Post on 17-Feb-2016
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BUBONIC PLAGUEYersinia pestis
What is the Plague?
Disease Causing Agent Gram negative, rod shaped bacteria
Yersinia pestis
Facultative anaerobe
Discovered in 1894 by Alexander Yersin
Swiss/French Physician and Bacteriologist
Symptoms and Signs Swelling of lymph nodes (buboes) Acral gangrene Fever Chills Coughing Headache Seizures Nausea Heavy breathing Vomiting Joint aching Bleeding from ears
Vectors and Transmission Bacteria (pathogen)
Flea (in gut)
Rodent (carrier)
Human (in blood)
Treatment Antibiotics
Circulatory support
Ventilation
Renal support
Plague through History
The Plague of Justinian 541 – 542, Byzantine Empire
Spread through Asia, North Africa, and Europe
Probably originated in Egypt or China
Killed as many as 5,000 people per day in Constantinople, for a total of ~40% of the population
~25 million total deaths
The Plague of Justinian
The Black Death 1347, Black Death hit
Europe, killing around a third of the population
Originated near China, and first passed through Italy
Once sick, plague victims had approximately a 50% survival rate
The Black Death Killed around 25
million people in Europe
Estimated to have killed around 75 million people worldwide
The Black Death Doctors thought that
the plague was caused by bad air
Many people wore flowers to ward off the ‘bad air’
The Black Death Controversial explanation of the “Ring Around the Rosie” children’s rhyme
The Third Plague Pandemic 1855, started in China, spread worldwide Lasted for approximately 100 years
The Third Plague Pandemic Killed 12 million people in
India over 30 years
Came from endemic population living in rodents
Was stable, but a rebellion caused movement of populations out of the region
Did not hit mainland America, but did hit Hawaii (1899) and Puerto Rico (1912)
The Third Plague Pandemic
Plague Today 10 – 15 cases in
U.S. per year
1,000 – 3,000 cases worldwide per year
Found in NM, AZ, CO, CA, & OR
Plague in New Mexico
http://nmhealth.org/ERD/HealthData/plague.shtml
Plague in New Mexico
http://nmhealth.org/ERD/HealthData/plague.shtml
Biological Warfare 14th century armies
catapulted diseased corpses over city walls
1940 Imperial Japanese Army bombed Chinese cities with plague fleas during the Second Sino-Japanese War
Concerns for the future…
Biological Warfare Classified by the
CDC as a Category A Pathogen
Requires preparation for a possible terrorist attack
Discussion Questions What was the most important factor for plague
to spread? What made plague such a terrible disease? What is the best way to prevent the spread of
plague? What would happen if plague was used as a
biological weapon today? Do you think there would be a pandemic?
Assessment1. List the transmission chain of bubonic
plague.2. What are 5 symptoms of this disease?3. Why haven’t we eradicated plague like we
did smallpox?4. Approximately what percentage of the
population of Europe died during the Black Death?
5. What did doctors think caused plague during the Black Death pandemic?
Assessment6. Write 8 to 12 sentences discussing
whether bubonic plague is a major threat to national security today. Justify your position.
Bibliography Biddle, Wayne (2002). A Field Guide to Germs (2nd Anchor Books ed.).
New York: Anchor Books. McCormick, Michael (2007). "Toward a Molecular History of the
Justinian Pandemic." In: Little, Lester K. editor. (2007), Plague and the End of Antiquity: The Pandemic of 541–750. Cambridge University Press. (2007).
Scott, Susan, and C. J. Duncan (2001). Biology of Plagues: Evidence from Historical Populations. Cambridge, UK; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Bartelloni, Peter J.; Marshall, John D., Jr.; Cavanaugh, Dan C. (1973). "Clinical and serological responses to plague vaccine U.S.P". Military Medicine 138 (11): 720–722.
Echenberg, Myron J. (2007). Plague Ports: The Global Urban Impact of Bubonic Plague, 1894-1901. New York, NY: New York University Press.
Echenberg,Myron (2002). Pestis Redux: The Initial Years of the Third Bubonic Plague Pandemic, 1894-1901. Journal of World History,vol 13,2
Echenberg,Myron (2002). Pestis Redux: The Initial Years of the Third Bubonic Plague Pandemic, 1894-1901. Journal of World History,vol 13,2