Post on 26-Dec-2015
transcript
By: Brian Gonzalez
Advisors:
Dr. Yoshiko Saito-Abbott
Dr. Shigeko Sekine
SHAPING THE CULTURE OF TIMELINESS: UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’
PERCEPTION
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OUTLINE
1. Significance of study
2. Research Questions
3. Research Background
4. Research Methods
5. Research Findings
6. Conclusion
7. Bibliography
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SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY• While in Japan I was told “we don’t want to waste the day trying to get
somewhere.”
• This topic is interesting to me because American and Japanese students have moral and cultural differences.
• I want to find out through this study what influences university students in Japan and the United States to do make decisions regarding timeliness.
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RESEARCH QUESTIONS1. To what extent does a students upbringing in Japan and
America such as Family, Education, and self-belief influence their views on timeliness?
2. How do the situations influence the American and Japanese University student's decision making choices on timeliness?
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RESEARCH BACKGROUND OUTLINE
1. Human perception of time
2. Transportation and role on Timeliness
3. Cultural Perception on Timeliness
4. Cultural stereotypes of timeliness
5. Other cultures view on time
6. Japan, America, and Mexico’s view on timeliness
HUMAN PERCEPTION OF TIME
• “the point or period when something occurs. An appointed, fixed, or customary moment or hour for something to happen, begin, or end <arrived ahead of time>”
-(Merriam- Webster, Dictionary)
• “For most people the way in which we measure time by the calendar and the clock is absolute, and by some it was thought that to tamper with either was to court disaster”
-(G.J. Withrow, Time in History)
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TRANSPORTATIONS ROLE ON TIMELINESS
• “With high- speed bullet trains and densely-packed urban lines, Japan has one of the busiest railway systems on the planet. Billions of journeys are completed every year on a network renowned for safety, speed, and efficiency.”
-(Lauren Said-Moorhouse, The Gateway)
“One of the principal reasons for building the interstate highway system was to support national defense. The system was approved --- during one of the most instable periods of the Cold War. National security dictated development of an efficient national highway system that could move large numbers of military personnel and huge quantities of military equipment and supplies.”
-(Wendell Cox, Investment of the Nation)
CULTURAL PERCEPTION OF TIMELINESS
• “The Japanese traditional reference to dynastic change was gradually suppressed by the universal time of the world history, the socio-economic stages of development, and the western calendar.”
-(Schendel, pg. 94)
“Cultural Values can be obtained from the material students learn at school through the use of textbooks. The views of their nations are introduced at a young age”.
-(Toshie Imada, Cultural Narratives)
CULTURAL STEREOTYPES OF TIMELINESS
• The United States of America- "Money is time; time is money.”
• France – “They are born with clocks in their stomachs, the lunch hour is sacred”
• "In places where economic opportunities are limited, it's easier to give up an hour of work for leisure" -- or waiting.- Russia
• Latin American and southern European nations, hours and minutes seem hardly to matter.
-( Jane Engle, Punctuality)
OTHER CULTURES VIEW ON TIME• The Pirahã Tribe: “This small native tribe of the Amazon rainforest, to even
consider introducing the concept of time to this tribe would be foolish, as their concept of numbers is non existent.”
• The Hopi Tribe: “The Hopi Indian tribe is known for their interesting language: due to its lack of verb tenses and resulting omission of any conception of time.”
• Nomadic Tribes of Afghanistan and Iran: “These peoples of nomadic tribes do not feel tied down by time other than the seasons. ”
• Asian Buddhist Culture: “Although the system of months that so many people live by today is a lunar concept, the strict lunar aspect is sometimes given little thought.” -( Elisabeth Davies, A matter of Time)
JAPAN, AMERICA, AND MEXICO’S VIEW ON TIMELINESS
• “When entering the United States , he would feel his whole being switch to rapid clock-time mode: he would walk faster, drive faster, talk faster, and meet deadlines”
(Levine,1997)
• “In Mexico we are inside the time, we don’t control time. We live with the time.”
(Levine,1997)
• “The Japanese are known to be time conscious people but when it comes time to being part of a meeting they forget about the end time”
(Kido, 2006)
RESEARCH METHODS
Subjects
• total: 60 University Students
• Japanese : 30 University Students
15 male, 15 female, Ages : 18-26
• American : 30 University Students
15 male, 15 female, Ages: 18-26
Research instruments
• Online survey through Google Doc, Use of Facebook
• Japanese Survey
• English Survey
WHAT IS YOUR STATUS IN COLLEGE?
Super Senior27%
Senior53%
Junior13%
Sophmore3%
Freshman3%
American
Senior30%
Junior40%
Sophmore27%
Freshman3%
Japanese
There are more seniors in the American school system because we have what is called the super seniors.
WHAT IS YOUR ETHNICITY?
Hispanic20%
Caucasian6%
Asian8%
African American10%
Other57%
Ethnicity
The American participants have divested background
RESEARCH QUESTION 1
To what extent does a students upbringing in Japan and America such as Family, Education,
and self-belief influence their views on timeliness?
