhivja eb tnj prhojss h` cihha oihttebd.
Ohlpgreshb cjtwjjb grtjrejs, ogpeiigrejs gba vjebs. @eii eb tnj chx wetn ohrrjot gbswjr.
Cihha vjssjis Grtjrejs Ogpeiigrejs Pjebs
@ubotehb
Ogrry hxydjbgtja cihha
(jxojpt `hr tnj puilhbgry
grtjry) gwgy `rhl tnj
njgrt
Giihw rgpea dgsjhus
jxongbdj, butrejbts, wgstj gba
nhrlhbjs cjtwjjb tnj cihha
gba ojiis
Ogrry ajhxydjbgtja
cihha (jxojpt `hr tnj
puilhbgry vjeb)
thwgras tnj njgrt
Qnj tneofbjss h`
tnj wgiiQneof Qnebbjst (hbj-ojii tneof) Qnebbjr
Pgivjs
Bh vgivjs, jxojpt
sjleiubgr vgivjs eb tnj
ghrtg gba puilhbgry
grtjry
Bh vgivjsNgvj vgivjs th prjvjbt
cgof`ihw h` cihha
Qnj sezj h` iuljb _lgii _lgiijst Igrdj
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Ongptjr 7=Qrgbsphrt 3;71
Lhauij Cehihdy Qregi pgpjr ohiijotehb
_ZIEQ 1::7/3
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Ohlpijtj tnj igcji h` tnj struoturj h` tnj nulgb njgrt.
Gspjot Lgrfebd sonjlj Lgrfs
Igcjiebd Igcji tnj aegdrgl /Bglj cihha vjssji G gba C ([hpuigr Wujstehb)
Bglj grtjry ^
Ohrhbgry grtjry 7 7
Argwebd sfeii Argw g sjrejs h` grrhw th snhw tnj ihw h` hxydjbgtja cihha ebth tnj njgrt gba hut h`tnj njgrt
_nhwebd ohrrjot grrhws
7 7
Aegdrgl snhws rednt seaj h` g nuglb njgrt
Ohlpijtj tnj njrt struoturj eb tnj aegdrgl
7 7
Qnj wgii h` ij`t vjbtreoij
Ceouspea vgivj
Qreouspea vgivj
Onhrag tjbaebgj
_jle-iubgr vgivj
C=[uilhbgry vjeb_upjrehr vjbg ogvg
GhrtgG=[uilhbgry grtjry
Sednt gtreul
Ij`t gtreul
_jptul
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Lhauij Cehihdy Qregi pgpjr ohiijotehb
_ZIEQ 1::7/3
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Gspjot Lgrfebd sonjlj Lgrfs
Grrgbdjljbt _tgtj tnj `ihw h` cihha `hrl vjbg ogvg th ghrtg
Pjbg ogvg rednt gtreul rednt vjbtreoij puilhbgry grtjry
iubds puilhbgry vjeb ij`t gtreul ij`t vjbtreoijghrtg 3 3
@ubotehb Tngt es tnj `uboethb h` struoturj gba U (vgivj)
Qh prjvjbt tnj cgof`ihw h` cihha hrl vjbtreoij th gtreg //th jburj tngt tnj cihha ihws
eb hbj aerjotehb hbiy 7 7
Ae``jrjboj _tgtj tnj ae``jrjboj cjtwjjb tnj wgiis h` tnj ij`t vjbtreoij gba rednt vjbtreoij=
Qnj wgiis h` ij`t vjbtreoij es tneofjr tngb tnj rednt vjbtreoij 7 7
Cihha vjssji G ngs nednjr prjssurj tnjb vjssji C
Jxpigeb wny 3
@-Ohbtrgotehb h` vjbtreoij/njgrtJ7-Djbjrgtjs g (nedn) prjssurj
J3-(th) prhpji/`hroj/pulp tnj cihha `ihw `rhl tjn njgrt /vjbtreoij th vjssji G Gby 3
7
7
7 3
Tny es tnj wgii h` ij`t vjbtreoij tneofjr gba lhrj lusouigr tngb rednt vjbtreoij8
Cjogusj tnj ij`t vjbtreoij ngs th pulp tnj cihha th gii pgrt h` tnj chay wneij tnj rednt
vjbtreoij hbiy ngs th pulp tnj cihha th tnj iubds 7 7
Jxpigeb tnj elphrtgboj h` tnj ae``jrjboj eb (c)(e)
(tnj wgii h` ij`t vjbtreoij es tneofjr gba lhrj lusouigr)
[7-Qh wetn stgba tnj nedn prjssurj
[3-th pulp cihha hut h` tnj njgrt h gii pgrt h` tnj chay
7
7 3
[rjaeot(J``jot)
Jxpigeb wngt weii ngpjjb es vgivj (sjle-iubgr vgivj) ahjs bht `ubotehb prhpjriy
@-cihha ogbbht prjvjbt `rhl `ihwebd cgofwgra ebth ij`t vjbtreoij
J-Nedn cihha prjssurj ogbbht cj lgebtegbja eb tnj ij`t vjbtrreoij
7
7
3
Jxpigeb tnj j``jot ogusja cy tnj cihofgdj eb grtjry ^ 3
[7-Out tnj suppiy h` H3/Butrejbt th tnj njgrt gttgof/lyhograegi Sjmjot= Njgrt
prhcijl
7 7
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Ongptjr 7=Qrgbsphrt 3;71
Lhauij Cehihdy Qregi pgpjr ohiijotehb
_ZIEQ 1::7/3
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Gspjot Lgrfebd sonjlj Lgrfs
Ograego
lusoij
7.3 Qnj oerouigthry systjl nulgbs
Njgrt es gb j``jotevj pulp tngt lgaj up lhstiy cy strhbd lusoij
Bglj tnj typj h` lusoij tngt cueia tnes hrdgbOgraego lusoij 7 7
Qnj ohbtrgotehb h` ograego lusoij bjja bht th cj steluigtja cy bjrvj elpuisjs
Jxpigeb tnj gchvj stgtjljbt
Qnj ograego lusoij es lyhdjbeo /et ohbtrgot gba rjigxja cy tnjlsijvj7 7
Qnj lusoij tnt cueia tnj njgrt s lyhdjbeo.Tngt se ljgbebd h` lyhdjbeo87
Lusoij tngt ohbtrgot gba rjigvs wetnhut tnj bjja th rjojevj elpuisjs `hrl tnj bjrvhus
systjl
7 7
[ulpebd
h` njgrt
Aegdrgl 7;.: snhws g nulgb njgrt.
Bglj tnj struoturj ]
_ebhgtregi bhaj7 7
_tgtj tnj ubotehb h` ]
Ebetegtjs gba ohhraebgtjs tnj ohbtrgotehb h` tnj njgrt 7 7
Jxpigeb nhw tnj sjqujboj h` jvjbts tngt tgfjs pigoj g`tjr ] es ebetegtja lgebtgeb tnj
njgrtcjgt
[7. Qnj _G bhaj gs tnj pgojlgfjr djbjrgtjs jijotreogi elpuisjs.
[3. Qnj jijotreogi elpuisjs sprjga rgpeaiy hvjr tnj wgiis h` chtn gtreg, ogusebd tnj gtreg thohbtrgot seluitgbjhusiy. Qnj ohbtrgotehb h` tnj gtreg njips pusn cihha ebth tnj vjbtreoijs.
[?. Qnj jijotreogi elpuisjs sprjga th tnj vjbtreoijs ogusebd tnjl th ohbtgot gba pusn
cihha hut th tnj iubds gba chay
[1. Qnj jijotreogi elpuisjs rjgon tnj GP bhaj. Cubaij h` Nes `ecrjs, cubaij crgbonjs gba[urfebmj ecrjs ohbauot tnj elpuisjs th tnj gpjx h` tnj njgrt
7
7
7
7 ?
Qnj pgojlgfjr h` g pgtejbts njgrt `geis th `ubotehb. Gb jijotrhbeo pgojlgfjr es usja th
Sjpigoj tnj hredebgi pgojlgfjr. Jxpigeb nhw tnj jijotrhbeo pgojlgfjr whrfs.
[7 - Jijotrhbeo pgojlgfjr whrf gs sebh-gtregi bhaj (_GB)
[3 - Et djbjrgtjs g wgvj h` jxoetgthry elpuisjs
[? - sprjga th gtreg, ogusebd tnj njgrt th ohbtrgot seluitgbjhusiy.
7
7
7 ?Jxpigeb wngt weii ngppjb th g pjrshb e` tnj pgojlgfjr (sebhgtregi bhaj)es elpgerja1
@7-Ijss bjrvj elpuisj grj djbjrgtja `hrl _G bhaj th tnj wgiis h` gtreg
J7-Ohbtrgotehb h` gtreg grj wjgfjb ogusebd ijss cihha th jbtjr tnj vjbtreoijs
@3-Ijss bjrvj elpuisj grj sjbt th tnj GP bhaj
J3-Qnus ohbtrgotehb h` vjbtreoijs es wjgfjr ogusebd ijss cihha th c pulp hut h` tnj njgrt
7
7
7
7 1
[uilhbgry vjeb
Ij`t gtreul
Ihogtehb h`
[gojlgfjr
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Ongptjr 7=Qrgbsphrt 3;71
Lhauij Cehihdy Qregi pgpjr ohiijotehb
_ZIEQ 1::7/3
14
Qnj rjduigthry ljongbesl h cihha prjssurj
Gspjot Lgrfebd sonjlj Lgrfs
Fbhwijadj Aegdrgl snhws g pgrt h` oerouigthry systjl eb nulgb
Tngt ngppjb th tnj cihha prjssurj gs tnj cihha `ihw `rhl [ th W
Cihha prjssurj eborjgsj 7 7
Gagptgtehb Jxpigeb wny es elphrtgbt `hr [ th ngvj tneof wgii
@-wetnstgba nedn prjssurj h` cihha
J7-(tneof wgii)ngvj lusoij tngt ogb ohbtrgot gba rjigx
J3-Ohbtrhi cihha ih(th ojii goohrsebd th tnj chays bjja)
Jxpigeb nhw bjgrcy lusoij gt W prjvjbt tnj cgof `ihw h` cihha
@-Bjgrcy lusoij ohbtrgot gba rjigx//bjgrcy lusoij squjjzj tnj vjeb
J-[usn cihha cgof thwgra jtn njgrt
7
7
7
7
7
7 3
Jxpigeb nhw tnj struoturj h` ogpeiigrejs giihw sucstgbojs th pgs `hrl tnjl th tnj
surrhubaebd j``eoejbtiy
@7-tnj wgiis h` ogpeiigrejs grj hbiy hbj ojii tneof
J7-_ucstgbojs ah bht ngvj vjry `gr th ae``usj tnrhudn tnjl
J3-Eborjgsj Q_ hr ae``usehb th hoour
7
7
7 ?
Htnjr Hur bhrlgi cihha prjssurj es 73;/>;, Nd. Jxpigeb wngt es tnj ljgsurjljbt rjprjsjbt8 1
@7-73;=rj`jrs systhieo prjssurj
J7-(pjgf h` prjssurj)tngt ohbtrgotebd vjbtreoijs
@3->; rj`jrs th aegsthieo prjssurj
J3-( tnj ihwjst grtjrehij cihha prjssurj )wnjb vjbtreoij ogrj rjigxebd
7
7
7
7 3
Ograehvgsouigr sesjgsj es g aesjsjg tngt rjigtja th njgrt gba cihha vjssji
.Lhrj pjhpij aej `hrl tnes aesjgsj tnjb ogbojr hvjr tnj pgst ?; yjgrs
Cgsja hb yhur cehihdeogi fbhwijadj, nhw tnes aesjgsj ogb cj prjvjbtja8
[7-Ah rjduigr jxjroesj
[3-Jgt `hha tngt igof h` iepeas/onhijstjrhis gby 3[
7
7 3
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Ongptjr 7=Qrgbsphrt 3;71
Lhauij Cehihdy Qregi pgpjr ohiijotehb
_ZIEQ 1::7/3
1>
Qnj rjduigthry ljongbesl h cihha prjssurj
Gspjot Lgrfebd _onjlj
Oretjreg Tnjb cihha `ihws tnrhudn g vjssji, et jxjrts prjssurj gdgebst tnj wgiis h` tnj
cihha vjssji. Qnes prjssurj es ogiija cihha prjssurj. Jxpigeb nhw cihha prjssurjes lgebtgebja gt bhrlgi ijvji. 7;
O7= Aj`ebetehb h` cihha prjssurj
O3= Bglj h` tnj ljongbesl
O?= Ograehvgsouigr ojbtrj
O1 = Qnj rjsphbsjs - e` eborjgsjs / ajorjgsjs
@7= Cihha prjssurj es tnj
`hroj tngt arevjs cihha
tnrhudn grtjrejs gba
ogpeiigrejs
[7.7= nednjr prjssurj eb tnj systhij / ohbtrgotehb stgdj
[7.3= ihwjr prjssurj eb aegsthij / rjigxgtehb stgdj
@3= Sjduigtja cy bjdgtevj
`jjacgof ljongbesl
[3.7= Cgrhrjojpthrs hr prjssurj rjojpthrs ihogtja eb tnj gron h` ghrtg gba grtjrejs
[3.3= ogrhtea grtjrejs, ajtjot cihha prjssurj `ihwebd tnrhudn tnjl
[3.?= th tnj ograehvgsouigr ojbtrj eb tnj ljauiig hcihbdgtg
@?= E` cihha prjssurj
eborjgsjs
[?.7= cgrhrjojpthrs sjba elpuisjs th tnj ograehvgsouigr ojbtrj gt g `gstjr rgtj
[?.3 sjbas bjrvj elpuisjs th tnj njgrt
[?.? rjsuits eb g wjgfjr ograego lusoij ohbtrgotehb
[?.1 tnj slhhtn lusoijs h` tnj grtjrejs weii rjigx
[?.: tnes ajorjgsjs tnj rjsestgboj h` cihha `ihw eb tnj cihha vjssjis
[?.0 cy weajbebd h` cihha vjssjis / vgshaeigtehb[?.4 ihwjr tnj cihha prjssurj / cgof th tnj bhrlgi vgiuj.
