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Bo-Christer Björk, 2007
Scientific Communication Life-cycle model
Author: Prof. Bo-Christer Björk
Swedish School of Economics and Business Administration, Helsinki, Finland
Bo-Christer.Bjork@hanken.fi
Bo-Christer Björk, 2007
Copyright of this diagram set
• This work is licenced under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 1.0 License. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/fi/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
Bo-Christer Björk, 2007
Background of the SCLC-model• This model has been developed since the year 2000,
first in the EC-funded SciX project and later in the OACS-project, funded by the Academy of Finland
• An article explaining the model will be published in the Information Research Journal
• http://informationr.net/ir/ in Vol 12, No 2 (Jan 2007)
Bo-Christer Björk, 2007
Purpose of the model
• The purpose of the model is to act as a roadmap for policy discussions and research concerning the process. In comparison to earlier models found in the literature this model is more detailed, hierarchical and includes more modelling constructs (activities, inputs,outputs,
controls, mechanisms).
Bo-Christer Björk, 2007
Scope of the model
• The scope of the model is the whole scientific communication value chain, from initial research to the assimilation of research results to improve every-day life. The model treats both informal and formal communication, as well as the publishing of data, but the major focus is on modelling the publishing and indexing of traditional peer reviewed journal articles, as well as the activities of readers to find out about them and access them. The new business models and parallel functions enabled by the Internet, such as open access journals and e-print repositories, are also in focus.
Bo-Christer Björk, 2007
Modelling methodology
• The modelling methodology used is IDEF0, a process modelling method, which previously has mainly been used for business process reengineering in the manufacturing industries.
Bo-Christer Björk, 2007
IDEF0 concepts
Journal Review Policy
The Researcher
Issue Schedule
Article readyfor publishing
Manuscript
Reviewers Comments
Accepted Manuscript
RejectedManuscript
Revised Manuscript
The ReviewersThe Editor
Formatted Article
1$0
Review Manuscript
2$0
Revise Manuscript
3$0
Queue for Publishing
4$0
Typeset Article
Input
Mechanism
Control
Output
Bo-Christer Björk, 2007
Model diagrams
• The current version of the model consists of 33 diagrams, with 113 different activities and over 200 different inputs, outputs, controls and mechanisms.
• They are here presented in hierachical order. The number indicates the place in the hierarchy (i.e. Diagram A11 is a breakdown of one of the activities in diagram A1)
Bo-Christer Björk, 2007
NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Do research, communicate and apply the resultsA-0
Existing ScientificKnowledge
Scientificproblems
New scientificknowledge
Better quality oflife
Stakeholders inthe R&D process
Scientificcuriosity
Economicincentives
0
Do research, communicate and apply the results
Bo-Christer Björk, 2007
NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Do research, communicate and apply the resultsA0
Disseminatedscientificknowledge
Publication
Funding for R&D
New scientific knowledgeExisting ScientificKnowledge
Scientificproblems
Better qualityof life
Fundingforresearch
Funding forresearchcommunication
Funding forindustrialdevelopment
Public sectorfunding
Private sectorfunding
Priorities for scientificproblems to be solved
Research funders
ScientistsCompanies Government
Publishersandinfomediaries
Readers
1
Fund R&D
2
Perform the research
3
Communicate the results
4
Apply the Knowledge
Bo-Christer Björk, 2007
NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Fund R&DA1
Researchfunders
Priorities for scientificproblems to be solved
Availablefunding
Funding for R&D
Researchproposals
Publications,CV's
Peerresearchers
Evaluations ofresearch proposals
Evaluations ofresearch performance
Norms of science
Industrialexperts
1
Evaluate prior research of applicants
2
Evaluate research proposals
3
Make funding decisions
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NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Evaluate prior research of applicantsA11
Googlescholar etc
Peerresearchers
Publicationsof applicant Evaluations
of researchperformance
CV's, lists of publications
Citations
Metadata of thepublications ofapplicants
Evaluations of individualpublications
Overview ofresearch output
Citation statistics ofindividualresearcher
Impact factors
Journalrankings
Rules of researchfunder or university
ISI Scientificcommunities
