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BURJ KHALIFASkidmore, Owings and Merrill, LLP
Enas AlKhudairy, Noor Khouri
September 18, 2013
Building Facts
Dubai, UAESkidmore Owings and Merrill, LLP Chicago OfficeEmaar Properties PJSC2010$1.5 Billion
828 m162
Equilateral Triangle140 m
140 : 828 1 : 5.9
500,000 Tonnes
460,000 m2
334,000 m2
111,500 m2
83,600 m2
75%
LocationArchitect
DeveloperCompleted
Cost
HeightNo of Stories
Base estimateTriangle h
Base to Height
Weight
Floor AreaUsable FA
Ext Surf AreaWindow Area
Window %
~140m
Structure
High Performance Reinforced ConcreteRC bored pile supported raft foundationStructural Steel Braced FrameConcrete Floor Framing Scheme
C60 to C80
330,000 m3
0.717 m3/m2
0.988 m3/m2
39,000 Tonnes0.085 Tonnes/m2
0.117 Tonnes/m2
SuperstructureFoundation
SpireFloor
Conc Grade
Conc AmountAmount / TFAAmount / UFA
Steel AmountAmount / TFAAmount / UFA
1- Materials
2- SubstructureStructure
RC bored pile supported raft foundation3700 mm194 piles, 1500mm diameter, 4300mm long
FoundationRaft Thickness
Bored Piles
Structure
Triaxial ‘y shaped’ plan: 3 wings & central core Buttressed CoreIncrease moment of inertia*
Central Core, linked by link beamsCorridor Walls, from central core to end of each wing Terminates in hammerhead wallPerimeter Columns Connected to interior wall system via outrigger walls on Mech Floors
Concrete, 500mm - 1300mmRC 800mm - 1000mm deepRC (est) Diameter 1300mm - 1700mm *Diameter estimated at level 7 at 1600mm
9 m Concrete, 225mm-300mm
PlanSystemShape
Core
Core WallLink Beams
Columns
Floor SpanFloor Slab
3- Tower Load Resistance (Vertical and Lateral)
* provides maximum perimeter for windows in living spaces without developing internal unusable area
Spiralled Tapering1- Effect on Structure
Diagram and Graph Showing Load Paths and Vertical Member Area Requirements
Spiralled Tapering2- Wind Dynamics
Unorganized wind vortexes Result: Reduced Tower Sway
1.5 m at highest point
0.18 % of Total Height
Interaction
Tower Sway
Sway %
Envelope
Double-Glazed GlassDouble-Coated with Low-E 1- Reflective Coating - Gives Silvery Mirror Appearance 2- High-Performance Low-E CoatingConsistent. Closed - No Operable Windows
MaterialGlass
System
We know Double Glaze, Double Low E Coating. 12mm gap (from detail section). Assuming Argon-filled.
Therefore, U-value used is 2.4
Source: Thermal Performance of Facades, Ant Wilson, Director, Faber Maunsell
Source: BBC Weather
City Climate & Facade Heat Flow
Min ave temp: 12 CMax ave temp: 40 CRec max temp: 49 C Rec min temp: 3 C
Max ave prec: 12mm Ave humidity from 59% to 82%Ave sunlight hours: 11 hours
Summer Ave Outdoor T = 35 C Indoor T = 21 CR= 1/U = 0.4167 Km2/W Flux = QA= (TO-TI) * U = 14 * 2.4 = 33.6 J/m2sEstimated Heat Loss per second = QA * A = 33.6 * 83,600 = 2,808,960 J/s = 2,809 KJ/sAssume No Heat Transfer in Winter Months (Ave Outdoor T = 22 C) Seconds/Summer (6 months) = 648,000
Estimated Heat Loss Per Year = 2,809 KJ/s * 648,000 s = 1,820,232,000 KJ = 1,820,232 MJ
Fire & Egress
6 Fire-rated, 2 in each wingPressurized, Air-conditioned, on Mechanical Levels (every 25 floors)2 Hour Fire Resistant ConstructionLifeboat operation for controlled evacuation
StairwellsRefuge Areas
Fire ConstElevators
Additional Information
Condensate recovery system: collects water from ac condensate and then uses it to irrigate landscaping around the tower. Reduced waste water: 15 million gallons of supplemental water per year.
Solar panels: Located on the roof of the office, 378 solar panels, 2.7m2 in area. Can heat up to 140,000 litres of water in 7 hours of solar radiation.
Sky sourced ventilation: cooler air temperatures, reduced air density and relative humidity at the top of the building allow air to be drawn in, reduced energy consumption for HVAC system.Feeds unconditioned natural air to HVAC system.
Stack effect controls: Thermal differences between the building’s interior and exterior generate a stack effect - pressure differences within the building. Burj Khalifa designed to passively control stack effect: no operable windows, reduced infiltration, no pathways for exterior air to reach the vertical hoistways and shafts in the tower core. Result: reduced need for mechanical means of pressurisation, saves energy.
Some Sustainable Features
References & Useful Resources
1- Higher and Higher: The Evolution of the Buttressed Core; William F. Baker, James J. Pawlikowski
2- The World’s Tallest Building - The Burj Khalifa; William F. Baker
3- The Burj Khalifa Triumphs - Engineering an Idea: The Realization of the Burj Khalifa; William F. Baker
4- Design and Construction Planning of the Burj Khalifa, Dubai, UAE; Ahmad Abdelrazaq
5- Validating the Structural Behavior and Response of Burj Khalifa: Synopsis of the Full Scale Structural Health Monitoring Programs; Ahmad Abdelrazaq
6- Burj Khalifa - A new high for high performance concrete; James Aldred
7- Bill Baker of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP: Tall Buildings and the Burj Khalifa - INTERVIEW
http://chicagowindowexpert.com/2010/04/22/bill-baker-of-skidmore-owings-merrill-llp-tall-buildings-and-the-burj-khalifa/
8- Burj Khalifa - ARCHITECT OFFICIAL PROJECT PAGE
https://www.som.com/project/burj-khalifa-formerly-burj-dubai
9- Burj Khalifa goes solar; sun power heats 140,000 litres of water per day - DEVELOPER PRESS RELEASE
http://www.emaar.com/index.aspx?page=press-release-details&id=1029
10- Kersten Europe, Plate and Aluminium Bending Specialists
http://www.kersteneurope.com/en/projecten_burj_dubai.html
11- Buttressed Core Structural System for Burj Khalifa
http://www.worldbuildingsdirectory.com/project.cfm?id=2618
12- Burj Khalifa
http://www.worldbuildingsdirectory.com/project.cfm?id=2495
13- Top 10 Burj Khalifa Facts
http://www.constructionweekonline.com/article-7312-top-10-burj-khalifa-facts-part-2/1/print/#.Ui_kpWTTVqY
Additional Thanks to
Gregory Smith AIA , Associate Director at SOM Chicago for providing us information regarding (via e-mail correspondence) regarding building envelope and performance
William Baker PE, SE, FASCE, FIStructE, Structural and Civil Engineering Partner at SOM Chicago for his contact to Gregory Smith, and for his explanation of confidentiality of information not published