@1= E` cihha prjssurj `giis
/ajorjgsjs
[1.7 cgrhrjojpthrs grj ijss steluigtja
[1.3 sjba bjrvj elpuisjs gt g sihwjr rgtj th tnj ograehvgsouigr ojbtrj
[1.? ograehvgsouigr ojbtrj sjbas bjrvj elpuisjs th tnj njgrt
[1.1 tngt rjsuits eb g strhbdjr ograego lusoij ohbtrgotehb.
[1.: Qnj slhhtn lusoijs h` tnj grtjrejs ohbtrgot
[1.0 eborjgsjs tnj rjsestgboj h` cihha ihw eb tnj cihha vjssjis
[1.4 bgrrhwebd h` cihha vjssjis / vgshohbstreotehb
[1.> eborjgsj tnj cihha prjssurj / cgof th tnj bhrlgi vgiuj
Gby tjb phebts
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Ongptjr 7=Qrgbsphrt 3;71
Lhauij Cehihdy Qregi pgpjr ohiijotehb
_ZIEQ 1::7/3
15
Qnj oerouigthry systjl eb ebsjots, `esn glpnecegbs gba nulgb
Qnj oihsja Oerouigthry systjl
@esn
_tgtj tnj typj h` cihha oerouigthry systjl snhwb cy hrdgbesl
Hrdgbesl W=_ebdij oihsja oerouigthry
Bglj hbj jxglpij h` hrdgbesl
Hrdgbesl W =@esn
Nulgb
_tgtj tnj typj h` cihha oerouigthry systjl snhwb cy hrdgbesl [
Hrdgbesl [= Ahucija oihsja oerouigthry systjl
Bglj hbj jxglpij h` hrdgbesl [
Hrdgbesl [ =nulgb /gby suetgcij lgllgi /cera
Bglj /_tgtj twh oerouigtehbs. Ajsorecj jgon oerouigtehb.
[7 = [uilhbgry oerouigtehb
Ajsoreptehb = Cihha es pulpja `rhl tnj njgrt ebth tnj iubds gba cgof th tnj njgrt.
[3 = _ystjleo oerouigtehb
Ajsoreptehb = Cihha es ogrreja cjtwjjb tnj njgrt gba htnjr pgrts h` tnj chay jxojpt tnj
iubds.
Jxpigeb tnj elphrtgboj h` ngvebd tnj cihha oerouigthry systjl eb hrdgbesl [@-(ahucija oerouigtja systjl) es lhrj j``eoejbt
[7-Qnj njgrt pulps tnj cihha tweoj/ tnj cihha `ihw ebth tnj njgrt tweoj eb g ohlpijtj
oerouigtehb
[3-Nednrj prjssurj h` cihha ogb cj lgebtgebja
[?-Qnj cihha trgvjis gstjr th hrdgbs
[1-Qnj hrdgbs djt su``eoejbt glhubt h` diuohsj /hxydjb butrejbt//tnj wgstj
prhauot/ogrchb aehxeaj /urjg ogb cj jielebgtja gby ?
Jxpigeb tnj pgtnwgy h` tnj systjleo oerouigthry systjl (nulgb)
[7 - Hxydjbgtja cihha es ogrreja `rhl ij`t vjbtreoij (njgrt) th tnj chay ojiis(chay),
[3 - ajhxydjbgtja cihha es ogrreja `rhl chay ojiis (chay) th tnj rednt gtreul & rednt
vjbtreoij (njgrt).
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Ongptjr 7=Qrgbsphrt 3;71
Lhauij Cehihdy Qregi pgpjr ohiijotehb
_ZIEQ 1::7/3
:;
Qnj ae``jrjbojs cjtwjjb tnj oerouigthry systjl h` ebsjots `esn, glpnecegbs gba nulgbs
Gspjot Lgrfebd sonjlj Lgrfs
Nulgb
&@esn
Jxpigeb hbj ae``jrjboj eb tnj struoturj h` tnj njgrt cjtwjjb Hrdgbesl [ (nulgb)gba
Hrdgbesl W (`esn) 3@-Njgrt h` hrdgbesl [ ngs `hur onglcjrs cut hrdgbesl W ngs twh onglcjrs
[7-Hrdgbesl [ ngs rednt gtreul .ij`t gtreul, rednt vjbtreoij gba ij`t vjbtreoij cut hrdgbesl
W ngs vjbtreoij gba gb gtreul //WW ngs hbj vjbtreoij gba hbj gtreul
[3-Eb hrdgbesl [, tnj njgrt rjojevjs chtn hxydjbgtja cihha gba ajhxydjbgtja cihha wneij
eb hrdgbesl W , tnj njgrt hbiy rjojevj ajhxydjbgtja cihha
7
7 3
Aegdrgl 7;.1.3 snhws tnj cihha oerouigthry systjl eb hrdgbesl G gba hrdgbesl
Hrdgbesl G Hrdgbesl C
Cgsja hb Aegdrgl 7;.1.3, Ajsorecj tnj seleigretejs gba ae``jrjbojs cjtwjjb tnj cihha
oerouigthry systjl eb hrdgbesl G gba hrdgbesl C
Hrdgbesl G Hrdgbesl C
_ebdij oerouigtehb// Cihha `ihw hbiy hboj/hbj telj tnrhudn tnj njgrt Ahucij oerouigtehb// Cihha ihw tweoj/ twhtelj tnrhudn tnj njgrt
Njgrt ngvj 3 onglcjrs/ njgrt ohbsests h` 7
gtreul gba 7 vjbtreoij
Njgrt ngvj 1 onglcjrs/ njgrt ohbsests h` 3
gtreuls gba 3 vjbtreoijs
Gcsjboj h` sjptul [rjsjboj h` sjptul
Hxydjbgtja cihha ihw rhl deii th chay
ojii/ tessujs chay
Hxydjbgtja cihha `ihw `rhl iubds th tnj
njgrt
Ajhxydjbgtja cihha ihw rhl tnj njgrt
th tnj deii
Ajhxydjbgtja cihha ihw rhl tnj njgrt th
tnj iubds
3
3
3
3
3
>
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Ongptjr 7=Qrgbsphrt 3;71
Lhauij Cehihdy Qregi pgpjr ohiijotehb
_ZIEQ 1::7/3
:7
Qnj ae``jrjbojs cjtwjjb tnj oerouigthry systjls h` ebsjots, `esn, glpnecegbs gba nulgbs.
Hrdgbesls Ebsjots @esn Glpnecegbs Nulgbs
Qypj h` oerouigthry
systjl
Hpjb Oihsja Oihsja Oihsja
- _ebdij Ahucij Ahucij
_jpgrgtehb h` hxydjbgtja
gba ajhxydjbgtja cihha- - Ebohlpijtj Ohlpijtj
Bulcjr h` onglcjrs eb
tnj njgrt
(G sebdij
cihha vjssji
`hrls tnj
njgrt)
Qwh Qnrjj @hur
7.? Qnj ljongbesl h` cihha oihttebd
Bh Lgrfebd sonjlj Lgrfs
Fbhwijadj Aegdrgl snhws tnj ljongbesl h` cihha oihttebd
Bglj vetgleb s gba Ehb Q
vetgleb _= Petgleb F
Ehb Q = Ehb Og3+
7
7 3
Bglj sucstgbojs
_ucstgbojs [ = [rhtnrhlceb
_ucstgbojs W = Qnrhlceb
_ucstgbojs S = @ecrebhdjb
7
7
7 ?
W
S
[
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Ongptjr 7=Qrgbsphrt 3;71
Lhauij Cehihdy Qregi pgpjr ohiijotehb
_ZIEQ 1::7/3
:3
Gspjot Lgrfebd sonjlj Lgrfs
Fbhwijadj Aegdrgl snhw tnj rja cihha ojiis grj trgppja cy struoturj T
Bglj struoturj T
@ecreb 7 7
Cihha
oihttebd
ljongbesl
@rhl tnj aegdrgl ,Jxpigeb tnj rhij h` pigtjijts
[7-[igtjijts crjgf ahwb gba rjijgsj onjleogi rjijgsja onjleogis
[3-Qh ogusj pigtjijts th steof th jgon htnjr
[?-[gigtijt oiulp thdjtnjr th hrl g piud th prjvjbt cihha ihss
[1-Sjijgsja tnrhlchfebgsj gba htnjr oihttebd `gothrs
7
7
7
7 3
Jxpigeb nhw es hrl J__GU@-wnjb tnjrj es out eb tnj cihha vjssjis
J7-(G drhup )pigtijts oiulp/steof thdjtnjr
J3-th rjijgsja trhlchfebgsj/tnrhlchpigsteb
J?-(trhlchfebgsj/tnrhlchpigsteb) ohbvjrts prhtnrhlceb th tnrhlceb
J1-(tnrhlceb ) ohbvjrt ecrebhdjb th `ecreb/struoturj T(`ecreb /T trgps jrytnrhoytjs/rja
cihha ojiis)
J:-tnjb `hrl sogc(sogc areja)whuba/whuba es njgija gby 1
7
7
7
7
7
7 1
Jxpigeb nhw struoturj T es hrlja _QSZOQZSJ
[7-Tnjb tnj cihha vjssji aglgdj tnj pigtjijts rjijgsja g prhtjeb ogiija tnrhlchpigsteb[3- tnrhlchpigsteb wetn tnj njip h` ogioeul gba vetgleb F ,ohbvjrt prhtnrhlceb th
tnrhlceb
[?-Qrhlceb gots gs gb jbzylj th ohbvjrt `ecrebhdjb ebth struoturj T /`ecreb
7
7
7 ?
Aegdrgl 7;.? snhws g nulgb cihha ohlphbjbt.
Aegdrgl 7;.?
Jxpigeb nhw pigtjijts njip th sthp cijjaebd wnjb g whuba hoours.
[7 - [igtjijts oiulp thdjtnjr/ jxphsj th ger gba prhauoj tnrhlchfebgsj//
tnrhlchpigstebj
[3 - Qnrhlchfebgsj/ tnrhlchpigstebj ohbvjrts prhtnrhlceb th tnrhlceb (ogioeul ehbs
lust cj prjsjbt)
7
7
7
T
Jrytnrhoytj
Ijuohoytj
[igtjijt
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Ongptjr 7=Qrgbsphrt 3;71
Lhauij Cehihdy Qregi pgpjr ohiijotehb
_ZIEQ 1::7/3
:?
[? - Qnrhlceb ohbvjrts `ecrebhdjb (g shiucij prhtjeb pigslg) th ecreb (Petgleb F es
bjjaja eb tnj hrlgtehb h` prhtnrhlceb)
[1 - @ecreb `hrls g bjtwhrf th trgp tnj jrytnrhoytjs
[: - th `hrl g oiht// sogc
7
7
71
Ae``jrjboj _tgtj g ae``jrjboj cjtwjjb `ecrebhdjb gba struoturj T
@ecrebhdjb es shiucij pigslg prhtjeb wnjrjgs struoturj T es `ecreb wneon es ebshiucij
prhtjeb.
77
Jxpigeb hbj ae``jrjboj cjtwjjb `ecrebhdjb gba `ecreb
[7-@ecrhbhdjb es shiucij. ecreb es ebshiucij/bht shiucij
[3-@ecreb gcij th hrl `ecrjs/ljsnwhrf/tnrjga th trgp cihha ojii, ecrebhdjb es bht gcij
th ah sh
7
7 3
Elphrtgboj _tgtj twh elphrtgboj h` cihha oihttebd
[7-th prjvjbt sjrehus cihha ihss wnjb g pjrshb es ebmurja
[3- th prjvjbt tnj jbtry h` leorhhrdgbesls gba `hrjedb pgrteoijs ebth tnj cihha/ chaytnrhudn tnj aglgdj cihha vjssjis
[?- th lgebtgeb bhrlgi cihha prjssurj
[1- th lgebtgeb oerouigtehb h` cihha eb g oihsja oerouigthry systjl
7
7
7
7 ?
_tgtj tnj bjojssety `hr tnj hrlgtehb h` struoturj T grhuba tnj whuba 3
[7-Qh prjvjbt sjrehus cihha ihss
[3-th prjvjbt tnj jbtry h` leorhhrdgbesl gba hrjedb pgrteoijs ebth tnj cihha ?.th
lgebtgeb bhrlgi cihha prjssurj
[1-Qh lgebtgeb oerouigtehb h` cihha eb g oihsja oerouigthry systjl
7
7
7 ?
Qnj struoturj T ahjs bht bhrlgiiy `hrlja eb ebtgot cihha vjssjisJxpigeb wny8
@-Njpgreb eb pigslg/gotehb h` gbteohgduigbts
[-[rjvjbt oiht `hrlgtehb cy supprjssebd gotevgtehb h` tnj pigtjijt
7
7 3
[rhcijl
rjigtja th
cihha
oihttebd
Bglj tnj pgrt igcjiija [
[ = Qnrhlcus/ Onhijstjrhi / [igquj / ajphset7 7
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Ongptjr 7=Qrgbsphrt 3;71
Lhauij Cehihdy Qregi pgpjr ohiijotehb
_ZIEQ 1::7/3
:1
Gspjot Lgrfebd sonjlj Lgrfs
[rhcijl
rjigtja th
cihha
oihttebd
Jxpigeb nhw [ es `hrlja
[7- Jxojssevj onhijstjrhi, sgturgtja `gts gba ogioeul grj ajphsetja hb tnj ebbjr iebebd h`tnj grtjrejs.
