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Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34 04/04/2016
Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 1
Capítulo 34 Filo Chordata- Cordados
Preparada por:Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó y Dra. Vivian Navas
Departamento de BiologíaRecinto Universitario de Mayagüez
Figure 34.CORDADOS Clade DescriptionCephalochordata(lancelets)
Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders thatexhibit four key derived characters of chordates
Marine suspension feeders; larvae display thederived traits of chordates
Jawless marine vertebrates with reduced vertebrae;
have head that includes a skull and brain, eyes, and
other sensory organs
Jawless aquatic vertebrates with reducedvertebrae; typically feed by attaching to a livefish and ingesting its blood Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton,a derived trait formed by the reduction of anancestral mineralized skeleton Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton andmaneuverable fins supported by rays
Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still survivingin Indian OceanFreshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills;sister group of tetrapods
Have four limbs descended from modified fins; mosthave moist skin that functions in gas exchange; manylive both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults) One of two groups of living amniotes; have amnioticeggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for lifeon land
Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-layingmonotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials(such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians(placental mammals, such as rodents, primates)
Urochordata(tunicates)
Myxini (hagfishes)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Chondrichthyes(sharks, rays,skates, ratfishes) Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Actinistia(coelacanths)
Dipnoi(lungfishes)
Amphibia(salamanders,frogs, caecilians) Reptilia (tuataras, lizardsand snakes, turtles,crocodilians,birds)
Mammalia(monotremes,marsupials,eutherians)
Am
niot
es: a
mni
otic
egg
,rib
cag
e ve
ntila
tion
Tet
rapo
ds: f
our l
imbs
, nec
k,fu
sed
pelv
ic g
irdle
Lobe
-fin
s: m
uscu
lar
fins
or li
mbs
Ost
eich
thya
ns:
bony
ske
leto
n
Gna
thos
tom
es: h
inge
d ja
ws,
four
set
s of
H
ox
gene
s
Ver
tebr
ates
: H
ox
gene
s du
plic
atio
n, b
ackb
one
of v
erte
brae
Cho
rdat
es: n
otoc
hord
; dor
sal,
hollo
w n
erve
cor
d; p
hary
ngea
l slit
s; p
ost-
ana
l tai
l
Figure 34.2Phylogeny of living chordates
Echinodermata
Cephalochordata
Urochordata
Myxini
Petromyzontida
Chondrichthyes
Actinopterygii
Actinistia
Dipnoi
Amphibia
Reptilia
MammaliaMilk
Amniotic egg
Limbs with digits
Lobed fins
Lungs or lung derivatives
Jaws, mineralized skeleton
Vertebrae
Common ancestorof chordates
Chordates
Vertebrates
Gnathostom
es
Osteichthyans
Lobe-fins
Tetrapods
Am
niotes
Notochord
ANCESTRALDEUTERO-STOME Filo Chordata
• 3er filo más grande• Incluye peces (cartilaginosos y óseos),
anfibios, reptiles (con aves) y mamíferos (incluyendo al humano)
Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34 04/04/2016
Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 2
Fig. 34-3 Chordate characteristics
Dorsal,hollow
nerve cord
AnusMuscular,
post-anal tail
Pharyngealslits or clefts
Notochord
Mouth
Musclesegments
Filo Chordata
• Los cordados poseen las siguentes 4 características unitarias en algún momento de su desarrollo:
• 1. Notocordio - cordón dorsal longitudinal-parecido a varilla flexible- función: dar soporte al cuerpo. En peces y demás vertebrados el notocordio es sustituido por cráneo y columna vertebral. En humanos lo que queda del notocordio son los discos gelatinosos entre las vértebras
• 2. Cordón nervioso dorsal - persiste en adultos de todos los cordados. Corre por encima de notocordio en los vertebrados y se ensancha en extremo anterior para formar el cerebro. Forma sistema nervioso central (cordón nervioso y cerebro) En vertebrados el cordón nervioso y cerebro están protegidos por columna vertebral y cráneo
Continua- cordados
3. Hendiduras faríngeas -cortes a ambos lados de la faringe función para filtrar agua en cordados primitivos, en peces las hendiduras tienen branquias para extraer oxígeno del agua. Presentes solo en los embriones de vertebrados terrestres (se desarrolla en estructuras del oído y otras estructuras de la cabeza).
