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Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational ObjectivesEDA 5301: Human Development and the Learning Process in Adolescent Education
Anthony LisaOctober 22, 2012
Bloom’s Taxonomy: A Brief Overview
How Educational objectives and pyramidal questioning promote student engagement and
learning
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=htF2ueGlhZQ
Writing ObjectivesO Important in guiding the lessonO Helps to organize planningO Guides evaluationO Present coherent and sequential
lessonsO Facilitates student learning
O (Kauchak & Eggen, 2012)
Concepts and SubjectsO Multifaceted, layered, and related.
O We want students to learn different skills and demonstrate different levels of understanding.
O How do we do this?
O (Slavin, 2012)
Bloom’s TaxonomyO Classifies objectives
O Helps teachers think about their goals during the planning process
O Orders objectives from simple to complex
O (Slavin, 2012)
QuestionsO Are the single MOST important component
in promoting student involvement
O Bloom’s taxonomy offers a pyramid of questions to engage students
O Lower-order thinking to Higher-order thinking
O (Kauchak & Eggen 2012)
Unengaged Students = Blank Stares
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uhiCFdWeQfA
Important Questions:O We must answer these questions
when planning:
O “What do we want students to know or understand about this topic?”
O “What should they be able to do with it?”
O (Kauchak & Eggen, 2012)
Bloom’s Taxonomy: An Introduction
Why was Bloom’s Taxonomy Necessary?
O In writing objectives and assessments, it is important to consider:
O Different skills
O Different levels of understanding
The Civil War
O Example: A social studies lesson on the causes and effects of the Civil War for 10th graders
O Information about the names and dates of important leaders, generals, and battles,
O Differences in Northern vs. Southern ways of life
O The historical importance of the War (Slavin, 2012)
UnderstandingO Each of these activities demonstrates
a different kind of understanding of the concept “the Civil War.”
O The concept has not been sufficiently taught if students do not understand how each subtopic relates to the larger parent concept.
O (Kauchak & Eggen, 2012)
How do we ensure balanced learning?
O These various lesson goals can be classified by type and degree of complexity.
O A system of classification helps teachers to categorize instructional activities to optimize student learning.
Abracadabra!
Bloom’s Taxonomy of Instructional Objectives
Why are objectives important in Education?
O Effective teaching begins with clear, specific learning objectives.
O Learning Objectives:
O According to Kauchak & Eggen (2012): “Are statements that specify what students should know, understand, or be able to do with respect to a topic or course of study” (p. 118).
Clear and precise objectives are critical
O 1. If teachers aren’t sure what they want students to understand or be able to do, how can they guide their learning and how will they be able to ascertain what they have achieved?
O 2. According to Kauchak and Eggen (2012): “Clear learning objectives help teachers make decisions about ways to represent content for learners. The examples teachers use help students understand the abstract idea they are trying to learn” (p.182).
Bloom’s Taxonomy and Instructional Objectives: A Dynamite Tag-Team!
The Problem:O Not all learning objectives are the
same (Kauchak & Eggen, 2012).
Consider these Language Arts Learning Objectives:
O To be able to define the concepts “simile” and “metaphor”
O To be able to identify examples of similes and metaphors in a written passage
O To be able to use similes and metaphors to improve writing skills
O Each of these demand different learning outcomes.
O To respond to these differences, researchers developed a system that classified these objectives by the kind of thinking required of students (Kauchak & Eggen, 2012).
The Solution:O Taxonomies help teachers think
about their goals during the planning process.
In Bloom
O In 1956, Benjamin Bloom and some fellow researchers (Bloom, Englehart, Furst, Hill, & Krathwohl, 1956) published a TAXONOMY of EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES.
O Bloom and his team categorized objectives from simple to complex (Slavin, 2012).
Knowledge O Recalling informationO The lowest level of objectives in
Bloom’s hierarchy. O Example: memorizing facts or
formulas, or scientific principles.
ComprehensionO Translating or interpreting
information. O Targets whether students understand
content and can use it. O Example: predicting what might
happen next in a story
ApplicationO Using principles or abstractions to
solve real-life problems. O Requires students to use knowledge
to solve practical problems. O Example: using geometry to figure
out how many gallons of water can fit into a swimming pool.
AnalysisO Breaking down complex information
into simpler parts to understand how the parts relate or are organized.
O Requires students to see the underlying structure of complex information or ideas.
O Example: understanding how the functions of the carburetor and distributor are related in a car engine.
SynthesisO Creation of something that did not
exist before. O Involves the use of skills to create
original, new products. O Example: writing a song.
EvaluationO Judging the value or worth of
something by comparing it to predetermined criteria.
O Example: evaluate whether we were justified in invading Iraq after September 11.
O (Slavin, 2012, and Kauchak & Eggen, 2012).
Importance of Bloom’s Taxonomy
O Reminder that we want students to have many levels of skills.
O Often, teachers focus on measurable criteria and comprehension objectives.
O Forget that students cannot be considered proficient until they can apply and synthesize skills.
Importance of Questioning O Teacher questioning is the most
effective strategy for fostering student involvement.
O Effective teachers ask many questions and use questions to guide learning and provide feedback (Kauchak & Eggen, 2012).
Examples of Questions from Bloom’s
taxonomy
Knowledge
O What happened after…?
O Can you name the…?
O Can you tell why…?
ComprehensionO Can you write in your own words…?
O What was the main idea…?
O What do you think might happen next…?
ApplicationO Do you know another instance
where…?
O Could this have happened in…?
O Can you apply the method used to some experience of your own…?
AnalysisO What was the turning point in the
game…?
O Can you distinguish between…?
O What were some of the motives behind…?
SynthesisO Can you write a new recipe for a
tasty dish…?
O Why not compose a song about…?
O Can you see a possible solution to…?
EvaluationO Can you defend the position
about…?
O What do you think about…?
O Do you think…is a good or bad thing?
O (Examples accessed from Prof. L. Symons)
Bloom TodayO To reflect the dramatic increase in
understanding of learning and teaching since the middle of the 20th Century, Bloom’s taxonomy has been revised
ThinkO Both remind us that specifying
learning objectives requires careful decision making.
O Have we answered these questions?O “What do we want students to know
or understand about this topic?” O “What should they be able to do with
it?”
O (Kauchak & Eggen, 2012)
Questions?
BibliographyO Kauchak, D. & Eggen, P. (2012). Learning & Teaching:
Research-Based Methods (6th). Boston, Massachusetts:Pearson Education, Inc.
Slavin, R. (2012). Educational Psychology: Theory and practice (10th). Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson Education, Inc.
Symons, L. Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives.PowerPoint slides. Retrieved from http://blackboard.dowling.edu.