[3- Ajtgonja ajphsetja onhijstjrhi hb tnj grtjrejs wgii ogb steluigtj tnj gddiutebgtehb
h` pigtjijts wneon ijga th tnj hrlgtehb h` cihha oiht / tnrhlcus eb tnj grtjrejs th
hcstruot tnj cihha ihw
7
7
7 ?
Tngt es tnj ohbsjqujboj eb cihha oiht `hrl wetneb tnj ubcrhfjb cihha vjssji8
Qrhlchses 7 7
G lgb su``jrs `hrl njgrt gttgof.Qnes ogusja cy cihha oihts eb hbj h` tnj ohrhbgry
grtjrejs
Tngt typj h` tnrhlchses hoours
Ohrhbgry tnrhlchses 7 7
Nhw ahjs tnj tnrhlchses eb (c) `hrl
[7-ebauoja cy grtnjrehijrhses
[7-Ajphsetja onhijstjrhi gba ogioeul hb tnj ohrhbgry grtjry wgii ogb steluigtj tnj
gddiutebgtehb h` pigtjijts wneon ogb ijga th tnj `hrlgtehb h` cihha oiht eb nj grtjry
7
7 3
Gagl es su``jrja `hrl g djbjteo aesjgsj.Nj ngs g prhcijl h` cihha oihttebd, nes cihha
tgfjs gb gcbhrlgiiy ihbd telj th oiht
Bglj tnj djbjteo aesjgsj su``jrja cy Gagl
Ngjlhpneieg 7 7
_tgtj hbj ae``jrjboj eb tnj cihha ohbtjbt Gagl gba g bhrlgi pjrshb
Igof h` ojrtgeb cihha oihttebd/`gothr PEEE eb Gagl s cihha 7 7
Ngjlhpneieg es g djbjteo eb wneon tnj ebaeveaugi ogbbht prhauoj oihttebd `gothr. suddjst
hbj ljtnha th sgvj tnj g``ieotja pjrshb `hrl ayebd auj th jxojssevj cijjaebd
Ebmjotehb wetn cihha gothr 7 7
Nhw ahjs tnj tnrhlchses eb (c) `hrl
[7-ebauoja cy grtnjrehijrhses
[7-Ajphsetja onhijstjrhi gba ogioeul hb tnj ohrhbgry grtjry wgii ogb steluigtj tnj
gddiutebgtehb h` pigtjijts wneon ogb ijga th tnj `hrlgtehb h` cihha oiht eb nj grtjry
7
7 3
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Ongptjr 7=Qrgbsphrt 3;71
Lhauij Cehihdy Qregi pgpjr ohiijotehb
_ZIEQ 1::7/3
::
7.1 iylpngteo systjl
Qnj `hrlgtehb gba ohlphsetehb h` ebtjrstetegi `iuea
Gspjot Lgrfebd sonjlj Lgrfs
Fbhwijadj _nhw tnj `hrlgtehb h` `rhl cihha oerouigthry systjl
@iuea es hredebgtja `hrl cihha pigslg wneon ijgvjs tnj cihha ogpeiigrejs ebth tnj
ebtjrojiiuigr spgojs cjtwjjb tnj ojiis
Bglj `iuea
Ebtjrstetegi iuea
77 3
Elphrtgboj _tgtj tnj elphrtgbt h` iuea ^ th tnj chay ojiis
_uppiejs tnj ojii wetn tnjer ojiiuigr rjquerjljbt/hxydjb /butrejbt/diuohsj/glebh
goeas//jielebgtj tnj jxorjthry sucstgbojs/ogrchb aehxeaj/urjg `rhl tnj ojii
7 7
@hrlgtehb Jxpigeb nhw `iuea ^ es `hrlja
[7-Cihha `ihws `rhl tnj grterejs ebth ogpeiigrejs wneon ngvj g slgiijr aegljtjr
[3-Ogusjs nedn nyarhstgteo prjssurj gt tnj grtjregi jba( h` ogpeiigrejs)
[?-@hrojs shlj `iuea hut tnrhudn tnj cihha ogpeiigry wgii
7
7
7 ?
Jxpigeb nhw ebtjrstetegi iuea es hrlja
[7-Cihha `ihw `hrl tnj grtjrejs ebth tnj ogpeiigrejs wetn g slgiijr aegljtjr
[3-Sjsuits eb g nednjr nyarhstgteo prjssurj gt tnj grtjregi jba h` tnj ogpeiigrejs
[?-tnj nednjr prjssurj `hrojs shlj cihha pigslg tnrhudn tnj ogpeiigry wgii ebth tnj
spgojs cjtwjjb tnj ojiis
[1-tnj iuea es fbhwb gs ebtjrstetegi iuea hr tessuj iuea
[:-Ebtjrstetegi `iuea ahjs bht ohbtgeb pigslg prhtjeb ,jrytnrhoytjs gba pigtjijts
7
7
7
7
7 :
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Ongptjr 7=Qrgbsphrt 3;71
Lhauij Cehihdy Qregi pgpjr ohiijotehb
_ZIEQ 1::7/3
:4
? Aegdrgl snhws pgrt h` tnj cihha oerouigthry systjl gba tnj iylpngteo systjl ebnulgb chay
Jxpigebs tnrjj cjtwjjb tnj ohlphsetehb h` `iuea eb [ gba W
@7-`iuea [ es rja eb ohihur, `iuea q es ohihurijss
J7-Cjogusj `iuea [ ngs ngjlhdihceb, `iuea q ahjs bht ngvj ngjlhdihceb@3-@iuea [ ohbtgeb rja cihha ojiis, `iuea W ng bh rja cihha ojii
J3-Cgogusj tnj rja cihha ojiis srj thh igrdj th ae``usjs lhvj hut h` tnj cihha ogpeiigry (th `hrl
ebtjrstetegi iuea)
@?-@iuea [ ohbtgeb cihha ojiis gba cihha pigslg,`iuea W hbiy ohbtgeb cihha pigslg wetnhut
prhtjeb pigslg
J?-Cgogusj tnj prhtjeb pigslg grj th igrdj th ae``usja hut h` tnj cihha ogpeiigry
@1-@iuea W ohbtgeb lhrj iylpnhoytjs, `iuea [ ohbtgeb ijss iylpnhoytjs
J1-Cgogeusj gs iuea W ihw tnrhudn tnj iylpngteo bhajs
Gby ? pgers h` @ gba J
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7 0
Qnj iylpngteo systjl
Gspjot Wujstehb (Lgrfebd _onjlj)
Fbhwijadj
5;% h` `iuea ^ rjturbs th cihha oerouigthry systjl wneij tnj rjlgeb 7;% ae``usjs ebth tnj iylpn
vjssji fbhwb gs iuea U
Bglj `iuea U
Iylpn
_tgtj tnj ljgbebd h` Iylpn
[7-Ebtjrstetegi `iuea tngt ngs bht cjjb rjgcshrcja ebth tnj cihha srjgl dhjs ebth tnj iylpn
ogpeigrrejs .Hboj ebseaj tnj iylpn ogpeiigrejs tnj `ieua es fbhwb g iylpn
[3-Iylpn es g trgbspgrjbt yjiihwesn iuea
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Ongptjr 7=Qrgbsphrt 3;71
Lhauij Cehihdy Qregi pgpjr ohiijotehb
_ZIEQ 1::7/3
:>
Gspjot Wujstehb (Lgrfebd _onjlj)
Fbhwijadj
Bglj S gba _.
SIylpn ogpeiigry
_Iylpn bhajAe``jrjbojs _tgtj hbj ae``jrjboj eb ohlphsetehb cjtwjjb `iuea U gba cihha
@iuea U ahjs bht ohbtgeb jrytnrhoytjs gba igrdj prhtjeb lhijouij gs ( tnjy grj thh igrdj th pgss
tnrhudn tnj ogpeiigry wgii
Jxpigeb hbj ae``jrjboj cjtwjjb tnj ohlphsetehb h` ebtjrstetegi `iuea gba iylpn. 3
[7-iylpn ohbtgebs lhrj / nednjr iylpnhoytjs tngb ebtjrstetegi `iuea cjogusj
[3- systjl prhauojs iylpnhoytjs HS
[?- iylpn ohbtgebs lhrj `gtty sucstgbojs cjogusj
[1-igotjgis / iylpn ogpeiigrejs eb veiius trgbsphrt `gtty goea gba diyojrhi / arhpijts h` iepeas / `gt
shiucij vetglebs th tnj cihha strjgl (Gby 3)
Jxpigeb tnj ae``jrjbojs cjtwjjb tnj ohlphsetehb h` `iuea S gba `iuea _
@iuea S (cihha pigslg) @iuea _ (iylpn)
7. Ngs ijss iylpnhoytj 7. Ngs g igrdjr bulcjrs h` iylpnhoytj
Jxpigeb = Iylpnhoytj es prhauoja cy tnj iylpn bhaj.
3. Ohbtgeb jrytnrhoytj & pigslg
prhtjeb / jd= `ecrebhdjb
3. Bh jrytnrhoytj, bh pigslg prhtjeb /
jd= ecrebhdjb
Jxpigeb= SCO & pigslg prhtjeb grj thh ced lhijouij th pgss
tnrhudn
?. Ngs nedn ohbtjbt h`
hxydjb
?. Ngs ihwjr ohbtjbts h` hxydjb
Jxpigeb = hxydjb ngs cjjb usja up cy tnj ojii
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Ongptjr 7=Qrgbsphrt 3;71
Lhauij Cehihdy Qregi pgpjr ohiijotehb
_ZIEQ 1::7/3
:5
Gspjot Wujstehb (Lgrfebd _onjlj)
@hrlgtehb
Jxpigeb tnj hrlgtehb h` iylpn eb S. ?
[7-Qnj nedn nyarhstgteo prjssurj gt tnj grtjregi jba h` tnj ogpeiigrejs
[3-@hrojs cihha ohbstetujbts jxojpt igrdj lhijouijs ae``usj hut (tnrhudn ogpeiigrejs) ebth
ebtjrojiiuigr spgojs cjtwjjb ojiis / th `hrl tessujs `iuea
[?-Gt vjbhus jba h` ogpeiigrejs wnjrj nyarhstgteo prjssurj es ihw[1-(5;% h` tessujs `iuea rjturbja th oerouigthry systjl gba) 7;% ae``usja ebth iylpn ogpeiigrejs
th `hrl iylpn. HS
-Iylpn hredebgtj rhl tessujs iuea / ebtjrstetegi iuea
[0-Gt vjbhus jba h` ogpeiigrejs wnjrj nyarhstgteo prjssurj es ihw // Nyarhstgteo prjssurj es nedn
eb tnj ebtjrstetegi iuea
[4-(5;% h` tessujs `iuea / ebtjrstetegi `iuea / ^ es rjturbja th oerouigthry systjl gba) 7;% es
ae``usja ebth iylpn ogpeiigrejs th hrl iylpn Gby ?
Ajsorecj tnj `hrlgtehb h` `iuea W
@-tnj cihha /tnj cihha ogpeiigrejs ngs vjry nedn nyarhstgteo prjssurjJ7-`hroebd tnj cihha pigslg wetnhut tnj pigslg prhtjeb/jrytnrhoytjs/pigtijts
J3-Qh ae``usja hut ebth tnj spgojs cjtwjjb tnj tessujs
J?-th hrl ebtjrstetegi iuea
J1-ebth tnj iylpngteo ogpeiigrejs(tnj vjssji wetn ciubt jba
J0-@hrlebd iYylpn/iylpngteo iuea/`iuea W
J4-ohbsests h` cihha pigslg wetnhut prhtjeb pigslg/ohbtgebs diuohsj.wgtjr , glebh goeas,lebjrgi
vetglebs
@ubotehb Jxpigeb tnj tnrjj `ubotehb h` tnj iylpngteo systjl 0
[7-tnj iylpngteo systjl rjturbs tnj jxojss ebtjrstetegi `iuea cgof ebth tnj cihha oerouigthry systjlJ7-Jxojssevj goouluigtehb h` ebtjrstetegi `iuea eb tnj spgoj cjtwjjb ojiis rjsuits eb hjajlg
[3-tn igotjgi gcshrcs iepeas ( gts ) `gt shiucij vetgleb G,A,J,gba F
J3-tnjsj grj trgbsphrtja cy iylpngteo vjssji th tnj cihha oerouigthry
[?-tnj iylpngteo systjl prhveajs ellubhihdeogi aj`jbojs gdgebst tnj aesjgsj
J?-Iylpn bhajs prhauojs gba sthrj iylpnhoytjs
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Ongptjr 7=Qrgbsphrt 3;71
Lhauij Cehihdy Qregi pgpjr ohiijotehb
_ZIEQ 1::7/3
0;
Gspjot Wujstehb (Lgrfebd _onjlj)
Elphrtgboj _tgtj twh `ubotehb h` iylpngteo systjl 3
[7-Sjturb tnj jxojss ebtjrstetegi iuea /`iuea cgof ebth cihha oerouigthry systjl,
[3-Iylpnhoytjs prhauoj gbtechaejs ( th ajstrhy pgtnhdjb )
[?-Qrgbsphrt iepea, Petgleb G,A,J,F th cihha oerouigthry systjl gby 3
Jxpigeb tnj elphrtgboj h` iylpngteo systjl eb nulgb.