GROWING UP DID YOUR PARENTS EMPHASIZE BEING ON TIME?
Very Often28%
Often41%
Sometimes24%
Not Often 7%
American
Very Often21%
Often45%
Sometimes17%
Not Often 17%
Japanese
The American household has discipline depending on the way the household is ran. Different cultures view discipline differently.
HOW DO YOU FEEL ABOUT THE FOLLOWING STATEMENT:
Being on time was taught at home
My parents would punish me if did not follow my curfew
I would leave early in the morning to get to school
I was punished if I broke promises
My parents would arrive late to everything
76%
33%
86%
30%
27%
17%
43%
11%
47%
27%
7%
23%
4%
23%
47%
American
Agree Nuetral/ So-So Disagree
Being on time was taught at home
My parents would punish me if did not follow my curfew
I would leave early in the morning to get to school
I was punished if I broke promises
My parents would arrive late to everything
67%
60%
63%
60%
17%
3%
3%
3%
13%
0%
30%
37%
33%
27%
83%
Japanese
Agree Nuetral/ So-So Disagree
The children would follow by example . Parents would teach their children at home
DID YOUR SCHOOL HAVE A PUNISHMENT FOR BEING LATE TO CLASS?
Very Often10%
Often10%
Sometimes21%
Not Of-ten
45%
Never14%
Japanese
Very Often23%
Often20%
Some-times30%
Not Often17%
Never10%
American
Japanese children did not have to worry about being late to school because of the way they were raised at home.
IF YOUR SCHOOL HAD A PUNISHMENT, WHAT WAS IT?
Suspended
Had to stay after class
cleaning as punishment
other
38%
44%
3%
15%
0%
9%
26%
65%
Types of Punishment
America Japan
The punishment in the schools depended on the type of school that students attended.
BEING ON TIME WAS EMPHASIZED BY YOUR SCHOOL
Often
Sometimes
Not Often
90%
10%
0%
70%
7%
22%
American Japanese
American students had to be reminded to be on time.
I AM OKAY BEING LATE TO:
To a meeting10%
Class21%
social gathering45%
an event17%
Other7%
American
Class22%
social gathering32%
an event43%
Other3%
Japanese
The way in which the children are raised at home and the influence of the schools in which the children attended have an impact on their attitudes towards timeliness.
WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO BE ON TIME IN YOUR CULTURE?
Ethnicity Expected time of Arrival
Quote
Mexican American
At least 1 hour late “MEXICAN time definitely exists. A time is set expecting everyone to show up at least an hour later.”
African American Always late “In African-American Culture, there is a joke that deals with being on time. Its called "Colored/Black Time" in where you arrive "Whenever you feel like it”.“
Caucasian 5 minutes early “Growing up in a Caucasian household, you're considered on time if you arrive right at the expected time (or 5 minutes early, for good measure).”
Caucasian About 10 minutes late
“On "Jewish standard time" everyone runs about 10 minutes later than normal time.”
Asian American None “In the Chinese culture, being on time or early shows respect, especially when you are meeting your elders. “
other 30 minutes – 1 hour late
“There is such a big I grew up with called "Island time" where most Filipinos are at least half an hour late for everything. My parents never abided by that and neither do I.”
WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO BE ON TIME IN YOUR CULTURE?Category Quote
Types of People “There are two patterns 1) People who worrywart (They always feel the need to be on time) 2) There are a lot of punctual people in Japan, and then I have to be punctual.”
Self Image “To be punctual shows a good faith and you are more trustworthy.”
Society “Daily life for public transportation is on a basic schedule. My sense of being on time is natural. We are taught this growing in to adult hood therefore it is natural that everyone thinks this way.When hanging out with study abroad students, I was surprised that people showed up late. I even had to cancel and that brought my confidence down.”
Consideration “I think we are on time in order not to be a bother to the other party. Japanese people are always busy (in their culture) therefore there are a lot of situations where you should be punctual. When going to a meeting, and interview, or an exam you need to be punctual in order not to get in trouble and try not to be a bother to others.”
Preservation “It is necessary to be punctual in order to preserve human relations”
Good Relations “To promote human relations this is necessaryThis is necessary in order to get trust from people”
SUMMARY RESULTS OF RESEARCH QUESTION 1
• The results show that whatever the students learned in their household translated into their attitudes in school.
• The views of students on punctuality in college is a reflection of the type of punishment they received in their previous schools.
• Society plays a big role in emphasizing timeliness and reinforced students’ societal expectations.
RESEARCH QUESTION 2
How do the situations influence the American and Japanese University student's decision making choices
on timeliness?
HOW DO YOU THINK SOCIETY VIEWS BEING ON TIME?
