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In the name of Allah, the most Beneficent, the most Merciful.
Syntactic Relations
Presented to: Miss Madeeha Khan
Presented by: Asif Ali Raza
asifalirazzza@yahoo.com
+92-300-4626234
Points to be discussed
What are Syntactic Relations?
What is Tree Diagram?
Basic Terms regarding Tree Diagram
Constituent Command or C-Command
C-Command condition on binding
What are Syntactic Relations?
In linguistics, syntactic relations (= grammaticalfunctions, grammatical roles, syntactic functions,grammatical relations) refer to functionalrelationships between constituents in a clause orphrase.
Relation between the constituents of varioustypes of phrases or sentences is called SyntacticRelations.
What is Tree Diagram?
A tree diagram is a way of representingthe hierarchical nature of a structure in a graphicalform. It is named a "tree diagram" because theclassic representation resembles a tree, eventhough the chart is generally upside downcompared to an actual tree, with the "root" at thetop and the "leaves" at the bottom.
Tree diagram provides us visual representation ofthe constituents of the corresponding expression.
It looks like a family tree.
What is Tree Diagram?
E.g. The child can kick a football.
Tree diagrams are referred to in the relevant literature as Phrase Markers (P-Markers)
A child can kick footballa
S
NP Aux VP
NV NPArt
NArt
What is Tree Diagram?
E.g. The child can kick a football.
TP
DP T'
D N T VP
V NP
The child can kick football
Tree diagrams are referred to in the relevant literature as Phrase Markers (P-Markers)
NV
a
Terms regarding Tree Diagram
Constituent
Sub-Constituent
Root/Mother, Sister, Daughter, Grand Daughter etc
Node, Terminal Node, Non-terminal Node, LabeledNode
Branch/Solid Line
Terms regarding Tree Diagram
A
B E
C D F G
H J
Labeled Nodes
Solid Lines/Branches
Terms regarding Tree Diagram
A
B E
C D F G
H J
i-Constituentii-Non-Terminal Node
i-Sub-Constituentii-Non-Terminal Node
Terminal Nodes
Terminal Nodes contain any lexical item
Terms regarding Tree Diagram
A
B E
C D F G
H J
Terminal Nodes
Terminal Nodes contain any lexical item
The president may blame himself.
TP
DP T'
D N T VP
V
The president may blame himself
NP
Terms regarding Tree Diagram
A
B E
C D F G
H J
Mother/Root
i-Daughters of Aii-Sisters
i-Grand Daughters of Aii-Sisters—CD (daughters of B) and FG(daughters of E)iii-Cousins CD to FG and FG to CD
i-Daughters of Gii-Sisters to each otheriii-they have no cousiniv-Grand grand daughters of Av-Grand daughters of E
Who can command in a Family (in Tree Diagram)?
A
B E
C D F G
H J
Mother or Root A dominates everyone.
Who can command in a Family (in Tree Diagram)?
A
B E
C D F G
H J
B commands E, F, G, H and J
Who can command in a Family (in Tree Diagram)?
A
B E
C D F G
H J
E commands B, C and D
Who can command in a Family (in Tree Diagram)?
A
B E
C D F G
H J
C and D command each other
F commands G, H and J
G commands F
What is CONSTITUENT COMMAND or C-COMMAND?
From the above examples, C-Command can
be defined as follows:
A constituent X c-commands its sister Y and
any constituent Z which is contained within Y.
Explanation of CONSTITUENT COMMAND or C-COMMAND
We can give example of importance of C-Command relation
in syntactic description by looking at ANAPHORS (especially
REFLEXIVES and RECIPROCALS)
•He must feel proud of himself. (“He” is antecedent of “himself” and
“himself” is bound by “He”)
•The people help one another. (“The people” is antecedent of “one
another” and “one another” is bound by “The people”.)
Explanation of CONSTITUENT COMMAND or C-COMMAND
We can give example of importance of C-Command relation
in syntactic description by looking at ANAPHORS (especially
REFLEXIVES and RECIPROCALS)
•He must feel proud of herself. (“He” is antecedent and requires
singular masculine reflexive--himself to form grammatical structure but
here is “herself” and forms an ungrammatical structure.)
•The two men help one another. (“The two men” is antecedent and
requires reciprocal—each other to form grammatical structure but here
is “one another” and forms an ungrammatical structure.)
C-Command condition on binding
Can you recall this?A
B E
C D F G
H J
The president may blame himself.
TP
DP T'
D N T VP
V PRN
The president may blame himself
C-Command condition on binding
Can you recall this?A
B E
C D F G
H J
Supporters of the president may blame himself.
TP
NP T'
N PP T VP
V PRN
Supporters of the president may blame himself.
P DP
ND
Query Session
Thanks
Wish you best of luck in every sphere of life!
You may download this presentation form here:
http://www.slideshare.net/AsifAliRaza/syntactic-relations
Readings
English Syntax by Andrew Radford
English Syntax and Argumentation by Bas Aarts
Syntax by Andrew Carnie
An Introduction to English Syntax by Jim Miller
Ling 201 – Basic Concepts of Linguistics Jirka Hana – March 25, 2006
How Many Word-Classes Are There After All? István Kenesei Research Institute for Linguistics, HAS, & University of Szeged IMM14, Budapest, May 13-16, 2010
INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS BA Modul 1 Institut für Anglistik nd Amerikanistik Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Bauer, L. 1983. English Word-Formation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 13-18; 20-22.
Brown, K. & J.E. Miller 19912. Syntax: a Linguistic Introduction to Sentence Structure. London: Harpercollins; 155-172.
Matthews, P.H. 19912. Morphology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 24-40.