@7-Lgebtgeb tnj `iuea cgigboj eb tnj chay
J7-cy rjturbebd jxojss ebtjrstetegi `iuea th tnj cihhastrjgl
HS
@3-Qrgbsphrt `gtty goeas gba diyojrhi
J3-`rhl igotjgi th oerouigthry systjlQnj rhij h` tnj iylpngteo systjl eb trgbsphrt
Bh Lgrfebd sonjlj Lgrfs
(g)
Tngt ngppjbs h` tnj jxojss ebtjrstetegi `iuea ahjs bht `ihw ebth iylpn vjssjis8
[7-tnj jxojss ebtjrstegi `iuea weii goouluigtja hbd tnj ojiis
[3-Ousj swjiiebd h` tnj g``jotja chay tessujs
[?-Hjajl hoours gby 3[
7
7
7 3
(c)
Bglj tnj aesjgsj 7
Hjajlg/tessuj cjohlj swhiijb7 7
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Ongptjr 7=Qrgbsphrt 3;71
Lhauij Cehihdy Qregi pgpjr ohiijotehb
_ZIEQ 1::7/3
07
Bh Lgrfebd sonjlj Lgrfs
(o) Jxpigeb nhw tnj aesjgsj ogb cj ngppjb 3
[7-Jxojss ebtjrstetegi `iuea goouluigtjs eb tnj spgojs cjtwjjb tnj ojiis
[3-Jxojss ebtjrstetegi `iuea es bht rjturbja th tnj cihha oerouigthry systjl gby 3
7
7 3
(a)
(j) _tgtj tnj aesjgsj wnjb vjssjis S eb tnj ijd grj cihofja cy `eigregi whrls.
Jijpngbtegses / `eigregses / hjajlg / tessuj swjiiebd 7 7
(`) Jxpigeb yhur gbswjr eb o (e).
[7(Tnjb S es cihofja,) jxojss tessujs `iuea es bht rjturbja th tnj cihhastrjgl
[3-Qnj chay tessujs cjohlj swhiijb
[?-cjogusj h` thh luon `iuea goouluigtjs eb tnj spgoj cjtwjjb tnj ojiis (Gby 3)
7
7
7 3
(d) Jssgy jbongljbt ohrbjr
(c) Cgsja hb Aegdrgl 7;.3, ajsorecj nhw `iuea _ es hrlja `rhl cihha pigslg ubtei et escrhudnt cgof ebth tnj cihha oerouigthry systjl.
[7 - (Tnjb tnj cihha `ihws `rhl grtjrejs ebth ogpeiigrejs) tnjrj es nednjr nyarhstgteo
prjssurj gt tnj grtjregi jba h` tnj ogpeiigrejs
[3 - (Qnes nedn prjssurj) `hrojs shlj pigslg th pgss tnrhudn tnj ogpeiigry wgiis ebth tnj
ebtjrojiiuigr spgojs (cjtwjjb tnj ojiis)
[? - Hboj tnj `iuea ijgvjs tnj ogpeiigry wgiis, et es ogiija ebtjrstetegi/tessuj `iuea // Qnj
ebtjrstetegi `iuea `eiis tnj spgojs cjtwjjb tnj ojiis gba ohbstgbtiy cgtnjs tnj ojiis
[1 - 5;% h` tnj ebtjrstetegi `iuea ae``usjs cgof ebth cihha ogpeiigry
[: - 7;% h` tnj ebtjrstetegi `iuea tngt ngs bht cjjb rjgcshrcja ebth tnj cihhastrjgl dhjs ebth
tnj iylpn ogpeiigrejs.(Hboj ebseaj tnj iylpn ogpeiigrejs) tnj `iuea es fbhwb gs iylpn / _
[4 - iylpn / _ pgssjs tnrhudn iylpngteo vjssjis ebth tnj tnhrgoeo auot
[> - iylpn/ _ jvjbtugiiy argebs ebth tnj rednt sucoigvegb vjeb.
(Njboj, iylpn argebs cgof ebth tnj cihha)
7
7
7
7
7
7
0
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Ongptjr 7=Qrgbsphrt 3;71
Lhauij Cehihdy Qregi pgpjr ohiijotehb
_ZIEQ 1::7/3
03
7.: Qnj rhij h` tnj oerouigthry systjl eb tnj aj`jboj ljongbesl h` tnj chay
Bh Lgrfebd sonjlj
Fbhwijadj Cihha oerouigthry systjl trgbsphrt dgsjs gba butrejbt th gii pgrts h` h` tnj chay .Et rjlhvjsgba jxorjtjs wgstj lgtjregi tnrhudn tnj feabjys.Et gish prhtjot hur chay `hrl eb`jotehb h`
aesjgsj. Qgcij 7 snhws tnj chay aj`jbsj ljongbesl
Chay aj`jboj ljongbesl
Qypj h` aj`jbojs Iebjs h` aj`jbojs
@erst iebj aj`jboj _
_johba iebj aj`jboj [
Qnera iebj aj`jboj W
Bglj [ gba W
_= _feb gba luohus
[6 Ijuohoytj/wnetj cihha ojiis/pngdhoytjs/lhbhoytj/bjutrhpneii
W= Iylpnhoytjs
Iebj h` aj`jboj Lgrfebd sonjlj
@erst Iebj
aj`jboj
Jxpigeb nhw `erst iebj aj`jboj ogb prjvjbt tnj jbtry pgtnhdjbs ebth tnj chay.
Qnj sfeb
[7 - _feb ohbsest h` fjrgteb tngt lgfj ae``eouit jbhudn th pjbjtrgtj.
[3 - _wjgt ohbtgeb goea / pN ?-pN :/ es bht ohbauoevj `hr tnj drhwtn h` leorhhrdgbesl.
[? - _wjgt gba sjcul ohbtgeb iyshzylj tngt feiis tnj leorhhrdgbesls.
Qnj rjspergthry trgot //bgsgi ogvety gba trgonjg
[1 - luous hb tnj rjspergthry trgot trgps leorhcjs/ aust/ pgrteoijs
[: - tnj oeieg wneon iebjs tnj rjspergthry trgot
Qnj sthlgon
[0 - Nyarhonihreo goea ogb feii tnj leorhhrdgbesls ( tngt prjsjbt eb tnj `hhas gba arebfs)
Qjgrs gba sgievg
[4 - ohbtgeb iyshzylj prhtjot jyjs gba lhutn `rhl ebvgsehb h` pgtnhdjb.
_johba iebj
aj`jboj
Jxpigeb nhw [ pigys ets rhij eb aj`jboj ljongbesl 3
[7-Tnejtj cihha ojii /pngdhoytjs jbdui` tjn pgtnhdjb
[3-Cy pngdhoythses
[?-Nyarhiyteo jbzylj/iyshzylj aedjst/crjgfahwb tnj pgtnhdjb (prhauot grj gcshrcja)
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G C
Cgsja hb tnj aegdrgl g gba C Bglj gb jxpigeb nhw tnj struoturj pigy ets rhij eb aj`jboj
ljongbesl0
@7-Aegdrgl G-BjutrhpneiiAegdrgl CLhbhoytjs/Lgorhpngdj
[7-[ngdhoythses
[3-Qnj pngdhoytj es gttrgotja cy tnj onjleogi prhauoja cy tnj cgotjreul
[?-Qnj pngdhoytj jxtjbas ets psjuahphaeul thwgra tnj cgotjreul th jbdui` et
[1-Ebaedjstehb h` tnj cgotjreul `hrl tnj pngdhshlj
[:-Qnj pngdhshlj ohlcebj wetn g iyshshlj
[0-Iyshshlj rjijgsjs iyshzylj ebth tnj pngdhshlj
[4-tnj cgotjreul ebseaj tnj pngdhshlj es ajstrhyja cy tnj iyshzylj
[>-tnj pngdhoytjs rjijgsja tnj aedjstja prhauots `rhl tnj ojii Gby >[
Qnera iebjaj`jboj
Bglj tnj sucstgbojs prhauoja cy W(Iylpnhoytjs) /Bglj tnj ojiis tngt prhauoj gbtechaejs eb
hur chay7
Gbtechaejs / Iylpnhoytjs
_tgtj tnj ongrgotjresteo h` tnj sucstgboj yhu stgtja eb (c) (e) 7
_pjoe`eo
Eb tnera iebj aj`jboj, C prhauojs gbtechay, devj tnj ljgbebd h` gbtechay
es prhtjeb prhauoja cy iylpnhoytjs eb rjsphbsj th tnj prjsjboj h` gb gbtedjb
_tgtj hbj h` tnj wgys wneon gbtechaejs njip th aj`jba tnj chay
Gddiutebgtehb /Bjutrgiesgtehb /hpshbesgtehb/prjoepetgtehb
Ajsorecj crej`iy nhw g pigys ets rhij eb chay aj`jbojs ?
[7-[ngdhoytjs lhvj thwgra gbtedjbs/pgtnhdjb usebd psjuahphaeul
[3-[ngdhoytjs surrhuba tnj gbtedjb /pgtnhdjb
[?-Gbtedjb /pgtnhdjb wrgppja eb vgouhij gba nyarhiysja cy nyarhiyteo jbzylj
[1-Ajstrhyja gbtedjb /pgtnhdjb es rjlhvja `rhl tnj pngdhoytj
lgx ?
Devj aj`ebetehb h` gbtedjb gba gbtechay .Jxpigeb crej`iy tnj ljongbesl usja cy gbtechay th
prhtjot hur hwb chay gdgebst aesjgsj 1
Gbtedjbs es lhijouij tngt prhauoja cy leorhhrdgbesl tngt ebetegtj gbtechay prhauotehb
Gbtechay es prhtjeb tngt prhauoja cy ellubj systjl ojiis tngt ceba th `hrjedb lhijouij
/leorhhrdgbesl
[7-Gbtechay ceba th tnj spjoe`eo gbtedjb cebaebd setj
[3-Njboj , ebgotevgtjs gbtedjb cy sjvjrgi wgys
[?-Bjutrgiesgtehb /Iyses/Gdduiutebgtehb /Hpshbesgtehb
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Qnj vgrehus typj h` Ellubety
Gspjot Lgrfebd sonjlj
Aj`ebetehb Qnjrj grj twh typj h` ellubety h` nulgb th prjvjbt eb`jotehb `hrl aesjgsj
Jxpigeb tnj twh typj h` ellubety 1@7-Gotevj ellubety
[7-Ljgbs tnj chay prhauojs ets hwb gbtechaejs eb rjsphbsj th steluigtehb cy gb gbtedjb
@3-[gssevj trgbsphrt
[3-Ljgbs tnj chay rjojevj gb gbtechsejs eb rjsphbsj th steluigtehb cy gb hutseaj shuroj
_huroj Ajsorecj nhw ellubety es hctgebja tnrhudn0
(e) gotevj ellubety
[7-Gotevj ellubety ogb cj hctgebja cy vgooebgtehb/ebhouigtehb//grte`eoegiiy goouquerja
[3-Pgooebj es g suspjbsehb h` ajga hr wjgfjbs cgotjreg/verus/pgtnhdjb
[?-Tetj cihha ojii grj steluigtja th prhauoj gbtechaejs gdgebst tnj pgtnhdjb
[1-Gotevj ellubety es gish hctgebja wnjb gb ebaeveaugi ngs rjohvjrja `hrl g ojrtgeb
aesjgsj//bgturgiiy goouquerja
[:-G rjgaylgaj suppiy h` gbtechaejs weii devj ellubety thwgras tngt aesjgsj
(ee)[gssevj ellubety
[7-[gssevj ellubety ogb cj hctgebja cy gb ebaeveaugi cy ebmjotebd gbtechaejs. Gbtesjrul ebth
tnj chay//grte`eoegiiy goouquerja
[3-Bh gbtedjb es put ebth tnj chay, sh tnj chay ahjs bht prhauoj ets hwb gbtechaejs
[?-[gssevj ellubety ogb gish cj hctgebja cy g cgcy wnjb tnj gbtechaejs `hrl tnj lhtnjrs
cihha pigslg ae``usj ebth tnj `hjtus tnrhudn tnj pigojbtg//bgturgiiy goouquerja
Grte`eoegiiy Gotevj ellubety
Bh Lgrfebd sonjlj Lgrfs
(g) Aegdrgl snhw tnj ongbdjs h` gbte chaejs ohbojbtrgtehb eb tnj cihha h` ebaeveaugi ^
Bglj tnj sucstgbojs tngt grj ebmjotja ebth tnj cihha h` ebaeveaugi ^ /
Tngt es tnj sucstgboj ebmjotja ebth tnj cihha h` ebaeveaugi ^ gba ebaeveaugi W 8
[ = vgooebj //Ajga hr wjgfjbja cgotjreg / verusjs / gbtedjbs 7 7
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(c) _tgtj tnj typj h` ellubety / bglj tnj typj h` ellubety hctgebja cy ebaeveaugi ^
[ = Grte`eoegi/(goquerja ) gotevj ellubety
Qnj chay prhauojs ets hwb gbtechaejs th ednt gdgebst eb`jotehbs cy pgtnhdjbs.
7
7 3
(o) Cgsja hb tnj aegdrgl ,Jxpigeb wny `erst gba sjohba ebmjotehb grj rjquerja cy ebaeveaugi
@7-@erst ebmjotehb ,tnj ohbojbtrgtehb h` gbtechaejs es ihw /cjihw ellubety ijvji/cjihw tngb :;
grcetgry ubet
J7-Cjogusj tnj vgooebj steluigtj iylpnhoytj th prhauoj gbtechaejs sihwiy/ijss gbtechaejs
@3-_johba ebmjotehb , tnj ohbojbtrgtehb h` gbtechaejs es gchvj ellubety ijvji /gchvj :;
grcetrgry ubets
J3-Cjogusj vgooebj steluigtjs tnj iylpnhoytj th prhauoj lhrj gbtechaejs/jxojja ellubety
ijvji
7
7
7
7 1
(a) Jxpigeb wny g pjrshb bjjas g sjohba ebmjotehb th lgebtgeb tnj ijvji h` ellubety?
@-Chhstjr ahsj[7-_teluigtj iylpnhoytj th prhauoj lhrj gbtechaejs
[3-Qh gonejvj ellubety ijvji
[?-tngt prhtjot tnj pjrshb gdgebst tnj aesjgsj
77
7
7 ?
