Post on 25-May-2015
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MARIJUANAMARIJUANAThe HistoryThe History
The UseThe Use&&
The ImplicationsThe Implications
By By Jonny A.Jonny A.Matt M.Matt M.Greg P.Greg P.Nate M.Nate M.
HISTORYHISTORY Cannabis is indigenous Cannabis is indigenous
to South Asiato South Asia
The use of Cannabis The use of Cannabis can be dated as far can be dated as far back as 3,000 BCback as 3,000 BC
Evidence has shown Evidence has shown that it’s also been used that it’s also been used by Ancient Hindus, and by Ancient Hindus, and even Assyrianseven Assyrians
Cannabis has been Cannabis has been used for religious and used for religious and medicinal purposes for medicinal purposes for thousands of yearsthousands of years
Cannabis from Vienna Dioscorides
NAMESNAMES Pot
Mary Jane
Ganja
Dope
Weed
Grass
Hash
420
And many more
CANNABISCANNABIS
Cannabis Sativa A flowering herb The leaves are serrated They are wind pollinated It is in the same
category as hops
The plant has many uses: The fiber is used to
make hemp The marijuana we all
know is the dried flowers of the plant
The resin is used to make hashish
Different varieties of Cannabis
HASHISHHASHISH
• Resinous material of the Cannabis plant
• Appears in many solid forms such as bricks and sheets and hard cakes
• It is ingested much the same way as Marijuana
• It can be eaten alone as well
THCTHC
•Full Name: Full Name: tetrahydrocannabinoltetrahydrocannabinol•Acts as an agonist for Acts as an agonist for endocannabinoid receptorsendocannabinoid receptors•The major psychoactive The major psychoactive substance in Marijuanasubstance in Marijuana•THC binds with the THC binds with the endocannabinoid receptors endocannabinoid receptors in the brain.in the brain.•These receptors are These receptors are prevalent in parts of the prevalent in parts of the brain that affect memory, brain that affect memory, thought, concentration, thought, concentration, time and depth, and time and depth, and coordinated movement.coordinated movement.•All these components All these components contribute to the euphoria contribute to the euphoria we call a “high”we call a “high”
ADVANCES IN CANNABINOID ADVANCES IN CANNABINOID RESEARCHRESEARCH
Cannabinoids are compounds isolated from C. sativa with psychoactive properties
9-THC isolated in 1964
Cannabinoids are lipophilic and were first thought to disrupt membranes
Cannabinoid receptor CB1R identified in 1990. CBRs are G-Protein Coupled Receptors
Endocannabinoids identified in 1992
9-tetrahydrocannabinol
Anandamide – Binds to CB1R
Endocannabiniods: 2-AG (2-Endocannabiniods: 2-AG (2-arachidonoylglycerol) and AEA arachidonoylglycerol) and AEA
(anandamide) are synthesized in post-(anandamide) are synthesized in post-synaptic cells and are not released from synaptic cells and are not released from
vesiclesvesiclesCa2+
Ca2+
degradation
degradation
AEA2-AG
biosynthesis
biosynthesis
2nd Messenger
CB1R
GPCR
G
G
Post-synaptic
Pre-synaptic
Modified Figure from R.D. Hosking and J.P. Zajicek. 2008. Therapeutic potentialOf cannabis in pain medicine. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 101:59-68.