4. Rabo o cola - prolongación del cuerpo posterior al ano. Función original: natación. En mayoría de los adultos se reduce.
Filo Chordata-se divide en 2 grupos:
A. Invertebrados (cordados invertebrados):A. Subfilo Urochordata - Tunicados (parecen esponjas
y viven pegados a rocas y raíces de mangle. Se alimentan de materia orgánica que filtran del agua en las hendiduras. Agua entra por un sifón, se filtra en hendiduras y sale por otro sifón
B. Subfilo Cephalochordata - Lancetas de mar que viven enterradas en la arena. y también se alimentan de materia orgánica que filtran del agua en las hendiduras
B. Subfilo Vertebrata : - cordados con columna vertebral y cráneo.
Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34 04/04/2016
Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 3
Figure 34.3 Subphylum Urochordata: a tunicate
Cephalochordate body plan: lancelet
Subfilo Vertebrata (cordados vertebrados)
• Columna vertebral y cráneo cartilaginoso u óseo
• Cordón nervioso dorsal y hueco• Sistema circulatorio cerrado• Incluye 2 super clases; peces (Piscis) y
vertebrados de cuatro patas (Tetrápodos)
Figure 34.0 A snake skeleton exhibits defining characteristic of a vertebrate
Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34 04/04/2016
Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 4
Figure 34.CORDADOS Clade DescriptionCephalochordata(lancelets)
Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders thatexhibit four key derived characters of chordates
Marine suspension feeders; larvae display thederived traits of chordates
Jawless marine vertebrates with reduced vertebrae;
have head that includes a skull and brain, eyes, and
other sensory organs
Jawless aquatic vertebrates with reducedvertebrae; typically feed by attaching to a livefish and ingesting its blood Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton,a derived trait formed by the reduction of anancestral mineralized skeleton Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton andmaneuverable fins supported by rays
Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still survivingin Indian OceanFreshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills;sister group of tetrapods
Have four limbs descended from modified fins; mosthave moist skin that functions in gas exchange; manylive both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults) One of two groups of living amniotes; have amnioticeggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for lifeon land
Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-layingmonotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials(such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians(placental mammals, such as rodents, primates)
Urochordata(tunicates)
Myxini (hagfishes)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Chondrichthyes(sharks, rays,skates, ratfishes) Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Actinistia(coelacanths)
Dipnoi(lungfishes)
Amphibia(salamanders,frogs, caecilians) Reptilia (tuataras, lizardsand snakes, turtles,crocodilians,birds)
Mammalia(monotremes,marsupials,eutherians)
Am
niot
es: a
mni
otic
egg
,rib
cag
e ve
ntila
tion
Tet
rapo
ds: f
our l
imbs
, nec
k,fu
sed
pelv
ic g
irdle
Lobe
-fin
s: m
uscu
lar
fins
or li
mbs
Ost
eich
thya
ns:
bony
ske
leto
n
Gna
thos
tom
es: h
inge
d ja
ws,
four
set
s of
H
ox
gene
s
Ver
tebr
ates
: H
ox
gene
s du
plic
atio
n, b
ackb
one
of v
erte
brae
Cho
rdat
es: n
otoc
hord
; dor
sal,
hollo
w n
erve
cor
d; p
hary
ngea
l slit
s; p
ost-
ana
l tai
l
• Cordados– Vertebrados Craniados
• Agnatha (sin mandíbulas)
• Gnasthostomata (con mandíbula)– Condriicthyes esqueleto cartulaginoso � tiburones y
rayas
– Osteichthyes- esqueleto óseo» Tetrapoda – terrestres, 4 patas
• Anamniotas - Anfibios
• Amniota - reptiles, aves y mamíferos
Fig. 34-2Phylogeny of living chordates
Lobed fins
Legs
Amniotic egg
Milk
Jaws, mineralized skeleton
Lungs or lung derivatives
Vertebral column
Head
Notochord
Commonancestor ofchordates
ANCESTRALDEUTERO-STOME
Echinodermata(sister group to chordates)
Chondrichthyes(sharks, rays, chimaeras)