(j) G pjrshb ngvebd ljgsijs. Jxpigeb nhw nj djt tnj aesjgsj
@-tnj erst telj ljgsijs verus jbtjr tnj cihha
J7-tnj iylpnhoytj tgfjs ihbdjr telj th prhauoj gbtechaejs
J3-Qnj ijvji h` gbtechay es ihwjr tngb tnj ellubety ijvji ( sh nj djts tnj ljgsijs)
7
7
7 3
(`) Qgcij 1.7 snhws g sonjauij h` ellubesgtehb devjb `hr jvjry bjw chrb Lgigysegb ubtei tnj gdj
h` twh.
Gdj Qypj h` ellubety
Bjw chrb Qecjrouihses(C.O.D)
Njpgtetes C (@erst ahsj)
7 lhbtn Njpgtetes C (sjohba ahsj)
? lhbtn Qrepij gbtedjb
[hieh (@erst ahsj)
: lhbtn Qrepij gbtedjb
[hieh (sjohba ahsj)
5-31 lhbtn Djrlgbs ljgsijs
77/3
-3ygjr Qrepij gbtedjb
[hieh (Qnera ahsj)
Cgsja hb tgcij,stgtj tnj typj h` pgtnhdjb wneon ogusj tnj aesjgsj
Perus / cgotjreg 7 7
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_ZIEQ 1::7/3
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Bh Lgrfebd sonjlj Lgrfs
(g) Jxpigeb wny tnjrj es bjja hr sjohba gba tnera ahsjs `hr tnj ellubesgtehb
@7= Ellubesgtehb es devjb th prjvjbt eb`jotehb `rhl pgtnhdjbs tngt ogusja aesjgsjs iefj
Qucjrouihses, Njpgtetes C, [hieh, aepntnjreg, wnhhpebd ohudn, tjtgbus. Djrlgb ljgsijs (stgtjgtijgst 3 jxglpij )
@3= Bjw chrb grj ebmjotja wetn vgooebjs th djt Grte`eoegiiy Gotevj Ellubety
@?= @erst ahsj grj devjb th ebauoj cgcy iylpnhoytjs th prhauoj gbtechaejs wneon grj spjoe`eo
gdgebst tnj gbtedjbs / cgotjreg / verus
@1= 3ba gba ?ra ahsj grj chhstjr ahsj th eborjgsj tnj prhauotehb h` gbtechaejs gt g `gstjr rgtj.
@:= Gonejvja ellubety ijvji // gbtechaejs rjlgebja eb tnj cihha `hr g ihbd telj gba prhveaj
pjrlgbjbt ellubety / prhtjot tnjl `rhl tnj bjxt eb`jotehb
7
7
7
7
7 ?
(c) Glebgn wgs snhofja wnjb g ahothr thia tngt njr cgcy ngs cjjb aegdbhsja wetn Njpgtetes C._nj
jxpigebja th tnj ahothr tngt njr cgcy girjgay dht njr `erst ellubezgtehb `hr Njpgtetes C igst
lhbtn .Cgsja hb yhur cehihdeogi fbhwijadj jxpigeb wny tnes eboeajbt hoours0
@= gcij th stgtj tnj ellubety ohrrjotiy
[=Gcij th jxpigeb wny tnj cgcy ngs cjjb aegdbhsja wetn Njpgtetes C
@7-Grte`eoegiiy goquerja gotevj ellubety
[7-Pgooebgtehb /vgooebj ebmjotehb
[3-Et weii gotevgtj tnj chay th prhauoj gbtechaejs
[?-Sjsuit eb tnj prhauotehb h` g ihw ijvji h` gbtechaejs ohbojbtrgtehb
[1-(cut) tnj ahsj ahjs bht su``eoejbt th prhtjot gdgebst tnj aesjgsj
[:-_johba chhstjr ahsj es bjojssgry[0-th eborjgsj gbtechay prhauotehb hvjr g ijvji h` ellubety
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7 0
(o) Aegdrgl 7;.7.3 es g drgpn snhwebd tnj ohbojbtrgtehb h` gbtechay eb tnj cihha h` gb ebaeveaugi
g`tjr rjojevebd twh ebmjotehbs
Jxpigeb nhw tnj ebaeveaugi ohuia gonejvj tnj ellubety ijvji.
7stvgooebgtehb 3
bavgooebgtehb Qelj (wjjfs)
Ellubety ijvji
; 7 3 ? 1 : 0 4 > 5
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[7 - Qnj drgpn snhws Grte`eoegi Gotevj Ellubety
[3 - Qnj pjrshb ngs cjjb ebmjotja wetn g vgooebj
[? - Qnj vgooebj ohbtgeb feiija hr wjgfjbja gbtedjbs/ cgotjreg/verusjs
[1 - gbtedjbs/cgotjreg steluigtjs iylpnhoytj / TCO th prhauoj gbtechaejs
[: - 7stahsj usugiiy ebauojs g sihw prhauotehb h` gbtechay
(gba snhrtjr igstebd)
[0 - Chhstjr ahsj (3ba gba ?ra ) grj bjjaja th steluigtjs lhrj
gbtechay th gonejvj ellubety ijvji ( gba igrdjr igstebd rjsphbsj).
[4 - gby ebvgsehb h` tnj pgtnhdjbeo leorhhrdgbesls, tnj chay
es gcij th ajstrhy tnjl elljaegtjiy
[> - Jd h` vgooebgtehb= COD / Njpgtetes / [hieh / N[P (ojrvex ogbojr)
7
7
7
77
7
7
7
Bgturgiiy [gssevj Ellubety
Bh Lgrfebd sonjlj Lgrfs
(g) Aegdrgl snhws g lhtnjr es crjgst`jjaebd njr cgcy
Jxpigeb tnj typj h` ellubety tngt tnj cgcy whuia goquerj ?
@-Bgturgi pgssevj ellubetyJ7-Cjogusj crjgst leif ohbtgeb gbtechay
J7-Gbtech`y ajstrhys pgtnhdjb
J?-[rhtjot tnj cgcy hrl aesjgsj (wneon tnj lhtnjr ellubj )
77
7
7 ?
(c) Jxpigeb tnj elphrtgboj h` vgooebgtehb th g bjw chrb cgcy
@-Pgooebgtehb ohbtgeb vgooebj/wjgf/ajga pgtnhdjb
J7-_teluigtjs tnj iylpnhoytjs
J3-Qh prhauoj gbtechay
J?-Jbongboj prhauotehb h` gbtechaejs ubtei gonejvj tnj ellubety ijvji
J1-Qh prhtjot tnj chay gdgebst aesjgsj gby 3
7
7
7
7
77 ?
(o) Jxpigeb tnj typj h` ellubety snhwb eb aegdrgl (g `jhtus eb tnj pigojbtg)
@7-Bgturgi goquerja pgssevj ellubety
J7-G `hjtus ogb rjojevj lgtjregi gbtechaejs bgturgiiy tnrhudn ets lhtnjr pigojbtg
J3-tnjsj gbtechaejs prhtjot tnj cgcy eb tnj erst jw lhbtns g`tjr certn
7
7
7 ?
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_ZIEQ 1::7/3
0>
Bh Lgrfebd sonjlj Lgrfs
(a) Chay ellubj systjl es elphrtgbt th jvjry ebaeveaugi. Jxpigeb tnj ae``jrjbojs cjtwjjb tnj
ellubj systjl h` gb eb`gbt wetn gauit wnh ngs cjjb su``jrja Onefubdbyg?
[7-ellubj systjl `hr gauit es Bgturgi Gotevj Ellubety. Tneij /ellubj systjl `hr eb`gbt esbgturgi [gssevj Ellubety
[3-Gauits Iylpnhoytjs gotevgtja th prhauoj gbtechaejs. Ljgbwneij ,eb`gbt djt tnj gbtechaejs
wnjb et pgss bgturgiiy `rhl lhtnjr th `hjtus gorhss tnj pigojbtg/Tnjb cgcejs crjgst `jja
[?-Gauit ihbd igstebd ellubety wneij, eb`gbt tjlphrgry ellubety
7
7
7 ?
Grte`eoegiiy [gssevj ellubety
Bh Lgrfebd sonjlj Lgrfs
(g)
_tgtj tnj ohbtjbt h` tnj ebmjotehbs/Tngt es tnj sucstgboj ebmjotja ebth tnj cihha h` ebaeveaugi [8
W = gbtesjrul //_jrul ohbtgebebd gbtechaejs7 7
(c) _tgtj tnj typj h` ellubety hctgebja cy ebaeveaugi [ gba ebaeveaugi W.
W = Grte`eoegi pgssevj ellubety
Qnj chay rjojevjs gbtechaejs prhauoja `rhl hutseaj shurojs th `ednt gdgebst eb`jotehbs cy
pgtnhdjbs
7
7
3
(o) Jxpigeb tnj rjgshb `hr yhur gbswjr
[7-tnj gbtechay eborjgsj gchvj tnj ellubety ijvji elljaegtjiy g`tjr tnj ebmjotehb es devjb
[3-Qnj qugbtety h` gbtechay eb cihha igst hr hbiy twh wjjfs/ahjs bht igst ihbd
7
7 3
Ae``jrjbojs
Gspjot Lgrfebd sonjlj Lgrfs
@erstebmjotehb
_tgtj tnj ae``jrjboj cjtwjjb tnj ijvji h` ellubety eb ebaeveaugi G gba ebaeveaugi U
[7-Eb ebaeveaugi ^ Gdtjr tnj `erst eb`jotehb tnj ijvji h` gbtechay es ihw wneon es bht
su``ejeobt th prhtjot gdgebst tnj aesjgsj
[3-Eb ebaeveaugi U g`tjr tnj erst ebmjotehb, tnj ijvji h` gbtechay es nedn jbhudn th prhveaj
ellubety gdgebst tjn aesjgsj
7
7
3
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_ZIEQ 1::7/3
05
Gspjot Lgrfebd sonjlj Lgrfs
@erstebmjotehb
Jxpigeb tnj ae``jrjboj yhu stgtj eb gchvj
[7-ebaeveaugi ^ ,tnj `erst ebmjotehb wetn vgooebj ebauojs g ihw ijvji h` gbtechay
ohbojbtrgtehb gs tnj chay rjquerja telj th lgfj ets hwb gbtechay gdgebst gbtedjb[3-Eb ebaeveaugi y ,ellubety es hctgebja cy ebmjotebd sjrul ohbtgebebd spjoe`eo
gbtechaejs.Qnj chay ahjs bht prhauoj hwb gbtechaejs
7
73
_johbaebmjotehb
Jxpigeb tnj ae``jrjboj eb tnj ohbojbtrgtehb h` gbtechaejs eb tnj cihha ebaeveaugi ^ gba U
g`tjr sjohba ebmjotehb 3
@-Eb ^ g`tjr sjohba ebmjotehb, tnj ohbojbtrgtehb h` gbtechaejs eborjgsjs, sihwiy gba
cjohlj nednjr tngb ellubety ijvji gba es lgebtgebja `hr g ihbd telj
J7-Eb U, g`tjr sjohba ebmjotehb, tnj ohbojbtrgtehb h` gbtechaejs rjauojs sihwiy th cjihw
tnj ellubety ijvji
7
7 3
Tny es sjohba ebmjotehb rjquerja cy ebaeveaugi x gba U
^ th chhstjr/steluigtj prhauotehb /rjijgsja h` tnj gbtechay//th eborjgsj prhauotehb h`
gbtechay
U= ogb dh gdgebst//ajstrhy tnj gbtedjb /prjvjbt aesjgsjs
7
7 3
Ae``jrjboj Bglj tnj typj h` ellubety hctgebja cy ebaeveaugi gba ebaeveaugi
Ohlpgrj gba ohbtrgst cjtwjjb tnj typj h` ellubety hctgebja cy ebaeveaugi ^ gba
ebaeveaugi U
Ebaeveaugi U Ebaeveaugi
@7-Grte`eoegiiy goquerja gotevj ellubety @3-Grte`eoegiiy goquerja [gssevj ellubety
A7-Ellubety es hctgebja tnrhudn gbebmjotehb wetn g vgooebj
A1Ellubety es hctgebja tnrhudn gbebmjotehb wetn sjrul wneon ohbtgebsspjoe`eo gbtechay
A3-Ahjs bht rjsuit eb elljaegtjellubety gdgebst aesjgsj
A:rjsuit eb elljaegtj ellubety gdgebstaesjgsj
A?_eboj tnj chay prhauoj hwbgbtechaejs ,tnj ebauoja ellubety usugiiy
igsts `hr ihbd telj
A0-Gs tnj chay ahjs bht prhauoj ets hwbgbtechaejs tnj ellubety igsts hbiy `hr g
snhrt tjrl gba h``jrs tjlphrgry
3
3
3
3
>
Devj twh ae``jrjbojs cjtwjjb tnj typjs h` ellubety hctgebja cy ebaeveaugi ^ gba U
e. Ebaeveaugi x es igstebd pjrlgbjbt wnjrjgs ebaeveaugi U es snhrt igstebd ht tjlphrgry
ee. Ebaeveauig es sihw rjsphsj cut ebaeveaugi U elljaegtj rjsphbsj
eee. Ebaeveaugi x bjja iylpnhoytjs th prhauoj gbtechay wnjrjgs ebaeveaugi U es rjgay U
rjgaylgaj gbtechay gby 3
7
7
7
?
_tgtj tnj ae``jrjboj h` tnj gbtechay ohbojbtrgtehb eb tnj cihha cjtwjjb ebaeveaugi x gba
ebaeveaugi U .Jxpigeb yhur gbswjr
Ebaeveaugi G =ellubety igst ihbdjr
Ellubety C Sjojevj elljaegtj ellubety
7
7 3
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4;
[rjaeotebd
Bh Lgrfebd sonjlj Lgrfs
G chy wgs cettjb cy g sbgfj. Nj wgs ubohbsoehus gba nj wgs nhspetgiesja.
(o) Zsebd yhur cehihdeogi fbhwijadj, ajsorecj nhw yhu ohuia sgvj tnes chy.@7= _bgfj vjbhl / thxeb gots gs gbtedjb th hur chay
@3= Ebmjotehb h` sjrul wneon ohbtgebs ebstgbt gbtechaejs /gbtesjrul / gbte-thxeb lust cj devjb
th tnj pgtejbt.