Endocannabinoids: Involved in Endocannabinoids: Involved in retrograde signaling – bind to CB retrograde signaling – bind to CB
receptors (CBRs), which are G protein receptors (CBRs), which are G protein coupled receptorscoupled receptors
Ca2+
Ca2+
degradation
degradation
AEA2-AG
biosynthesis
biosynthesis
2nd Messenger
CB1R
GPCR
G
G
Post-synaptic
Pre-synaptic
Cannabinoid binding to CBCannabinoid binding to CB11R R inhibits Cainhibits Ca2+2+ channels in pre- channels in pre-
synaptic cellsynaptic cell
Ca2+
Ca2+
degradation
degradation
AEA2-AG
biosynthesis
biosynthesis
2nd Messenger
CB1R
GPCR
G
G
Post-synaptic
Pre-synaptic
DEGRADATION OF DEGRADATION OF ENDOCANNABINOIDSENDOCANNABINOIDS
Ca2+
Ca2+
degradation
degradation
AEA2-AG
biosynthesis
biosynthesis
2nd Messenger
CB1R
GPCR
G
G
Post-synaptic
Pre-synaptic
THERAPEUTIC TARGETS IN THERAPEUTIC TARGETS IN ENDOCANNABINERGIC NEURONSENDOCANNABINERGIC NEURONS
Ca2+
Ca2+
degradation
degradation
AEA2-AG
biosynthesis
biosynthesis
2nd Messenger
CB1R
GPCR
G
G
Post-synaptic
Pre-synaptic
EFFECTS OF MARIJUANAEFFECTS OF MARIJUANA
• Short Term Risks and Short Term Risks and EffectsEffects• Distorted perceptionsDistorted perceptions• Impaired memory, Impaired memory,
learning, and learning, and coordinationcoordination
• Increased appetite Increased appetite (commonly called the (commonly called the “munchies”)“munchies”)
• Increased heart rateIncreased heart rate• Anxiety/paranoiaAnxiety/paranoia• Blood-shot eyesBlood-shot eyes• EuphoriaEuphoria
• (Possible) Long Term Risks (Possible) Long Term Risks and Effectsand Effects• Respiratory problems Respiratory problems
(cough, phlegm, (cough, phlegm, bronchitis)bronchitis)
• Propensity for mental Propensity for mental illnesses (schizophrenia, illnesses (schizophrenia, depression, suicidal depression, suicidal contemplation)contemplation)• Unclear whether Unclear whether
marijuana causes marijuana causes mental illnesses or mental illnesses or exacerbates those exacerbates those already in existencealready in existence
• Loss of motivation and Loss of motivation and interest in social interest in social explorationexploration
• Lung CancerLung Cancer• Psychological (but not Psychological (but not
physical) addictionphysical) addiction
DISTORED DISTORED PERCEPTIONSPERCEPTIONS
The THC binds with The THC binds with the receptors in the the receptors in the Cerebral Cortex. The Cerebral Cortex. The
Cerebral Cortex Cerebral Cortex controls the motor controls the motor
skills, sensory skills, sensory perception, and perception, and
problem solving. As problem solving. As THC affects the THC affects the
Cerebral Cortex, it Cerebral Cortex, it impairs perceptions impairs perceptions
and judgment.and judgment.
IMPAIRED IMPAIRED LEARNINGLEARNING
The THC binds with The THC binds with the receptors in the the receptors in the Cerebral Cortex. The Cerebral Cortex. The
Cerebral Cortex Cerebral Cortex controls the motor controls the motor
skills, sensory skills, sensory perception, and perception, and
problem solving. As problem solving. As THC affects the THC affects the
Cerebral Cortex, it Cerebral Cortex, it impairs the ability to impairs the ability to
learn.learn.
2 + 2 = 5
MUNCHIESMUNCHIESThe THC acts with The THC acts with the Hypothalamus the Hypothalamus which affects the which affects the
way the hormones way the hormones are regulated.are regulated.
The hormones alter The hormones alter levels of hunger levels of hunger
and therefore make and therefore make the user hungrier.the user hungrier.
American Dad: Clip
ANXIETY ANXIETY AND AND
PARANOIAPARANOIATHC acts with the Limbic THC acts with the Limbic
system the most since the system the most since the Limbic system contains Limbic system contains many endocannabinoid many endocannabinoid
receptors. The THC receptors. The THC interferes with the normal interferes with the normal
way of communication. way of communication. Since Marijuana is illegal, Since Marijuana is illegal,
paranoia can be paranoia can be exacerbated.exacerbated.
INCREASED HEARTRATEINCREASED HEARTRATEDue to paranoia and anxiety. The heart tends to Due to paranoia and anxiety. The heart tends to race in a stressful situations. This could lead to race in a stressful situations. This could lead to
a panic attack.a panic attack.
Altered Altered Sense of Sense of
TimeTimeThe cerebellum controls The cerebellum controls
fine motor skills, balance, fine motor skills, balance, and an internal timing and an internal timing
system. Marijuana system. Marijuana interferes with these interferes with these functions, making the functions, making the
execution of fine motor execution of fine motor skills and the correct skills and the correct
perception of time more perception of time more difficult. As a result, a difficult. As a result, a
person under the influence person under the influence may have a hard time tying may have a hard time tying their shoe, and what seems their shoe, and what seems like an hour in actuality is like an hour in actuality is
only five minutes.only five minutes.