Cephalochordata(lancelets)
Urochordata(tunicates)
Myxini(hagfishes)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Mammalia(mammals)
Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Actinistia(coelacanths)
Amphibia (frogs,salamanders)
Dipnoi(lungfishes)
Reptilia(turtles, snakes,crocodiles, birds)
Evolutionary relationships of vertebrates
Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34 04/04/2016
Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 5
Figure 34.CORDADOS Clade DescriptionCephalochordata(lancelets)
Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders thatexhibit four key derived characters of chordates
Marine suspension feeders; larvae display thederived traits of chordates
Jawless marine vertebrates with reduced vertebrae;
have head that includes a skull and brain, eyes, and
other sensory organs
Jawless aquatic vertebrates with reducedvertebrae; typically feed by attaching to a livefish and ingesting its blood Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton,a derived trait formed by the reduction of anancestral mineralized skeleton Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton andmaneuverable fins supported by rays
Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still survivingin Indian OceanFreshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills;sister group of tetrapods
Have four limbs descended from modified fins; mosthave moist skin that functions in gas exchange; manylive both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults) One of two groups of living amniotes; have amnioticeggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for lifeon land
Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-layingmonotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials(such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians(placental mammals, such as rodents, primates)
Urochordata(tunicates)
Myxini (hagfishes)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Chondrichthyes(sharks, rays,skates, ratfishes) Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Actinistia(coelacanths)
Dipnoi(lungfishes)
Amphibia(salamanders,frogs, caecilians) Reptilia (tuataras, lizardsand snakes, turtles,crocodilians,birds)
Mammalia(monotremes,marsupials,eutherians)
Am
niot
es: a
mni
otic
egg
,rib
cag
e ve
ntila
tion
Tet
rapo
ds: f
our l
imbs
, nec
k,fu
sed
pelv
ic g
irdle
Lobe
-fin
s: m
uscu
lar
fins
or li
mbs
Ost
eich
thya
ns:
bony
ske
leto
n
Gna
thos
tom
es: h
inge
d ja
ws,
four
set
s of
H
ox
gene
s
Ver
tebr
ates
: H
ox
gene
s du
plic
atio
n, b
ackb
one
of v
erte
brae
Cho
rdat
es: n
otoc
hord
; dor
sal,
hollo
w n
erve
cor
d; p
hary
ngea
l slit
s; p
ost-
ana
l tai
lClase Agnatha- peces sin
mandíbula• Lampreas
– sin mandíbula, no aletas, no escamas
• Mayoría parasita otros peces, (se pega a hospedero y chupa sangre)
Three lampreys attached to a carp
Suction-cup mouth of adult
lamprey
Figure 34.CORDADOS Clade DescriptionCephalochordata(lancelets)
Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders thatexhibit four key derived characters of chordates
Marine suspension feeders; larvae display thederived traits of chordates
Jawless marine vertebrates with reduced vertebrae;
have head that includes a skull and brain, eyes, and
other sensory organs
Jawless aquatic vertebrates with reducedvertebrae; typically feed by attaching to a livefish and ingesting its blood Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton,a derived trait formed by the reduction of anancestral mineralized skeleton Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton andmaneuverable fins supported by rays
Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still survivingin Indian OceanFreshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills;sister group of tetrapods
Have four limbs descended from modified fins; mosthave moist skin that functions in gas exchange; manylive both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults) One of two groups of living amniotes; have amnioticeggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for lifeon land
Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-layingmonotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials(such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians(placental mammals, such as rodents, primates)
Urochordata(tunicates)
Myxini (hagfishes)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Chondrichthyes(sharks, rays,skates, ratfishes) Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Actinistia(coelacanths)
Dipnoi(lungfishes)
Amphibia(salamanders,frogs, caecilians) Reptilia (tuataras, lizardsand snakes, turtles,crocodilians,birds)
Mammalia(monotremes,marsupials,eutherians)
Am
niot
es: a
mni
otic
egg
,rib
cag
e ve
ntila
tion
Tet
rapo
ds: f
our l
imbs
, nec
k,fu
sed
pelv
ic g
irdle
Lobe
-fin
s: m
uscu
lar
fins
or li
mbs
Ost
eich
thya
ns:
bony
ske
leto
n
Gna
thos
tom
es: h
inge
d ja
ws,
four
set
s of
H
ox
gene
s
Ver
tebr
ates
: H
ox
gene
s du
plic
atio
n, b
ackb
one
of v
erte
brae
Cho
rdat
es: n
otoc
hord
; dor
sal,
hollo
w n
erve
cor
d; p
hary
ngea
l slit
s; p
ost-
ana
l tai
l
Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34 04/04/2016
Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 6
Evolución de las quijadas
Figure 34.13
Gill slits Cranium
Skeletal rodsMouth
Clase Chondrichthyes- (Condrictios-peces cartilaginosos)
• Peces con esqueleto cartilaginoso • Con mandíbula (gnathostomados)• Con escamas (microscópicas)• Aletas pareadas (pectoral y pélvica)• Tiburones y rayas (mantarraya)• Tiburón - Cuerpo mas denso que agua-tiene que
nadar constantemente para mantenerse a una profundidad (no vejiga natatoria)
• Tiburones son depredadores con buena visión y olfato y sensores para detectar presas que están cerca
Figure 34.11 Cartilaginous fishes (class Chondrichthyes): Great white shark (top left), silky shark (top right), southern stingray (bottom left), blue spotted stingray
(bottom right)
Figure 34.CORDADOS Clade DescriptionCephalochordata(lancelets)
Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders thatexhibit four key derived characters of chordates
Marine suspension feeders; larvae display thederived traits of chordates
Jawless marine vertebrates with reduced vertebrae;
have head that includes a skull and brain, eyes, and
other sensory organs
Jawless aquatic vertebrates with reducedvertebrae; typically feed by attaching to a livefish and ingesting its blood Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton,a derived trait formed by the reduction of anancestral mineralized skeleton Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton andmaneuverable fins supported by rays
Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still survivingin Indian OceanFreshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills;sister group of tetrapods
Have four limbs descended from modified fins; mosthave moist skin that functions in gas exchange; manylive both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults) One of two groups of living amniotes; have amnioticeggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for lifeon land
Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-layingmonotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials(such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians(placental mammals, such as rodents, primates)
Urochordata(tunicates)
Myxini (hagfishes)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Chondrichthyes(sharks, rays,skates, ratfishes) Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Actinistia(coelacanths)
Dipnoi(lungfishes)
Amphibia(salamanders,frogs, caecilians) Reptilia (tuataras, lizardsand snakes, turtles,crocodilians,birds)
Mammalia(monotremes,marsupials,eutherians)
Am
niot
es: a
mni
otic
egg
,rib
cag
e ve
ntila
tion
Tet
rapo
ds: f
our l
imbs
, nec
k,fu
sed
pelv
ic g
irdle
Lobe
-fin
s: m
uscu
lar
fins
or li
mbs
Ost
eich
thya
ns:
bony
ske
leto
n
Gna
thos
tom
es: h
inge
d ja
ws,
four
set
s of
H
ox
gene
s
Ver
tebr
ates
: H
ox
gene
s du
plic
atio
n, b
ackb
one
of v
erte
brae
Cho
rdat
es: n
otoc
hord
; dor
sal,
hollo
w n
erve
cor
d; p
hary
ngea
l slit
s; p
ost-
ana
l tai
l
Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34 04/04/2016
Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 7
Figure 34.12a Ray-finned fishes (class Actinopterygii): yellow perch
Clase Osteichthyes
• Peces con esqueleto óseo
• Con mandíbula (gnathostomados)
• Con escamas (cicloide, ganoide, ctenoide)
• Con aletas pareadas (pectoral y pélvica)
• Un grupo tiene vejiga natatoria - se llena de aire y
contrarresta peso del pez- no se hunde si no nada
• Otro grupo tienen vejiga natatoria conectada por
ducto al esófago (funciona como pulmon para
respirar aire)
• Ej. Chapín, chillo, mero, pez loro, dorado, atún
Anatomía de OsteichthyesFigure 34.16
Nostril
BrainSpinal cord
Swimbladder
Dorsal fin
Adipose finCaudalfin
Cutedge ofoperculum
Gills
Kidney
Heart
Liver
Stomach
Intestine
Gonad
Pelvicfin
Anus
Anal fin
Lateralline
Urinarybladder
Figure 34.CORDADOS Clade DescriptionCephalochordata(lancelets)
Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders thatexhibit four key derived characters of chordates
Marine suspension feeders; larvae display thederived traits of chordates
Jawless marine vertebrates with reduced vertebrae;
have head that includes a skull and brain, eyes, and
other sensory organs
Jawless aquatic vertebrates with reducedvertebrae; typically feed by attaching to a livefish and ingesting its blood Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton,a derived trait formed by the reduction of anancestral mineralized skeleton Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton andmaneuverable fins supported by rays
Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still survivingin Indian OceanFreshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills;sister group of tetrapods
Have four limbs descended from modified fins; mosthave moist skin that functions in gas exchange; manylive both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults) One of two groups of living amniotes; have amnioticeggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for lifeon land
Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-layingmonotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials(such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians(placental mammals, such as rodents, primates)
Urochordata(tunicates)
Myxini (hagfishes)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Chondrichthyes(sharks, rays,skates, ratfishes) Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Actinistia(coelacanths)
Dipnoi(lungfishes)
Amphibia(salamanders,frogs, caecilians) Reptilia (tuataras, lizardsand snakes, turtles,crocodilians,birds)
Mammalia(monotremes,marsupials,eutherians)
Am
niot
es: a
mni
otic
egg
,rib
cag
e ve
ntila
tion
Tet
rapo
ds: f
our l
imbs
, nec
k,fu
sed
pelv
ic g
irdle
Lobe
-fin
s: m
uscu
lar
fins
or li
mbs
Ost
eich
thya
ns:
bony
ske
leto
n
Gna
thos
tom
es: h
inge
d ja
ws,
four
set
s of
H
ox
gene
s
Ver
tebr
ates
: H
ox
gene
s du
plic
atio
n, b
ackb
one
of v
erte
brae
Cho
rdat
es: n
otoc
hord
; dor
sal,
hollo
w n
erve
cor
d; p
hary
ngea
l slit
s; p
ost-
ana
l tai
l
Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34 04/04/2016
Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 8
Fig. 34-21Amphibians
(a) Order Urodela
(b) Order Anura
(c) Order Apoda
Clase Amphibia- “ Vida dual”-dos vidas
– Adultos son terrestres y Renacuajos son acúaticos
– regresa al agua para reproducirse– Incluye: Salamandras, ranas, y sapos
(incluye coquíes), cecilias (parecen culebras)– piel húmeda y pulmones para intercambio de
gases– Corazón de tres cámaras– Circulación sistémica y pulmonar
Eleutherodactylus
• (Eleutherodactylus)-– 17 especies en Puerto
Rico, 3 especies extintas
– Solo 2 especies dicen coquí cuando cantan (E. coqui y E. portoricencis)
– Co- advierte territorio a otros machos
– qui- llamada para la hembra
Eleutherodactylus jasperi;
el coqui dorado de Puerto Rico
Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34 04/04/2016
Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 9
Datos interesantes
• El sapo común (Rhinella marina o Bufo marinus) fue introducido en PR en los 1920s para combatir el gusano blanco de la caña.