@?= Gbtechay-gbtedjb gotehb hoourja vjry `gst
@1= Gbtethxeb/ gbtechay rjgots wetn thxeb / sbgfj vjbhl/ gbtedjb gba bjutrgiezj et / nj es sgvja.
7
7
7
7 1
Gie wgs cettjb cy sbgfj gba cjohlj ubohbsoehus. Jxpigeb nhw yhu ogb sgvj Gie
[7-Ebmjotja cy gbtesjrul ohbtgebebd gbtechay/gbtechay tnrhudn grte`eoegi pgssevj ellubety
[3-Sjgaylgaj gbtechay weii ajstrhy/bujtrgiesj gbtedjb /vjbhl
7
7 3
GEA_ (goquerja Ellubhaj`eoejboy)
Gspjot Lgrfebd sonjlj
G``jot Qnj rgtj h` nulgb ellubhaj`eoejboy (NEP) eb`jotehb ohbtebujs th eborjgsj rgpeaiy gii hvjr tnj
whria4
(e)Jxpigeb nhw tnj NEP g``jots gba oreppijs tnj chays ellubj systjl
[7= NEP eb`jots njipjr Q ojiis (Q-iylpnhoytjs)
[3= Ajorjgsj eb tnj bulcjr
[?= Qnj chay cjohljs wjgf gba aj`jbojs gdgebst pgtnhdjb s
[1= Qnj pgtejbt aejs `rhl htnjr sjohbagry eb`jotehbs j.d. pbjulhbeg,Fgphse sgrohlg
Jxpigeb nhw NEP g``jot tnj chays ellubj systjl 1
@-NEP wjgfjb tnj ellubj systjl
J7-Cy gttgofebd QIylpnhoytjs wneon ohhraebgtj tnj ellubj systjl
J3-Ajorjgsj eb tnj `ubotehb h` bjrvhus systjl
J?-tnj pgtejbt ogb jxphsj nelsji` th sjohbagry eb`jotehb
Aegdrgl 7;.0 snhws tnj struoturj h` Nulgb Ellubhaj`eoejboy Perus (NEP). Qnj verus
ogusjs Goquerja Ellubj Aj`eoejboy _ybarhlj (GEA_) tngt eb`jots tnj nulgb ellubj
systjl.
Ajsorecj tnj j``jot h` NEP hb tnj chays aj`jboj ljongbesl
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@ - NEP rjprhauoj ebseaj tnj iylpnhoytj
[7 - ijss gbtechay es prhauoja // ajstruotehb h` ellubj systjl
[3 - et tgfj > -7; yjgrs `hr tnj sylpthls h` aesjgsj th gppjgr.
[? - tnj chay prhbj th vgrehus eb`jotehbs
[1 - ellubj systjl ohiigpsjs gba veotel aejs.
Tgy th prjvjbt _uddjst wgys th prjvjbt tnj sprjga h` NEP
[:= rj`rgebebd `hrl prhlesouhus cjngvehr gba usj h` ohbahl
[0= _teofy sorjjbebd h` ahbgtja cihha
[4= Zsj h` stjreij bjjaijs gba syrebdjs
[>= Ogrry hut gwgrjbjss oglpgedbs th lgfj tnj pucieo gwgrj h` agbdjrs NEP gba nhw et
sprjgas Gby ? [
7.0 Gprjoegttebd g njgitny ograehvgsouigr systjl
Gspjot Lgrfebd sonjlj
Gagptgtehb Njgrt es vjry elphrtgbt eb tnj nulgb trgbsphrt systjl
Jxpigeb tnj gagptehb h` lusoij tessuj eb hrajr `hr tnj njgrt th `ubotehb j``eoejbtiy3
J7-Ograego lusoij rjquerj jbjrdy th ohbtrgot gba rjigx
J3-Lethonhbareg rjijgsja jbjrdy (tnrhudn ojii rjspergtehb )
@7-Lusoij tessuj es lyhdjbeo
J7-Tneon ohbtrgot gba rjigx wetnhut steluigtehb cy bjrvj elpuisjJ7-Jxojss onhijstjrhi ajphsetja hb ebbjr wgiis h` grtjrejs J3-Ssiuts eb gtnjrhsoijrhses ( Iuljb h`
grtjrejs cjohlj slgiijr
J?-Cihha `ihw es rjauoja ogusebd tnj njgrt th pulp `gstjr
J1-Nhdn prjssurj es jxjrtja hb tnj oedgrjttj slhfj rjauoj suppiy h` hxydjb th tnj njgrt
J0-Beohtebj E tnj oedgrjttj ngrajbs tnj wgii h grtjrejs
J4-Sjauoj tnj jigsteoety h` cihha vjssjis
J>-Ogusebd nedn cihha prjssurj /ogusebd njgrt gttgof
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Gspjot Lgrfebd sonjlj
J``jot Lr _ungrae wnh es 13 yjgrs hia es gb jaethr `hr g `glhus lgdgzebj. Sjojbtiy nj es ohb`erlja th cj
su``jrebd `hrl ograehvgsouigr aesjgsj. Nj ngs g `jw cga ngcets suon gs slhfebd 3; oedgrjttjs g agy,
tgfebd `gst `hha ljgi gba igofebd h` jxjroesj 7;
Gcij th jxpigeb tnj rjgshb h` ograehvgsouigr aesjgsj cjogusj h` slhfebd 3; oedgrjttjs g agy
@7-Eb tnj oedgrjttj/thcgooh slhfj,tnjrj es ogrchb lhbhxeaj,tgr gba beohtebj tngt ogusj
ograehvgsouigr aesjgsj
[7-Ogrchb lhbhxeaj rjauojs tnj hxydjb suppiy th tnj njgrt gba chay ojiis ogusebd grtjrehsoijrhses
[?-Beohtebj steluigtj tnj prhauotehb h` garjbgiebj nhrlhbj, wneon eborjgsj tnj njgrt rgtj gba
cihha prjssurj
[1-Beohtebj jbohurgdjs cihha oihttebd eb tnj bgrrhw grtjry ogusebd ograehvgsouigr aesjgsjs
[:-Qgreb tnj thcgooh slhfj es ogroebhdjbeo/ogusj ogbojr/ogusj lutgtehb
Gcij th jxpigeb tnj rjgshb h` ograehvgsouigr aesjgsj cjogusj h` ohbstgbtiy tgfebd `gst `hha ljgi
@3-@gst `hha ohbtgeb g iht h` ubsgturgtja `gt bga onheijstrhi
[0-@gt gba onhijstjrhi ajphset hb tnj grtjregi wgiis
[4-Qnj iuljb cjohljs slgii , gba ets wgii ngrajbs
[>-Ijss cihha `ihw /cihha `ihw cihofja
[5-Ogusjs gtnjrhsoijrhses
[7;-Cihha oihts ogb cj `hrlja eb tnj grtjry ogusebd tnrhlchses
@3+gby 3[s
Gcij th jxpigeb tnj rjgshb h` ograehvgsouigr aesjgsj cjogusj h` Igofebd h` jxjroesj
@?-Jxjroesj rjauoj gt ijvji eb tnj cihha[77-rjuauoj tnj resf h` grtjrehsoijrhses cjogusj tnjrj es ijss gt ajphsets hb tnj cihha vjssji wgiis
[3-Eborjgsj ograehvgsouigr aurgceiety
[7?-Cihha oerouigthry systjl cjohljs lhrj j``eoejbt gba slhhtn
[71-Eborjgsj tnj njgrt strjbdtn
@?+gby3[s
Jxpigeb tnj j``jot h` tgfebd jxojss `gtty `hha eb tnj ihbd tjrl th hur cihha oerouigthry systjl /
nulgb njgitny ie`j.
[7 - @gtty `hha ohbtgeb nedn onhijstjrhi ijvji eb cihha
[3 - Hur chay ngs cjttjr gceiety th sthrj gts rgtnjr tngb usj et ( rjijgsj jbjrdy)
[? - Onhijstjrhi ajphsetja (eb ebbjr wgii) h` grtjry ogusj grtjrehsoijrhses[1 - Iuljb h` grtjry cjohlj slgiijr / bgrrhw ogusj nedn cihha prjssurj
[: - E` ohrhbgry grtjry es cihofja, ogusj gbdebg / njgrt gttgof
(bh hxydjb gba butrejbt th tnj njgrt es suppieja)
[0 - E` grtjry th tnj crgeb es cihofja, ogusj strhfj
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Gcihha tjst snhws tngt g lgbs jrytnrhoytjs ohubt es cjihw bhrlgi. Jxpigeb tnj phssecij
ohbsjqujbojs h` tnes ohbaetehb hb nes njgitn.
[7- Ijss rja cihha ojiis(SCO / jrytnrhoytj)/ ngjlhdihceb th ohlcebj wetn hxydjb
[3- th `hrl hxyngjlhdihceb
[? - ijss hxydjb trgbsphrtja th chay ojiis/ tessujs// ijss hxydjb ae``usjs ebth tnj chay tessuj[1 - `hr ojiiuigr rjspergtehb
[: - ijss jbjrdy es prhauoja
[0 - rjsuitebd eb terjabjss/ crjgtnijssbjss/ wjgfbjss// `gteduj
[4- [gij ihhfebd gppjgrgboj // gbgjleg.
Sjauoj resfh`
ograehvgsouigr aesjgsj
Jxpigeb nhw g njgitny ie`jstyij ijgas th g njgitny ograehvgsouigr systjl 7;
Oretjreg=
O7 Tngt grj ograehvgsouigr aesjgsjs
O3 @gothrs ohbtrecutj th ograehvgsouigr aesjgsj
O3 Tgys th jbsurj g njgitny ograehvgsouigr systjl
(@7= Tngt grj ograehvgsouigr aesjgsjs)
[7.7 Ograehvgsouigr aesjgsjs grj aeshrajrs h` tnj njgrt / tnj cihha oerouigthry systjl
[7.3= Jxglpijs - ohrhbgry tnrhlchses/gtnjrhsoijrhses / njgrt gttgof/nypjrtjbsehb/jlchiesl /
gbdebg
(@3= @gothrsauj th )
[3= djbjteo / `gleiy nesthry /gdj
[3.7= tnj typj h` `hha wj jgt / cga jgtebd ngcets
[3.3= aejt nedn eb `gts/ onhijstjrhi gba ihw eb `ecrj
[3.?= aj`eoejboejs eb gbtehxeagbt vetglebs gba lebjrgis
[3.1= sjajbtgry ie`jstyij / igof h` jxjroesj
[3.:= strjss / oedgrjttj slhfebd
[3.0= hcjsety / aegcjtjs
(@?= Tgys th jbsurj g njgitny ograehvgsouigr systjl)
[?.7= G njgitny ie`jstyij - rjduigr jxjroesj gba g prhpjr cgigboja aejt
[?.3= Gvhea / lebelezj-jxojss sudgr - nedn eb ogihrejs
[?.? Gvhea / lebelezj prhojssja `hhas - ngrl`ui grte`eoegi sucstgbojs
[?.1= Gvhea /r lebelezj `hhas tngt ohbtgeb nyarhdjbgtja hr pgrtegiiy nyarhdjbgtja `gts gba trgbs
`gtty goeas
[?.:= Ohbsulptehb h` suon `hhas weii ogusj ograehvgsouigr aesjgsjs
[?.0= Ah bht ohhf ljgt hr `gt gt nedn tjlpjrgturjs
[?.4= (_uon prgoteoj weii) gvhea `gt gba onhijstjrhi hxeagtehb
[?.> ( rjsphbsecij hr) cueia up h` grtjregi pigquj / ebmury th grtjregi ojiis
[?.5= Jgt ijss - hbiy wnjb nubdry / ah bht hvjrjgt
[?.7;= Gajqugtj `ecjr ebtgfj njip prjvjbt ograehvgsouigr aesjgsjs (njgrt gba strhfj)Gby tjb phebts
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7.4 Qnj trgbsphrt h` sucstgbojs eb pigbts
Gspjot Lgrfebd sonjlj Lgrfs
Fbhwijadj
G C
Tngt es tnj struoturj snhwb eb aegdrgl
G= rhht
C= stjl
7
7 3
_tgtj hbj rjgshb `hr yhur gbswjr `hr G
[rjsjbojs h` rhht nger
Argwebd
_feii
Argw gba igcji tnj hcsjrvgtehb h` tnj rhht gba stjl out gorhss.
?
Pgsouigr Qessujs
Gspjot Lgrfebd sonjlj Lgrfs
FbhwijadjQnj stjl h` tnj pigbt es out gorhss gt ^U gba vejwja ubajr g leorhsohpj.
G orhss sjotehb h` tnj stjl es snhwb eb Aegdrgl 1.3.
_tgtj/Bglj wngt tessuj ^ gba U grj.
^ = [nihjl
U = ^yijl
7
7 3
@ubotehb
_tgtj tnj ubotehb h` tessuj .
[7= Qrgbsphrt aesshivja hrdgbeo shiutjs // hrdgbeo sucstgbojs
[3 = @rhl tnj ijgvjs th tnj sthrgdj hrdgbs ( j.d rhhts) V3 lgrfs\7
7 3
_tgtj tnj ubotehb h` tessuj .
[7= Qrgbsphrt wgtjr gba lebjrgi sgit
[3 = Tneon gcshrcja cy tnj rhhts up tnj stjls th tnj ijgvjs V3 lgrfs\7
7 3
[nihjl
^yijl
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Gspjot Lgrfebd sonjlj Lgrfs
Jxpjreljbt Aegdrgl 1.7 snhws tnj gppgrgtus sjt up eb gb jxpjreljbt th stuay tnj rhij h` tnj
vgsouigr tessuj eb tnj trgbsphrt h` wgtjr eb pigbts.