BLOODSHOT BLOODSHOT EYESEYES
Marijuana decreases Marijuana decreases pressure in the eye pressure in the eye and increases blood and increases blood
flow. When the flow. When the eyeball expands due eyeball expands due
to decreased to decreased pressure and the pressure and the
arteries appear more arteries appear more prominent due to prominent due to
increased blood flow, increased blood flow, a “bloodshot” occurs.a “bloodshot” occurs.
EUPHORIAEUPHORIAThe combination of The combination of all these sensations all these sensations
leads to the leads to the proverbial “high” proverbial “high”
users of marijuana users of marijuana experience.experience.
MEDICAL MEDICAL MARIJUANAMARIJUANA
•Used to ease the Used to ease the discomfort as a result of discomfort as a result of ChemotherapyChemotherapy
•Also used to stimulate Also used to stimulate hunger in AIDS patientshunger in AIDS patients
•It is claimed that It is claimed that Marijuana also helps with Marijuana also helps with many other sicknesses many other sicknesses (such as MS and Epilepsy) (such as MS and Epilepsy) but it’s not provenbut it’s not proven
MARINOLMARINOL
Synthetic THCSynthetic THC
Created to ensure a Created to ensure a proper amount of THC proper amount of THC deliverydelivery
Smoking Marijuana also Smoking Marijuana also has harmful side products has harmful side products (carcinogenic smoke)(carcinogenic smoke)
FDA approvedFDA approved
Comes in a pill formComes in a pill form
Does not have naturally Does not have naturally occurring cannabanoidsoccurring cannabanoids
LEGAL ISSUESLEGAL ISSUES
• Federal Bureau of Federal Bureau of Narcotics (1930)Narcotics (1930)
• The 1936 Geneva The 1936 Geneva Trafficking ConventionTrafficking Convention
• Mandatory sentencing Mandatory sentencing (1952, 1956)(1952, 1956)
• Mandatory sentencing Mandatory sentencing and three-strikesand three-strikes
• United States vs.. Oakland United States vs.. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative (2001)Cooperative (2001)
• Gonzales vs.. Raich Gonzales vs.. Raich (2005)(2005)
SOCIALSOCIALISSUESISSUES
•Many teens experiment Many teens experiment with the drug because of with the drug because of its availability and its availability and perceived harmlessness perceived harmlessness compared to other, “hard” compared to other, “hard” drugsdrugs
•Drug dealing Drug dealing
•Drug dealing in high Drug dealing in high schoolsschools
•The general acceptance The general acceptance of the drug among the of the drug among the publicpublic
•Employee drug testingEmployee drug testing
ECONOMIC ISSUESECONOMIC ISSUES
• California Taxation of California Taxation of MarijuanaMarijuana
• National Taxation of National Taxation of MarijuanaMarijuana
• Drug DealingDrug Dealing
• Foreign ImportationForeign Importation
MARIJUANA AND MARIJUANA AND RELIGIONRELIGION
RastafarianismRastafarianism ReasoningReasoning ““Healing of a Nation”Healing of a Nation”
Quotes from the BibleQuotes from the Bible Genesis 1:29Genesis 1:29 Genesis 1:11Genesis 1:11 Genesis 3:18Genesis 3:18 Proverbs 15:17Proverbs 15:17 Psalms 104:14Psalms 104:14 All of these passages All of these passages
reference a nourishing reference a nourishing “herb” made by God“herb” made by God
ADVANCES IN CANNABINOID ADVANCES IN CANNABINOID RESEARCHRESEARCH
Cannabinoids are compounds isolated from C. sativa with psychoactive properties 9-THC isolated in 1964 Cannabinoids are lipophilic and were
first thought to disrupt membranes Cannabinoid receptor CB1R identified
in 1990. CBRs are G-Protein Coupled Receptors
Endocannabinoids identified in 1992
Clinical Uses: Affects nocirecptors (pain) but no
systematic studies in people Licensed as antiemetics New CBR agonists without
psychoactive properties would be desirable
9-tetrahydrocannabinol
Anandamide – Binds to CB1R