• Tenemos un solo sapo nativo (Peltophryne lemur) y es raro
Figure 34.CORDADOS Clade DescriptionCephalochordata(lancelets)
Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders thatexhibit four key derived characters of chordates
Marine suspension feeders; larvae display thederived traits of chordates
Jawless marine vertebrates with reduced vertebrae;
have head that includes a skull and brain, eyes, and
other sensory organs
Jawless aquatic vertebrates with reducedvertebrae; typically feed by attaching to a livefish and ingesting its blood Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton,a derived trait formed by the reduction of anancestral mineralized skeleton Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton andmaneuverable fins supported by rays
Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still survivingin Indian OceanFreshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills;sister group of tetrapods
Have four limbs descended from modified fins; mosthave moist skin that functions in gas exchange; manylive both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults) One of two groups of living amniotes; have amnioticeggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for lifeon land
Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-layingmonotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials(such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians(placental mammals, such as rodents, primates)
Urochordata(tunicates)
Myxini (hagfishes)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Chondrichthyes(sharks, rays,skates, ratfishes) Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Actinistia(coelacanths)
Dipnoi(lungfishes)
Amphibia(salamanders,frogs, caecilians) Reptilia (tuataras, lizardsand snakes, turtles,crocodilians,birds)
Mammalia(monotremes,marsupials,eutherians)
Am
niot
es: a
mni
otic
egg
,rib
cag
e ve
ntila
tion
Tet
rapo
ds: f
our l
imbs
, nec
k,fu
sed
pelv
ic g
irdle
Lobe
-fin
s: m
uscu
lar
fins
or li
mbs
Ost
eich
thya
ns:
bony
ske
leto
n
Gna
thos
tom
es: h
inge
d ja
ws,
four
set
s of
H
ox
gene
s
Ver
tebr
ates
: H
ox
gene
s du
plic
atio
n, b
ackb
one
of v
erte
brae
Cho
rdat
es: n
otoc
hord
; dor
sal,
hollo
w n
erve
cor
d; p
hary
ngea
l slit
s; p
ost-
ana
l tai
l
Evolutionary relationships of vertebrates
Clase Reptilia
• Primeros vertebrados verdaderamente terrestres
• Huevo amniótico o cleidoico• Tortugas, jicotea, cocodrilos, caimanes,
lagartos, serpientes, Dinosaurios, AVES
Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34 04/04/2016
Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 10
Fig. 34-25 The amniotic egg
Yolk sac
Amnioticcavitywithamnioticfluid
Chorion
Amnion
Albumen
Yolk(nutrients)
Allantois
Embryo
Shell
Extant reptiles (other than birds)Desert tortoise (top left), lizard (top right), king snake (bottom left), alligators (bottom right)
Clase Reptilia
• 4 adaptaciones que les permitieron independizarse del agua
– Piel impermeable con escamas de queratina-protegen piel y evitan pérdida de agua
– Producción de acido úrico - (desperdicio nitrogenado seco-que les ahorra agua pues puede excretarse casi seco- parte blanca de excremento de lagartos)
– Fecundación interna - óvulo y espermatozoide se encuentran dentro del cuerpo de la hembra
– -caja pectoral (con costillas) para ventilación– Huevo amniótico-con cascarón –(puede colocarse lejos de
agua pues cascarón reduce pérdida de agua)- Embrión se desarrolla en interior acuoso del huevo
Fig. 34-26 Hatching reptiles
Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34 04/04/2016
Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 11
Datos sobre reptiles en PR• Lagartijos que encontramos
en las casas es de las especies más agresivas (machos hacen push-ups para marcar territorio)