_tgtj tnj ubotehb h` tnj jhseb shiutehb
Qh stgeb tnj xyijl (vjssjis) (wetn rja ayj)7 7
Ae``jrjbojs _tgtj tnj ae``jrjbojs cjtwjjb tnj grrgbdjljbt h` vgsouigr cubaijs eb tnj stjl gba
vgsouigr tessujs eb tnj rhht h` aeohtyijahbhus pigbt gba g lhbhohtyijahbhus pigbt
aeohtyijahbhus pigbt Lhbhohtyijahbhusp pigbt
_tjl Pgsouigr cubaijs grrgbdja eb g
rebd
Pgsouigr cubaijs sogttjrja
tnrhudnhut tnj stjl
rhht ^yijl rgaegtjs `rhl tjn ojbtrj
eb tnj `hrl h` stgr gba [nihjl
`eiis tnj grjg cjtwjjb tnj xyijl
tessuj
^yijl tessuj gitjrbgtjs wetn
pnihjl tessuj eb tnj hrl h` rebd
7
7
3
_trouturj Lgrfebd sonjlj Lgrfs
_truoturj h`
^yijl eb
rjigtehb thtrgbsphrt
Qessuj U (^yijl) es `hrlja `rhl tnj spjoegiezgtehb h` g ojii. Aurebd ojii
spjoegiezgtehb, tnj pigbt es ubgcij th prhauoj iedbeb.
Jxpigeb tnj j``jot h` tnes hb tnj ubotehb h` tessuj U. (xyijl)
@7 = Iedbeb es elphrtgbt th lgfj tessuj U strhbd // eborjgsj ets ljongbeogi strjbdtn
J7 = Tetnhut iedbeb, tessuj U weii ohiigpsj
J3 = Qnjrj`hrj, et ogbbht `hrl g ohbtebuhus nhiihw tucj
J? = Qh giihw wgtjr (lhijouijs) th `ihw upwgras ohbtebuhsiy
@3 = Iedbeb lgfjs tnj tessuj cjohlj elpjrljgcij
J1 = Lgtjregis ogbbht pgss ebth tnj xyijl ojiis
J: = Ogusjs tnj tessuj th cjohlj nhiiww
J0 = Giihws ohbtebuhus `ihw h` wgtjr V0 lgrfs\
Bhtjs = (@7 + gby 3 J7 / J3 / J?) gba (@3 + gby 3 J1 / J: / J0)
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7 >
Jxpigeb nhw tnj xyijl vjssji es gagptja th ogrry hut ets ubotehb
@ -Qnj jba wgiis h` tnj xyijl vjssji grj hpjb
J7- _h tngt tnj ojii grj mhebja jba th jba th `hrl g ihbd ohbtebhus tucj
J3-Qnes grrgbdjljbt giihws wgtjr th `ihw upwgra ohbtebuhusiy `rhl hbj ojii th tnjbjxt
7
7
7 ?
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_trouturj Lgrfebd sonjlj Lgrfs
Elphrtgboj Aesouss tnj elphrtgboj h` trgbsphrtgtehb h` wgtjr eb pigbts
@-Et es bjojssety/bjja .elphrtgbt ( hr wgtjr trgbsphrt eb pigbt th survevj)
J7-Tgtjr es g ljaeul th trgbsphrt lebjrgis
J3-Gs tnj ljaeul h` cehonjleogi rjgotehb (eb ojiis)
J?-Qrgbpergtehb orjgtjs g trgbspergtehbgi puii/puii wgtjr `hrl rhhts
J1-Jvgphrgtehb h` wgtjr (aurebd trgbspergtehb fjjps tnj pigbts ohhi
J:-Tgtjr prhveajs turdhr prjssurj hr supphrt
J0-Tgtjr /grj bjjaja eb dugra ojiis eb tnj hpjbebd h` sthlgtg gby : ohrrjot
7
7
7
7
7
7
7 :
_truoturj h`
[nihjl eb
rjigtehb th
trgbsphrt
_tgtj tnj typj h` trgbsphrt ebvhivja eb Aegdrgl 1.?.
Qrgbsihogtehb7 7
Jxpigeb wny ahjs tnj pgrt gchvj tnj rebd cjohlj swhiijb g`tjr twh wjjf
@ = Qnj prhauots h` pnhthsybtnjses ogbbht cj trgbsphrtja th tnj pgrts cjihw tnj rebd
[ = gs tessuj L / pnihjl es rjlhvja7
7 3
Jxpigeb wny ngvj tnj ijgvjs bht weitja g`tjr twh wjjfs.
@ = Tgtjr ogb steii cj trgbsphrtja th tnj ijgvjs[ = gs tessuj F / xyijl es bht rjlhvja `rhl tnj stjl
7
7 3
Cgsja hb tnj hcsjrvgtehb gchvj, jxpigeb tnj rhij h` pnihjl eb tnj trgbsphrt systjl eb
pigbts
@7-Qrgbsphrt tnj hrdgbeo sucstgbojs prhauoja `hrl pnhthsybtnjses th vgrehus pgrt h`
pigbt
[7-Hrdgbeo sucstgbojs ogbbht cj trgbsphrtja th tnj pgrt cjihw cjogusj tnjrj es bh
pnihjl
[3-tnj sucstgbojs goouluigtj eb tnj pgrt gchvj rebd pgrt, ogusj et th cj swhiijb
[?-_whiijb snhw tnj trgbsphrt h` hrdgbeo sucstgbojs es ohbtebuhus trgbsphrt
7
7
7
7 ?Cgsja hb Aegdrgl , jxpigeb wngt ngppjbs th tnj trjj g`tjr hbj lhbtn.
[7 - [nihjl es rjlhvja
[3 - diuohsj / hrdgbeo sucstgboj ogbbht cj trgbsphrtja th tnj rhht/
cjihw tnj rebd / ahwbwgras
[? - sh, diuohsj goouluigtj gt tnes pgrt (uppjr pgrt h tnj rebd)
[1 - Zppjr pgrt h` tnj rebd swjiis / cjohlj ceddjr
7
7
7
7 ?
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_trouturj Lgrfebd sonjlj Lgrfs
Gagptgtehb [nihjl grj elphrtgbt struoturj eb pigbt trgbsphrt systjl
Jxpigeb nhw [nihjl eb tnj ijg` njip eb pigbt trgbsphrt
[7-[nihjl tessuj ohlphsja h` sejvja tucjs
[3-Tetn tnj jba wgiis h` jgon ojii grj pjr`hrgtja cy phrjs th `rhl sejvjs pigtjs
[?-Tneon giihw sucstgbojs th pgss `rhl hbj ojii th gbhtnjr
7
7
7
7 ?
Elphrtgboj _tgtj twh elphrtgbt h` trgbsihogtehb eb pigbts
@7-@hr drhwtn gba rjspergtehb
@3-Jxojss hrdgbeo sucstgboj j.d. diuohsj trgbsphrtja th cj sthrj gs stgron
7
7 3
[rjaeotebd S(ohlpgbehb) pigy gb elphrtgbt rhij eb njipebd s eb tnj pigbt trgbsphrtgtehb
[rjaeot wngt weii ngppjb th tnj pigbt e` struoturj r es bht prjsjboj8
[7-Qnj pigbt weii ayj
[3-(Tetnhut S/ohlpgbehb ojii) bh jbjrdy weii cj prhveaja th tnj sejvj tucj
[?-Njboj aesshivj hrdgbeo sucstgbojs suorhsj/ogbbht cj trgbsphrtja (`rhl ijgvjs th
tnj sthrgdj hrdgb htnjr pgrt h` pigbt) gby 3
7
7
7
7 3
[rjaeot tnj j``jot h` rjlhvebd tnj rebd cgrf `hrl tjn crgbon
Jxpigeb yhur gbswjr.
[7-Qnj crgbon weii cj aej
[3-Hwebd th g igof h` hrdgbeo sucstgbojs eb tnj pgrts cjihw tnj rebds
7
7 3
7.> tnj lhvjljbt h` wgtjr `hrl rhht th ijgvjs
Bh Lgrfebd sonjlj Lgrfs
Aegdrgl snhws shlj ojiis ebvhivja eb tnj ihss h` wgtjr `rhl pgrt h` g ijg`
Bglj tnj tessuj igcjija ^ gba U
^=^yijl tessuj
U=_phbdy ljshpnyii
7
7 3
Hb tnj aegdrgl ,usj grrhws ( ) th ebaeogtj tnj lhvjljbt h` wgtjr ngt rjsuits eb tnj ihss h`
wgtjr tnrhudn trgbspergtehb 7
7 7
Qnj ceddjr tnj sezj h` tnj ijgvjs, tnj nednjr tnj rgtj h` trgbspergtehb
Jxpigeb tnj gchvj stgtjljbt3
@-Lhrj wgtjr weii ae``usjs hut `hrl tnj ijg`
J7-_ur`goj grjg tngt jxphsja th surrhubaebd es ceddjr/igrdjr
J3-Lubcjr h` sthlgtg es nednjr/lhrj sthlgtg
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Ongptjr 7=Qrgbsphrt 3;71
Lhauij Cehihdy Qregi pgpjr ohiijotehb
_ZIEQ 1::7/3
4>
Qnj jxtjrbgi ohbaetehb tngt g``jot tnj rgtj h` trgbspergtehb
Gspjot Lgrfebd sonjlj Lgrfs
Fbhwijadj Qrgbspergtehb es tnj ihss wgtjr `hrl g ievebd pigbt auj th jvgphrgtehb
_tgtj twh jxtjrbgi ohbaetehbs g``jotebd tnj rgtj h` trgbspergtehb 3
[7-Iednt ebtjbsety
[3-Qjlpjrgturj
[?-nuleaety
[1-ger lhvjljbt
7
7
7
7 1
Jssgy Jbngbojljbt ohrbjrJxpigeb tnj elphrtgboj h` trgbspergtehb .Ajsorecj tnj j``jot h` jxtjrbgi ohbaetehb hb trgbspergtehb
Gspjot Lgrfebd sonjlj Lgrfs
Aj`ebetehb @-Qrgbspergtehb es tnj ihss h` wgtjr vgphur tnrhudn jvgphurgtehb `rhl tnj ijgvjs h`
pigbts
7
[7-tnj ihss h` wgtjr es rjpigoja cy tnj gcshrptehb h` wgtjr rhl tnj shei
[3-Qrgbspergtehb njip eb tnj gcshrptehb gba trgbsphrtgtehb wgtjrgbalebjrgi ehbs
h` `rhl tnj shei
7
7
Jxtjrbgi`gothr
@7-Jxtjrbgi gothr suon gs iednt ebtjbsety, tjlpjrgturj, nuleaetygba ger lhvjljbt
g``jot trgbspergtehb rgtj
7
Iedntebtjbsety
@7-Gb eborjgsj eb iednt ebtjbsety eborjgsjs tnj rgtj h` trgbspergtehb
J7-Iednt steluigtj tnj hpjbebd h` sthlgtg, Gs g rjsuit lhrj wgtjr vgphur jvgphrgtj
gba ae``usj hut h` tnj sthlgtg
7
7
Qjlpjrgturj @7-Nednjr tjlpjrgturj eborjgsj tnj rgtj h` jvgphrgtehb h` `eil h` wgtjr hb ljshpnyii
sur`goj
J7-Qnj rgtj h` ae``usehb h` wgtjr hut h` tnj sthlgtg gish eborjgsj
7
7
Ger
lhvjljbt
@7-Goouluigtja wgtjr vgphur hb tnj ijg` sur`goj weii rjlhvj cy `gstjr ger lhvjljbt
J7-Ger lhvjljbt eborjgsjs tnj ohbojbtrgtehb drgaejbt cjtwjjb tnj wgtjr vgphur eb
tnj ijgvjs gba tnj gtlhspnjrj hutseaj
7
7
Nuleaety @7-Nedn nuleaety surrhubaebd tnj ijgvjs rjauojs tnj jvgphrgtehbs wgtjr tnrhudn
sthlgtg
J7-ogusj jvgphrgtehb th sihw ahwb
7
7 7;
Jxpigeb nhw tnj gothrs g``jot tnj rgtj h` trgbspergtehb8
Gspjot Lgrfebd sonjlj Lgrfs
Qjlpjrgturj
Jxpigeb nhw tnj gothrs tngt g``jot tnj rgtj h` trgbspergtehb
@7-Jbverhbljbtgi tjlpjrgturj eborjgsjs ,tnj rgtj h` jvgphrgtehb h` wgtjr`rhl tnjsur`goj h` ijgvjs eborjgsjs
J7-Njboj tnj rgtj h` trgbspergtehb eborjgsjs gs nedn tjlpjrgturj/ ajorjgsjs gt ihw
tjlpjrgturj
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Lhauij Cehihdy Qregi pgpjr ohiijotehb
_ZIEQ 1::7/3
45
Gspjot Lgrfebd sonjlj Lgrfs
Iedntebtjbsety
@3- Qnj iednt ebtjbsety eborjgsjs, et weii spjja up tnj rgtj h` trgbspergtehb
J3-Tnjb iednt ebtjbsety es nedn, tnj sthlgtg hpjb, Ogusj tnj rgtj h` trgbspergtehbeborjgsjs
J1-Tnjb iednt ebtjbsety es ihw ,sthlgtg oihsj, ogusj rgtj h` trgbspergtehb ajorjgsjs
7
7
7
Ger
lhvjljbt
@?-wnjb ger lhvjljbt es `gst, et eborjgsj tnjrgtj h` jvgphrgtehb gba ogusj tnj rgtj h`
trgbspergtehb eborjgsj
@1Tnjb tnjrj es bh ger lhvjljbt
7
7
0
Qnj lhvjljbt h` wgtjr `rhl shei th ijgvjs
Aegdrgl snhws tnj pgtnwgy h` wgtjr trgbsphrt eb tnrjj ae``jrjbt pgrt I,L gba B h` g pigbt
Bh Lgrfebd sonjlj Lgrfs
Jxpigeb nhw tnj rgtj h` wgtjr trgbsphrt tnrhudn I, L gba B es g``jots hb g webay agy >
@7-Sgtj h` wgtjr trgbsphrttnrhudn I, L gba B es nednjrhb g webay agy
@3-Tnjb tnj ger lhvjljbt eborjgsj/weba , lhrj wgtjr vgpuhr weii jvgphrgtj `hrl tnj
sur`goj h` tnj ljhspnyii ojiis ebth tnj ger spgojs
7
7
[grt I/
Ijgvjs
J3-tnj lhvebd ger weii lhvj lhrjwgtjr vgphurgwgy `hrl tnj sthlgtg
J?-eborgjsjstnj ohbojbtrgtehb drgaejbt cjtwjjb tnj wgtjr vgphur eb tnj ijg` gba tnj hutseaj
h` tnj ijg`
J1-Qnj ihst h` wgtjr `hrl ljshpnyii ojii lgfjs tnj ojii nypjrthbeo th gb gamgojbt ojiis
/xyijl
J:-Lhrj wgtjr `rhl tnj (gamgojbt ojiis /xyijl vjssjis) ae``usjs eb th ljshpnyii ojii cy
hslhses
J0-Eborjgsj tnjtrgbspergtehbgi puii
7
7
7
7
7
[grt B/
stjl
J4-[rjsjboj h` ohnjsevj/wgtjr gba lhijouij ceba thdjtnjr//ganjsevj /wgtjr lhijouij gba
xyijl wgii /ogpeiigry gotehbJ>-Ogusjs tnj wgtjr th lhvjs ohbtebuhusiy upwgra
7
7
[grt L/
rhht=
J5-tnj trgbspergtehbgi puii argwb lhrj wgtjr `rhl tnj xyijl eb tnj ijgvjs gba stjl gba
jvjbtugiiy `rhl tnj xyijl eb tnj rhht
J7;-_hei es nypjrthbeo ohlpgrja th tnj rhht nger//veoj vjrsg
J77-Lhrj wgtjr hr tnj shei ae``usjs ebth tnj rhht nger cy hslhses
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Lhauij Cehihdy Qregi pgpjr ohiijotehb
_ZIEQ 1::7/3
>;
Lhvjljbt h` wgtjr tnrhudn stjl
S gba s grj vgsouigr tessuj. Jxpigeb nhw S gba _ grj ebvhivja eb tnj lhvjljbt h` sucstgbojs eb
pigbts
Gspjot Lgrfebd sonjlj Lgrfs
@7-_ grj
xyijl
(vjssjis)
[3-^yijl /_ grj wjii gagptja `hr wgtjr trgbsphrt wneon grj ihbd/bgrrhw/ohbtebhus
tucjs
[?-Tneon trgbsphrt wgtjr eb pigbts
[:-Cy ogpeiigry gotehb
[:-Auj th tnj `hroj cjtwjjb wgtjr lhijouij /ohnjsehb `hroj,gba tnj `hroj cjtwjjb
wgtjr lhijouij gba wgii h` xyijl /_/ganjsehb `hroj
HS
[1-Cy rhht prjssurj
[:-Tgtjr jbtjrs xyijl cu hslhses
HS
[1-Cy trgbspergtehbgi puii[:-Tgtjr es puiija hut h` xyijl (aurebd trgbspergtehb )
7
7
7
7
7
7
77
@3-[nihjl [7-S grj pnihjl /sejvj tucjs gba ohlpgbehb ojiis
[3-Tneon trgbsphrt hrdgbeo ohlphuba/diuohsj/prhauot h` pnhthsybtnjses
[?-Cy trgbsihogtehb gby 3
7
7
7 0
Qnj rjduigtehb h` trgbspergtehb cy sthlgtg
Gb jxpjreljbt hb g pigbt es ogrreja hut th stuay tnj rgtj h` wgtjr ihss `rhl ;:;; th ;?;; tnj bjxt agy.