UniversityCRIS system
1
Evaluate the publications themselves
2
Input the meta data
in CRIS systems
3
Produce citation statistics
4
Rank scientific journals
5
Make evaluation of research performance
Bo-Christer Björk, 2007
NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Perform the researchA2
Data fromexistingrepositories
Data baseswith scientificdata
ExistingScientificKnowledge
New scientificknowledge
Internet Libraryservices
Conceptual framework andhypotheses of the research
Collected data
New empirical data
Museums,archives,statisticalservices
Information search habits
Researchequipment
Analysis tools
Scientific method
1
Study existing scientific
knowledge
2
Collect data from external existing
repositories
3
Do experiments and make
observations
4
Analyse and draw conclusion
Bo-Christer Björk, 2007
NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Communicate the resultsA3
Face to facemeetings
Copyright restrictions,licences
Publishers andinfomediaries
Funding forresearchcommunication
Scientific datarepositories
New scientificknowledge
Publication
New empiricaldata
Informallycommunicated results
Data inrepositories
ICT tools
1
Communicate the results informally
2
Communicate the results through
publication
3
Sharethe data
Bo-Christer Björk, 2007
NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Communicate the results through publicationA32
Publisher
Funding forpublishing
Publication or copyof publication
Newscientificknowledge
Disseminated scientificknowledge
Secondaryaccounts of theresults
Citations
Funding foraccess topublications
Locally availablepublication
Author Infomediaries Scientists
1
Publish the results
2
Facilitate dissemination and retrieval
3
Study the publication
4
Publish secondary accounts of the results
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NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Publish the resultsA321
Publisher
Commercialpublishingconsiderations
AuthorPublicationor copy ofpublication
New scientificknowledge
Rejectedmanuscript
Norms ofscientificpublication
Journalrankings
Openaccessmandates
Scientificwriting style
Manuscript
Choice of journalor publisher
1
Write manuscript
2
Choose where to submit or negotiate
publishing
3
Produce publication
Bo-Christer Björk, 2007
NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Produce publicationA3213
Monograph
Researchlab,university
Conference paper
Conferenceorganiser
Commercialpublishingconsiderations
Oral conferencepresentation
Manuscript
Journal article
JournalCommercialbook publisher
Peer review guidelines
1
Publish as monograph
2
Publish as conference paper
3
Publish as scholarly journal article
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NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Publish as monographA32131
Research lab,university
Commercial publishingconsiderations
Commercialbook publisher
ManuscriptReport
Thesis
Book
Thesis approvalprocedures
Guidelines of research lab
University
1
Publish as report
2
Publish as thesis
3
Publish as book
Bo-Christer Björk, 2007
NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Publish as scholarly journal articleA32133
Peer reviewguidelines
Publisher's IT staff
Journal article
Article manuscript
Publisher'sadministrative staff Editor Author Reviewers
Publisher revenue"Big deal" revenue
Subscriptionrevenue
Articlepublicationcharge
Publisher's businessstrategy
Journal businessstrategyPublisher's
IT platform1
Do publisher's general activities
2
Do journal specific activities
3
Process article
Bo-Christer Björk, 2007
NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Do journal specific activitiesA321332
List of subscribers
Publisher'sadministrative staff
Journal businessstrategy
Editor
Journal schedule
Journal pricing
marketdemand forjournal
Issue frequency
Subscriptionsponsors
1
Market journal
2
Negotiate and manage subscriptions
3
Plan and manage issues
Bo-Christer Björk, 2007
NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Process articleA321333
Journalarticle
Editor Author
Peer reviewguidelines
Reviewers
Rejectedmanuscript
Articlemanuscript
Acceptedmanuscript
Articlecharge
Copyright agreement
Journalschedule
Publisher'scopyrightpolicy
OA mandatesby funders,universities
Publisher Universities,research funders
Funding forarticle charges
1
Do peer review
2
Negotiate copyright
3
Pay article charge
4
Do technical phases of publishing
Bo-Christer Björk, 2007
NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Do peer reviewA3213331
Editor Reviewers
Peer reviewguidelines
Author
Rejected manuscript
Article manuscript
Accepted manuscript
Software tosupport thereview process
Choice ofreviewers
Reviews
Revisedmanuscript
Personal network ofthe editor
