Post on 15-Jan-2016
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Botanical Nomenclature
The Basics
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
• Revised every 6 years
• 2006 (Vienna) Code:http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/main.htm
• 2011 (Melbourne) Code: –Renamed to “International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants”
–In prep
Ficus ficus
Botanical & Zoological Codes are Separate
CecropiaCecropia
Ficus caricus
Iris oratoria
Botanical & Zoological Codes are Separate
Iris versicolor
Culcita novaeguineae(echinoderm)
Culcita coniifolia
Kingdom (-phyta)Division (-ophyta)
Class (-opsida)Subclass (-idea)
Order (-ales)Family (-aceae)
Subfamily (-oideae)Genus
Species
Subspecies Variety Forma
Taxonomic hierarchy
Family names• End in –aceae, but note the following eight
conserved names (alternative old names allowed by the Code):
– Asteraceae Compositae– Hypericaceae Gutifferae– Brassicaceae Cruciferae– Apiaceae Umbelliferae– Arecaceae Palmae– Lamiaceae Labiatae– Fabaceae Leguminosae– Poaceae Graminae
Species names
• Consist of two words– Genus name– Specific epithet
– Author name(s)
Written in Latin
Arethusa bulbosa L.
Antrophyum ensiforme Hook.
Scoliosorus ensiforme (Hook.) T. Moore
Parenthetical author
Combining author
Species names
Scoliosorus ensiforme is a later re-classification (to a different genus) of Antrophyum ensiforme. Both names refer to the same species, shown at right.
Author names
• Lotus corniculatus L.• Lotus heermannii (Dur. & Hilg.) Greene• Hosackia hermannii Dur. & Hilg.
& Rothfels & K. Reed– Always used instead of “and”
ex Humboldt & Bonpland ex Willdenow– Name suggested by Humboldt & Bonpland but published by
Willdenow
in Spring in Martius– Name published by Spring as a chapter in Martius
Infraspecific taxa
• Trinomials– subspecies, variety and form
Solidago simplex subsp. randii (Porter) RingiusSolidago virgaurea var. alpina BigelowSolidago nemoralis fo. pallens Benke
• Quadrinomials– allowed but rarely used– var. or fo. nested within subsp. but not vice versa
Solidago simplex subsp. randii var. gillmanii (A. Gray) Ringius
Types of Type specimen
• A species is described with reference to one and only one type specimen deposited in a herbarium
• The function of types is strictly nomenclatural, anchors the name
• Does not have to be “typical” or representative of the species
Type specimen of Sequoia sempervirens (Coastal Redwood)
Types of types
• Holotype: the single type specimen, housed in a specific herbarium, named at time of publication
• Isotype: copies of the type specimen (“duplicates” bearing the same collection number)
• Syntype• Lectotype • Paratype• Neotype
Synonyms
• Alternative names for the same species
• Two kinds:– Nomenclatural synonyms– Taxonomic synonyms
Nomenclatural Synonyms
• Based on the same type– Also called homotypic or
objective synonyms
• Change in rank or group• Same specific epithet
Eschatogramme panamensis (1929)
Polypodium panamense (1954)
Dicranoglossum panamense (1976)
All the above names are different classifications of the same species
Erythraea muhlenbergii Griseb. (1839)
Centaurodes muhlenbergii (Griseb.) Kuntze (1891)
Centaurium muhlenbergii (Griseb.) Wight ex Piper (1906)
Nomenclatural Synonyms
Combining authorParenthetical author
Basionym authorBasionym
All these names are nomenclatural synonyms.
They are different classifications of the same
species, shown below.
Basionym: the name under which a species was first publishe
Taxonomic Synonyms
• Based on different types– Heterotypic or subjective synonyms
• Taxonomic judgment
• Different specific epithets
Example: Polybotrya caudata Kunze (1834)
Polybotrya costaricensis Brade (1969)
Principle of Priority
• The nomenclature of taxonomic groups is based on the priority of publication.– Starts 1 May 1753, Species
Plantarum
Example: Polybotrya caudata Kunze (1834)
Polybotrya costaricensis Brade (1969)
These names were later found to refer to the same species. Based on priority, the first name must be used. The second name becomes a taxonomic synonym of the first.
Rules for Naming a New Species
1. Can’t use a previously published name or a tautonym
2. Must indicate rank
3. Must designate a type
4. Must effectively publish the name
Now obsolete as of Melbourne code: Provide a description in Latin
Tautonyms• Specific epithet repeats genus• Permitted in Zoological Code, but not in Botanical
Gorilla gorilla
Cardinalis cardinalis
Bison bison
Ensifera ensifera
Naja naja
Salamander salamander
Illegitimate Names
• Do not conform to the rules– A name already published (later homonym)– Tautonym (e.g., Selaginella selaginella)
Polypodium brevinervis Fee (published 1845)Polypodium brevinervis H. Christ (published 1897)
Invalid Names
• Not validly published– Prior to Melbourne code, had to be physically published in a
widely accessible journal– As of Melboure Code, electronic publication now allowed– See codes for rule of effective publication