Drgpn 0.7 snhws tnj rjsuit h` tnj jxpjreljbt gba aegdrgl 0.3 snhws tnj struoturj h` g sthlg gba tnj
ojiis `huba eb tnj jpeajrlgi igyjr h` g ijg`.
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Lhauij Cehihdy Qregi pgpjr ohiijotehb
_ZIEQ 1::7/3
>7
Bh Lgrfebd sonjlj Lgrfs
(g) Cgsja hb tnj drgpn, jxpigeb nhw iednt ebtjbsety gba tnj struoturj eb aegdrgl 0.3 g``jot tnj rgtj
h` wgtjr ihss 7;
@7 = @rhl ;:;; th ;74;, tnj rgtj h` wgtjr ihss eborjgsjs
J7= Iednt ebtjbsety eborjgsjs
J3 = steluigtjs pnhthsybtnjses eb tnj dugra ojiis./ (Qnj dugra ojiis) stgrt prhauoebd diuohsj
J? = Qnes lgfjs jbjrdy gvgeigcij `hr phtgsseul th lhvj ebth dugra ojiis
J1 = cy gotevj trgbsphrt
J: = (Qnj dugra ojiis) cjohlj nypjrthbeo (ohlpgrja th tnj ojii sgp) h` tnj jpeajrlgi ojiis.
J0 = Tgtjr lhijouijs `rhl tnj jpeajrlgi ojiis ae``usj ebth tnj dugra ojiis cy hslhses
J4 = Ogusebd tnj dugra ojiis th cjba hutwgras
J> = tnj sthlg hpjbs (th giihw wgtjr th jsogpj th tnj gtlhspnjrj tnrhudn et)
@3 = @rhl ;74; th ;?;;, tnj rgtj h` wgtjr ihss ajorjgsjs
J5 = Iednt ebtjbsety ajorjgsjs / ogusjs tnj rgtj h` pnhthsybtnjses th ajorjgsj / shhb sthp.
J7; = Qnj dugra ojiis cjohlj `igooeaJ77 = gba cjba ebwgras
J73= Qnj sthlg oihsjs gba tnes prjvjbt wgtjr lhijouijs th jsogpj tnrhudn et.
Bhtjs = (@7 + gby : Js) + (@3 + ? Js)
7
77
77
777
77
7
7
77
7 7;
(c) Aegdrgl snhws ojii W aurebd agy telj
Jxpigeb nhw iednt ebtjbsety g``jot tnj hpjbebd h` struoturj S ?@7-Nedn iednt ebtjbsety steluigtjs pnhthsybtnjses eb dugra ojiis /ojii
J7-Drugra ojiis prhauoebd diuohsj //[htgsseul ehbs (F+) ae``usjs /lhvjs ebth dugra ojiis cy
gotevj trgbsphrt
J3-Qnj dugra jiis cjohlj nypjrthbeo ohlpgrj th bjednchrebd ojii
J?-Tgtjr lhvjs ebth/ae``usjs cy hslhses
J1-Dugra ojiis/Ojii W cjohlj turdea(_thlg hpjb)
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Lhauij Cehihdy Qregi pgpjr ohiijotehb
_ZIEQ 1::7/3
>3
Bh Lgrfebd sonjlj Lgrfs
(g) Qnj sezj h` phrj Q es ohbtrhiija cy twh dugra ojiis
Jxpigeb tnj prhojss wneon hoours eb tnj hpjbebd h` phrj Q
@7-Aurebd tnj agy//tnj prjsjboj h` subiednt
@3-Durga ojiis ogrry hut pnhthsybtnjses//diuohsj es prhauoj
J7-gotevj trgbsphrt h` phtgsseul ehbs ebth tnj dugra ojiis eborjgsjs
J3-Hslhteo prjssurj eb tnj dugra ojiis eborjgsjs
J?-Tgtjr jbtjr tnj dugra ojiis eborjgsjs
J1-Tgtjr jbtjr tnj dugra ojiis cy hslhses
J:-Nyarstgteo prjssurj eb tnj dugra ojiis eborjgsjs
J0-tnj dugra ojiis cjohlj turdea gby 1 ohrrjot
7
77
7
7
7
7
7 1
(c) aegdrgl snhws tnj hpjbebd h` sthlgtg aurebd tnj leaagy
Ajsorecj tnj ongbdj tngt tgfj pigoj eb dugra ojiis wneon ogusja tnj gchvj setugtehb
@-Igrdj glhubt/nednjr ohbojbtrgtehb h` diuohsj eb dugra ojiis prhauoja cy tnj pnhthsybtnjses
J7-F+ ehbs grjg gotevjiy pulpja `rhl surrhubaebd jpeajrlgi ojiis ebth tnj dugra ojii
J3-Et ogusjs hslhteo prjssurj eb dugra ojiis eborjgsj//tnj dugra ojii cjohlj lhrj ohbojbtrgtja
tngb bjednchr ojiis/gamgojbt ojiis
J?-Tgtjr hrl bjednchr ojiis lhvj eb tnj dugra ojiis cy hslhses
J1-tnj dugra ojiis cjohlj turdea gba ourvj hut wgra gba sthlgtg hpjb
77
7
77 ?
(o) Jxpigeb tnj lhvjljbt h` wgtjr lhijouij `hrl ger spgoj tnrhudn phrj Q 3
@-tnj ihst h` wgtjr (lhijouij) `hrl g pigbt ebth tnj gtlhspnjrj
J7-eb tnj hrl h` wgtjr vgphr//jvgphrgtehb h` wgtjr
J3-Hoours wnjb tnj wgtjr ohbtjbt eb tnj gtlhspnjrj es ihwjr tngb ( eb tnj suc-syglgygi ger
spgoj ) eb ijgvjs(Goojpt tnj ae``jrjboj eb gby suetgcij pnyseogi ohbaetehb cjtwjjb tnjsj twh
rjdehbs) gby3
7
7
7
3
(a) Qnj pigbt es drhwb eb gb grjg wneon es jxphsja th nht wjgtnjr aurebd agy
Jxpigeb tnj gagptgtehb h` pigbt eb hrajr th survevj eb tnj jbverhbljbt
Ijgvjs /(yhubd) stjl grj ohvjrja wetn tneof outeoij /wgxy
Ngvj subfjbja sthlgtg//sthlgtg grj eb drhhvjs
Lhrj sthlgtg hb tnj ihwjr jpeajrles (ohlpgrja th tnj uppjr jpeajrles)
tnj sthlgtg grj oihsja aurebd tnj agy //gcshrptehb h` ogrchb aehxeaj `hr pnhthsybtnjses
hoours aurebd tnj bednt
tnj yhubd ijgvjs rhii /th rjauojs tnj sur`goj grjg
tnjsj grj th rjauoj tnj rgtj h` trgbspergtehb /ihst h` wgtjr `rhl tnj pigbt
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Ongptjr 7=Qrgbsphrt 3;71
>?
_tgtj twh gagptgtehb h` tnj eb rjduigtebd tnj rgtj h` trgbspergtehb eb pigbt. Jxpigeb nhw tnjsj
gagptgtehbs njip eb tnj rgtj h` trgbspergtehb
Gspjot Lgrfebd sonjlj Lgrfs
@7-Dugra ojiiohbtgeb onihrhpigst
[7-Aurebd tnj agy telj subiednt steluigtjs pnhthsybtnjses eb tnj dugra ojii
[3-Diuohsj prhauoja aurebd pnhthsybtnjses djbjrgtjs tnj jbjrdy rjquerja `hr
tnj gotevj trgbsphrt h` phtgsseul ehbs(f+) `hrl gamgojbt ojiis ebth dugra ojiis
[?-Dugra ojii cjohlj nypjrthbeo,wgtjr `hrl gamgojbt ojiis ae``usjs ebth dugra
ojii cy hslhses
[1-Qnj dugra ojii swjii up cjohlj turdea
[:-Qnj turdea dugra ojiis cjba hutwgra,ogusj sthlgtg th hpjb `hr trgbspergtehb
[0-Gt bednt wnjb bh pnhthsybtnjses ogrry hut phtgsseul ehbs jxet tnj dugra ojii
[4-Tgtjr ae``usjs `rhl tnj nyphthbeo dugra ojiis th gamgojbt ojiis cy hslhses
[>-Dugra ojiis cjohlj `igooea gba tnus tnj sthlg oihsjs th ihwjr tnj rgtj h`
trgbspergtehb
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
@3-Dugra ojiingvj ojii wgii h`
ubjvjb tneofbjss.tnj ebbjr wgii estneofjr tngb tnj
hutjr igyjr
[7-Dugra ojii cjohlj turdea .tnj tnebbjr hutjr ojii wgii strjtonjs lhrj tngb tnjtneofjr ebbjr ojii wgii
[3-Qnus dugra ojii cjba hutwgra gba tnj sthlg hpjbs hr trgbspergtehb
[?-Tnjb Dugra ojiis cjohlj `igooea, Qnj tnebbjr hutjr ojii wgii ahjs bhtstrjton tnus sthlgtg strgedntjb th oihsj tnj sthlg
7
7
7 7;
Eajbte`y tnes pnjbhljbg (duttgtehb ) gba ohlpgrj tnj twh pnjbhljbg trgbspergtehb gba duttgtehb
Bh Lgrfebd sonjlj Lgrfs
@-Qnj pnjbhljbhb snhwb es duttgtehb
_eleigrety=
Chtn trgbspergtehb gba duttgtehb ebvhivj tnj ihss h` wgtjr hrl pigbts
Ae``jrjbojs=
Duttgtehb Qrgbspergtehb
A7-Tgtjr ihss eb `hrl h` iequea Tgtjr ihss eb `hrl h` wgtjr vgphur
A3-Hoours tnrhudn g phrjs fbhwb gs
nyagtnhajs
Tgtjr lgebiy ihss tnrhudn sthlgtg
A?-Sgtj h` duttgtehb es nedn gt bednt hr
aurebd ohhi nulea lhrbebd
Qrgbspergtehb hoour aurebd agy telj hbiy
7
7
7
7
7 1