1
Manage the review process
2
Review manuscript
3
Revise manuscript
Bo-Christer Björk, 2007
NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Do technical phases of publishingA3213334
Publisher's technical staff
Journal schedule
Journal article
Acceptedmanuscript
Copyeditedmanuscript
Manuscriptat head ofqueue
Manscriptembedded injournal issue
Manuscript tobe publishedindividually
List ofsubscribers
1
Copyedit manuscript
2
Queue for publishing
3
Embed in issue
4
Duplicate and distribute article
Bo-Christer Björk, 2007
NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Duplicate and distribute articleA32133344
List ofsubscribers
Manscriptembedded injournal issue
Distributed paperissue
Manuscript to bepublished individually
Printedpaperissue
Electronic versionavailable on the web
Alertingmessages
Mail servicePublisher'sprintingdepartment Publisher's
IT platform
1
Print paper issue
2
Distribute paper issues to subcribers
3
control access to electronic
version
4
Publish electronic version
Bo-Christer Björk, 2007
NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Facilitate dissemination and retrievalA322
Author
Funding for accessto publications
Infomediaries
Locally availablepublication
Publicationor copy ofpublication
Manuscript
Meta datastandards
Preservedpublication
Local librariesNational libraries
Purchasablepublication
Purchasablepublication
Open access copyof publication ormanuscript
Legislationconcerningpreservation
Development ofpreservationtechnology
1
Facilitate retrieval globally
2
Facilitate retrieval locally
3
Preserve publication
Bo-Christer Björk, 2007
NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Facilitate dissemination and retrievalA322
Author
Funding for accessto publications
Infomediaries
Locally availablepublication
Publicationor copy ofpublication
Manuscript
Meta datastandards
Preservedpublication
Local librariesNational libraries
Purchasablepublication
Purchasablepublication
Open access copyof publication ormanuscript
Legislationconcerningpreservation
Development ofpreservationtechnology
1
Facilitate retrieval globally
2
Facilitate retrieval locally
3
Preserve publication
Bo-Christer Björk, 2007
NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Facilitate retrieval globallyA3221
Author
Meta datastandards
Infomediaries
Open access copy ofpublication or manuscript
Manuscript
Searchablemetadata
Publicationor copy ofpublication
E-printrepositories
Searchengines
Indexing services
Copyrigthagreements
Incentives,norms, mandates
Commercialincentives
Publication available as part of E-series
1
Bundle publications from different sources
into E-service
2
Make manuscript or copy of publication
openly available on the web
3
Integrate meta data into
search service
Bo-Christer Björk, 2007
NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Make manuscript or copy of publication openlyavailable on the webA32212
OA copy of publicationsor manuscript
Author
University and fundermandates concering OA
Institutionalrepository
Publicationor copy ofpublication
Manuscript
Subject-specificrepository
1
Post on personal web pages
2
Post in institutional repository
3
Post in subject specific repository
Bo-Christer Björk, 2007
NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Integrate meta data into search serviceA32213
Search engines
Meta datastandards
Indexing services
Open access copy ofpublication ormanuscript
Searchable metadataPublication
OAI standard
1
Index in edited bibliographic index
2
Index in web harvester for
scientific content
3
Index in general web search engine
Bo-Christer Björk, 2007
NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Facilitate retrieval locallyA3222
Funding for accessto publications
Local libraries
Locally availablepublicationPurchasable publication
Subscriptions
Licenses
Publisher andinfomediaries
University intranet
1
Negotiate subscriptions and licenses
2
Make paper publication available inside organisation
3
Make electronic publication available inside organisation
Bo-Christer Björk, 2007
NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Study the publicationA323
Libraryshelves
Disseminatedscientificknowledge
Locally available publication
Open access publication
Searchablemetadata
Alertingmessages
Purchasablepublication Decision to buy
access
Retrievedpublication
Metadata of thepublication
Decision not tobuy access
The webPay-per-viewsystem
InterlibraryloanBook store
PC, laser printer,copying machine
Funding for access toindividual publications
1
Find out about the publication
2
Consider buying access to publication
3
Retrieve publication
4
Read and process publication
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NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Find out about the publicationA3231