You need to be punctual
29%You need
to be early46%
Arriving a few minutes late is
acceptable7%
It is not ac-ceptable to be
late18%
Japanese
You need to be punctual
33%
You need to be early
20%
Arriving a few minutes late is
acceptable33%
It is not ac-ceptable to be
late13%
American
In the Japanese case, they have an efficient public transportation system; therefore they are expected to be on time.
WHAT DO YOU BELIEVE IS THE APPROPRIATE AMOUNT TO WAIT FOR SOMEONE?
About 5 Minutes7%
About 10 Minutes18%
About 15 Minutes54%
Other21%
JapaneseAbout 5 Minutes
4%
About 10 Minutes25%
About 15 Minutes32%
Other39%
American
Japanese culture is more willing to wait longer than Americans.
MY DECISION MAKING CHOICES ARE INFLUENCED BY:
my surroundings
my family
friends
my mood
my ablity to never be late
82%
79%
71%
77%
31%
14%
14%
14%
8%
28%
4%
7%
14%
15%
41%
American
Agree Nuetral/ So-So Disagree
my surroundings
my family
friends
my mood
my ablity to never be late
79%
83%
71%
71%
97%
7%
0%
14%
11%
3%
14%
17%
14%
18%
0%
Japanese
Agree Nuetral/ So-So Disagree
Both Japanese and Americans agreed upon family and society having an impact.
YOU ARE HAVING A FAMILY REUNION, HOW EARLY DO YOU ARRIVE?
15 minutes early14%
10 minutes early32%
5 minutes early 21%
other32%
American
15 minutes early21%
10 minutes early21%
5 minutes early 46%
other11%
Japanese
In the America even though there is the use of cars and public transportation there is still the tendency to arrive late because there is more leniency.
HOW LONG ARE YOU WILLING TO WAIT FOR:
5-10 minutes
10-20 minutes
20-30 minutes
Longer than 30 minutes
7%
17%
33%
43%
23%
40%
30%
7%
7%
31%
24%
38%
23%
47%
27%
3%
American
Close Friend teacher boyfriend/girlfriend co-worker
5-10 minutes
10-20 minutes
20-30 minutes
Longer than 30 minutes
7%
10%
48%
34%
3%
14%
41%
41%
3%
10%
41%
45%
7%
24%
48%
21%
Japanese
Close Friend teacher boyfriend/girlfriend co-worker
Japanese and Americans are more likely to wait for someone they already know.
YOU HAVE A JOB INTERVIEW AT A LOCATION THAT TAKES ABOUT AN HOUR BY PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION , HOW EARLY DO YOU LEAVE?
American following cultural norm arrive in advance for further preparation while the Japanese are confident in their public transportation.
1hour early3%
1 1/2 hours early43%2 hours early
50%
other3%
American
1hour early7%
1 1/2 hours early52%
2 hours early41%
Japanese
IT IS NECESSARY TO ARRIVE SOMEWHERE EARLY,
When You have a job interview
When you have a project due
When you are meeting someone for a date
When you are meeting a mentor
other
100%
97%
69%
100%
0%
89%
70%
48%
63%
19%
Occasions to be early
Japanese American
For Japanese it was meeting a mentor and a job interview the reason for being on time. American only saw a job interview as the main reason for being on time.
SUMMARY OF RESULTS• Japanese and Americans are more likely to wait for someone they know like
their friends, significant other, or a teacher.
• The Japanese will only wait a certain amount of time because in their culture being early is being on time so they have no need to wait longer. Americans are more accepting of the fact people will be late because everyone is different.
• If it is something important like a meeting with a mentor or a job interview both cultures agreed that everyone needs to be punctual, but Japanese see the need to be early based on the efficiency of public transportation.
CONCLUSION• The environment plays a big role in the attitudes the students have towards
punctuality and what they expect of others.
• The Japanese live in a homogenous society so they can easily agree on what punctuality means while Americans have diverse heritage so they have different views on punctuality.
• There are many factors that play a role in how students view timeliness but it all started at home and their culture supports the decisions they make everyday.
DISCUSSIONImportant Findings
• Society has the power to change people’s attitudes on timeliness
• In the United States, heritage has an influence on the way students view being late.
Limitations of the Study
• Participants are limited to College students
Future Study
• Expand study to reflect more different age levels
• Include more scenarios that are relevant to all age groups.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thank You very much !!
• Professors: Saito Sensei and Sekine Sensei
• My Family
• Friends
• International Students:
• Kenji Kawasaki
• Naoya Nagatani
• Takashi Yokoi
• Satomi Obuki
• Asumi Takahashi
• Urara Enomoto
• Youta Sugiyama
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Davis, E. (2006). A Matter of Time. Retrieved from Oracle Think Quest: http://library.thinkquest.org/06aug/01010/timeCultures.html
Engle, J. (2005, December 11). Punctuality: Some cultures are wound tighter than others. Los Angeles Times.
Francisco J. Varela, E. T. (1993). The Embodied Mind : Cognitive science and Human Experiences. Massachusetts: MIT Press.
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