• Nuestra serpiente nativa más grande (Chilabothrus inornata o Epicrates inornatus) alcanza los 7 pies y no es venenosa. Rodea con su cuerpo para asfixiar a sus presas (ej. ratas, sapos, aves)
Fig. 34-30A small sample of
living birds
(a) Emu
(b) Mallards
(c) Laysan albatrosses
(d) Barn swallows
Clade Aves ( dentro de Clase Reptilia)
• Evolucionaron de dinosaurios • Presencia de plumas –evolucionaron de escamas
– Función: para conservar calor del cuerpo y luego permitió volar• Adaptaciones para poder volar
– Plumas livianas– Esqueleto liviano– Cuerpo compacto y fusiforme-poca resistencia al aire– Quijada liviana- no dientes sino pico– Sistema respiratorio alto volumen- sacos aéreos– Metabolismo alto-– Visión excelente
• Reinita, ruiseñor, pitirre, canarios, mozambiques, cotorra• Cotorra puertorriqueña- Amazona vittata
Figure 34.26 A bald eagle in flight
Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34 04/04/2016
Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 12
• Mayoría de los reptiles son ectotérmicos :– Temperatura ambiental regula metabolismo del organismo
(más activos a altas temperaturas con un límite crítico)
• Aves y mamíferos son endotérmicos-– Temperatura corporal se mantiene constante
mediante metabolismo (alto costo energético)
Figure 34.CORDADOS Clade DescriptionCephalochordata(lancelets)
Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders thatexhibit four key derived characters of chordates
Marine suspension feeders; larvae display thederived traits of chordates
Jawless marine vertebrates with reduced vertebrae;
have head that includes a skull and brain, eyes, and
other sensory organs
Jawless aquatic vertebrates with reducedvertebrae; typically feed by attaching to a livefish and ingesting its blood Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton,a derived trait formed by the reduction of anancestral mineralized skeleton Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton andmaneuverable fins supported by rays
Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still survivingin Indian OceanFreshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills;sister group of tetrapods
Have four limbs descended from modified fins; mosthave moist skin that functions in gas exchange; manylive both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults) One of two groups of living amniotes; have amnioticeggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for lifeon land
Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-layingmonotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials(such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians(placental mammals, such as rodents, primates)
Urochordata(tunicates)
Myxini (hagfishes)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Chondrichthyes(sharks, rays,skates, ratfishes) Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Actinistia(coelacanths)
Dipnoi(lungfishes)
Amphibia(salamanders,frogs, caecilians) Reptilia (tuataras, lizardsand snakes, turtles,crocodilians,birds)
Mammalia(monotremes,marsupials,eutherians)
Am
niot
es: a
mni
otic
egg
,rib
cag
e ve
ntila
tion
Tet
rapo
ds: f
our l
imbs
, nec
k,fu
sed
pelv
ic g
irdle
Lobe
-fin
s: m
uscu
lar
fins
or li
mbs
Ost
eich
thya
ns:
bony
ske
leto
n
Gna
thos
tom
es: h
inge
d ja
ws,
four
set
s of
H
ox
gene
s
Ver
tebr
ates
: H
ox
gene
s du
plic
atio
n, b
ackb
one
of v
erte
brae
Cho
rdat
es: n
otoc
hord
; dor
sal,
hollo
w n
erve
cor
d; p
hary
ngea
l slit
s; p
ost-
ana
l tai
l
Evolutionary relationships of vertebrates
Clase Mammalia (mamíferos)• Amnióticos• Cuerpo cubierto de pelo - conserva calor• Glándulas mamarias-producen leche materna• Dientes diferenciados- incisivos (cortar), caninos (agarrar),