The web
Searchable metadata
Metadata of thepublication
Alerting messages
Journal issue sent toindividual subscribers
Publication
Locally availablepublication
Library shelves E-mail
Information searchhabits
The journals areader followsregularly
1
Search for interesting publications
2
Be alerted to a specific publication
Bo-Christer Björk, 2007
NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Search for interesting publicationsA32311
The web
Key wordsearch
Library shelves
Searchable metadata
Metadata of thepublication
Publication
Locally availablepublication
1
Use dedicated search service for
scientific publications
2
Use general web search engine
3
Browse shelves in library
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NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Be alerted to a specific publicationA32312
The journals a readerfollows regularly
Metadata of thepublication
Alerting messages
PublicationJournal issue sent toindividual subscribers
Citation
Personal network ofthe reader
Papermail
1
Receive recommendation from colleague
2
Notice reference in other publication
3
Remember existence of previously
read publication
4
Browse journal issue or
e-mailed TOC
Bo-Christer Björk, 2007
NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Retrieve publicationA3233
Ergonomic andtime restraints
The webLibrary shelves
Metadata of thepublication
Locally availablepublication
Retrievedpublication
Open access publication
Purchasedpublication
1
Retrieve paper publication
2
Retrieve electronic publication
Bo-Christer Björk, 2007
NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Read and process publicationA3234
Copying machine,laser printer
Retrievedpublication Disseminated scientific
knowledge
paper copy ofpublication
Publication worthsaving
Self-archivedcopy ofpublication
Reader'shard disk
Reader's officeshelves
Software formanagingreferences
ergonomy,eyesight, desire toannotate
Time available forreading
1
Photocopy or print out for
easier reading
2
Read the publication
3
Selfarchive for future reference
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NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Read the publicationA32342
Scientists
Disseminated scientific knowledge
Retrieved publication
Universitystudents
Industrypractitioners
Practisingphysicians
Goverment officials,politicians
Privateindividuals
1
Read for research purposes
2
Read as part of university
education
3
Read for company R&D
purposes
4
Read to keep up with progress
of medicine
5
Read for public policy
setting
6
Read to increase your knowledge
Bo-Christer Björk, 2007
NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Publish secondary accounts of the resultsA324
Scientists
Review articles
Disseminated scientificknowledge
Citations
University textbooks
Media reports ofthe results
Journalists
1
Cite in your own publication
2
Report on results in
review articles
3
Include results in university textbooks
4
Report in popular media
Bo-Christer Björk, 2007
NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Apply the KnowledgeA4
Companies
Funding for industrialdevelopment
Government
Trained researchers
Disseminated scientificknowledge
Better qualityof life
Universitytextbooks
Trainedpractitioners
Laws, standards,patents etc.
Standardisationorganisations
Society,individualsUniversities
1
Educate professionals
2
Regulate industry and society
3
Do industrial development
4
Apply in practice
Bo-Christer Björk, 2007
NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Educate professionalsA41
Universityteachers
Trained researchers
Universitytextbooks
Trained practitioners
Copyrigthrestrictions onreusing material
Professional trainingorganisations
University teaching materialPublication
1
Produce teaching material
2
Teach students
3
Teach practitioners
Bo-Christer Björk, 2007
NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Regulate industry and societyA42
GovernmentStandardisationorganisations
Standards
Disseminatedscientificknowledge
Patent authorities
Standardisationpractice
Patentlaw
Patents
Laws andregulations
New products,tools andmethods
Legal and politicalsystem
1
Define standards
2
Grant patents
3
Legislate and define public policy
Bo-Christer Björk, 2007
NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Apply in practiceA44
Practicingphysicians
Industrypractitioners Private individuals
Disseminatedscientificknowledge Better medical care
More efficientcompanies
More ecological andhealty lifestyle
Betterunderstanding ofthe world
1
Take into account in the
treatment of patients
2
Take into account in
company practice
3
Take into account in
your life-style
4
Understand the world better