premolares (trozar) y molares (moler)• Cerebro muy desarrollado- animales mas inteligentes• Temperatura del cuerpo constante• Sistema nervioso bien desarrollado• Diafragma muscular• Tres subclases de mamiferos
– Mamíferos Monotremos (Monotremata) - Platipo y erizo hormiguero-ponen huevos
– Mamíferos Marsupiales (Metatheria) -canguros –paren embrión que se arrastra al vientre, entra al saco marsupio con tetilla y sigue su desarrollo
– Mamíferos Placentarios (Eutheria) - embrión se desarrolla dentro del útero con placenta para nutrición y oxígeno. (clasificados en 16 órdenes)
Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34 04/04/2016
Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 13
Fig. 34-32Short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus), an Australian monotreme
Macropius giganteus
Macropius giganteus soon after birth
Figure 34.35 A phylogenetic tree of primates
Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34 04/04/2016
Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 14
Patrones de circulación
Mecanismos de
ventilación Sistema Nervioso
Biol 3052 - Capítulo 34 04/04/2016
Dr. Fernando J. Bird-Picó - 2016 15
Estrategias reproductivas
– Ovíparos : deposita huevos en el medio externo donde completan su desarrollo - aves, tortugas, cocodrilos, muchos peces, muchos anfibios y reptiles.
– Ovovivíparos : huevos permanecen dentro del cuerpo de la hembra hasta su eclosión. No salen del cuerpo materno hasta que está muy adelantado su desarrollo - muchos tiburones, otros peces, algunos anfibios y reptiles
– Vivíparos : embrión se desarrolla en el útero (u oviducto) de la hembra y es alimentado por la sangre materna (placenta u otra estructura) -humanos
Figure 34.CORDADOS Clade DescriptionCephalochordata(lancelets)
Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders thatexhibit four key derived characters of chordates
Marine suspension feeders; larvae display thederived traits of chordates
Jawless marine vertebrates with reduced vertebrae;
have head that includes a skull and brain, eyes, and
other sensory organs
Jawless aquatic vertebrates with reducedvertebrae; typically feed by attaching to a livefish and ingesting its blood Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton,a derived trait formed by the reduction of anancestral mineralized skeleton Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton andmaneuverable fins supported by rays
Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still survivingin Indian OceanFreshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills;sister group of tetrapods
Have four limbs descended from modified fins; mosthave moist skin that functions in gas exchange; manylive both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults) One of two groups of living amniotes; have amnioticeggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for lifeon land
Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-layingmonotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials(such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians(placental mammals, such as rodents, primates)
Urochordata(tunicates)
Myxini (hagfishes)
Petromyzontida(lampreys)
Chondrichthyes(sharks, rays,skates, ratfishes) Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)
Actinistia(coelacanths)
Dipnoi(lungfishes)
Amphibia(salamanders,frogs, caecilians) Reptilia (tuataras, lizardsand snakes, turtles,crocodilians,birds)
Mammalia(monotremes,marsupials,eutherians)
Am
niot
es: a
mni
otic
egg
,rib
cag
e ve
ntila
tion
Tet
rapo
ds: f
our l
imbs
, nec
k,fu
sed
pelv
ic g
irdle
Lobe
-fin
s: m
uscu
lar
fins
or li
mbs
Ost
eich
thya
ns:
bony
ske
leto
n
Gna
thos
tom
es: h
inge
d ja
ws,
four
set
s of
H
ox
gene
s
Ver
tebr
ates
: H
ox
gene
s du
plic
atio
n, b
ackb
one
of v
erte
brae
Cho
rdat
es: n
otoc
hord
; dor
sal,
hollo
w n
erve
cor
d; p
hary
ngea
l slit
s; p
ost-
ana
l tai
l