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8/3/2019 Carrot and Stick for Drinking Water in Faridabad
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Carrot and Stick for drinking water
protection and recharge inFaridabad
Chetan Agarwal
Winrock India (WII)Commons Initiative (FES)
8/3/2019 Carrot and Stick for Drinking Water in Faridabad
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Drinking water source sustainability
Running Pure study of 105 cities - 33 of thelargest cities (or 1/3) obtain a significant % of drinking water from protected areas
For many cities, time is running out.
Protecting forests around water catchment areas is no longer a luxury but a necessity.
When they are gone, the costs of providingclean and safe drinking water to urban areaswill increase dramatically.(Dudley et al, 2003)
8/3/2019 Carrot and Stick for Drinking Water in Faridabad
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Aravalli hills high potential recharge zone
AND have sweet water
Ridge land has high infiltration rates
upto 85% of water is available for percolation
into the ground (CGWB report in SupremeCourt)
Sweet water in Aravalli (low EC)
8/3/2019 Carrot and Stick for Drinking Water in Faridabad
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Securing Aravalli for Faridabad & Gurgaon Delhi
drinking water
8/3/2019 Carrot and Stick for Drinking Water in Faridabad
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Sweeter water in
Aravalli (low EC)
8/3/2019 Carrot and Stick for Drinking Water in Faridabad
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Direction of flow
from aravalli to
adjoining areas
8/3/2019 Carrot and Stick for Drinking Water in Faridabad
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Status of Aravalli lakes in Faridabad /Gurgaon
Historical Water
Status
Water status 209-10
1 Surajkund perennial seasonal
2 Peacock Lake
(adjacent to Suraj Kund )
perennial seasonal
3 Badhkhal Lake perennial seasonal
4 Dhauj jheel perennial seasonal
5
Embankment and lake at LalaKherli (village Mandawar)
seasonal seasonal
6 Damdama lake perennial perennial
8/3/2019 Carrot and Stick for Drinking Water in Faridabad
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High Recharge in Aravalli
High secondary porosity
± because of joints and fractures.
± storage capacity and yield may be low
± Likely high transmission capacities because of fractures.
± The ridges are therefore likely to be importantrecharge zones for the surrounding alluvial plains
Need to protect through zoning as criticalgroundwater recharge zones.
8/3/2019 Carrot and Stick for Drinking Water in Faridabad
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Suggest Recharge zones in Manger/Kot/Dhauj
gair mumkin pahar (ACWADAM, Pune)
8/3/2019 Carrot and Stick for Drinking Water in Faridabad
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Boundary of Aravalli hills
Gurga
on
Faridaba
dMangar
bani
sacredforest
Damda
ma lake
Sohn
a
Delhi
8/3/2019 Carrot and Stick for Drinking Water in Faridabad
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Context
Faridabad (95%+) depends on Ground Water
MCs
± Cash strapped ± Investing in physical infrastructure for water
pipes and pumps
± Selling Natural Ecological Assets - pahadi land
important recharge zone
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Aravalli hills high potential recharge zone
AND have sweet water
Ridge land has high infiltration rates
upto 85% of water is available for percolation
into the ground (CGWB report in SupremeCourt)
Sweet water in Aravalli (low EC)
8/3/2019 Carrot and Stick for Drinking Water in Faridabad
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At a moderate infiltration level of 33.6% of
annual rainfall
and 10 paise per litre as the value of infiltration,
the infiltration value is Rs 2.0 lakhs /ha per
year, and the NPV value (6%, 20 yrs) is Rs
23.5 lakhs /ha
8/3/2019 Carrot and Stick for Drinking Water in Faridabad
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Unique tenurial context
Panchayat / MCF own shamlat deh land
Farmers own shamlat deh land - jointly
Value increases after partition, demarcation, and landusechange
± Joint Private undivided 1x
± Joint Private divided 4x
± Private demarcated on paper 8x
± Private demarcated on ground 10x
± Private land use converted 100 -300x
Supreme court Aravalli case has supressed land values in theshort term, but cessation of mining has increased real estateinterest.
8/3/2019 Carrot and Stick for Drinking Water in Faridabad
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Source protection zones
Legislative
backing
Increme
ntal
financin
g
Earmarki
ng Zoning
land
acquisitio
n
easement
s
deedrestriction
s to
reduce
value
Land
exchang
e
Partne
rship
Monitor
regulato
ry
compliance
outside
jurisdicti
on
Catskills
/NY SFDA y y y y
Pine
Barrens
SFDA and LongIsland Pine
Barrens
Protection Act y y y y
Edwards
aquifer SFDA y y y y
San
Antonio SFDA y y yPortland SFDA y y
Salt Lake
city
SFDA, and 1914
federal public
law 199 y y y
Seattle
SDWA, and Cedar River
Watershed Act 1992 y y y
Chester SFDA y
Syracuse SFDA y y y
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Berlin
zones
three protection zones 230 km2: ± well head protection area (Zone I).
± closer (Zone II),
± wider (Zone III),
40% - green, lake, river
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Austin City region, Texas
Landuse plan identified:
Drinking water protection zone 1/3 area
Desired Development Zone 2/3 area
Purchased land and easements
Large scale funding by city through long
term bonds.
8/3/2019 Carrot and Stick for Drinking Water in Faridabad
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Actions in NYC catchment
Land Acquisition
± purchase environmentally sensitivelands
± brought 128,000 acres.
Land Management
± passive use - hiking
Forestry:
± to protect water quality
W astewater Treatment Plant Upgrades
W atershed Agricultural Program.
± implement pollution preventionpractices on watershed farms.
± Pay farmers to reestablishvegetative buffers
8/3/2019 Carrot and Stick for Drinking Water in Faridabad
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Legislative Mandate for source
protection and incentive programs.
Safe Drinking Water Act ( USA):
a. Source Assessment for all public water systems
b. Mandate for maintaining water quality, linked to
national funds
c. Single Source designation
a. (if source > 50% of supply, then critical)
d. State Revolving Funds
8/3/2019 Carrot and Stick for Drinking Water in Faridabad
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Practioners tool box for drinking water source protection
1. Identify source areas and threats
1. Delineate aquifers critical zones
2. identify threats
2. Protection activities and rules1. Zoning, Land purchase, Land Management
2. Conservation easements
3. Forest management
4. Agricultural practice changes including riparian buffers
3. Finance
1. Surcharge on or earmarking portion of water supply fee
2. Local Bonds , Surcharge on sales tax
3. Leveraging funds externally
4. Institutions - U/S D/S and intermediaries1. Watershed Agricultural council (New York), Aquifer Authority (San
Antonio, Texas)
2. Protected Area management authorities,
3. Upstream communites have legal tenure right to protect and contractfor payments
8/3/2019 Carrot and Stick for Drinking Water in Faridabad
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Practioners tool box for drinking water source protection..2
1. Partnerships1. Between Forest & Park departments, Water Supply,
Planning, Environment Protection, and civil society
2. Legislation provides mandate
1. Local1. Long Island Pine Barrens Protection Act 1993 (in New
Jersey state, USA)
2. Cedar River Watershed Act of 1992 in Seattle, USA.
2. National
1. Safe Drinking Water Act (in the USA)
3. Judicial1. Enforcement backup e.g. to spur action and enforce
protection for maintaining water quality
8/3/2019 Carrot and Stick for Drinking Water in Faridabad
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Steps in Urban Areas
1.Restrictions on new borewells.
2. Urban Rainwater harvesting
± Mandatory rainwater harvesting requirement innew buildings in urban areas
± Efforts to facilitate RWH in older publicestablishments and areas schools, parks etc
3. Early efforts at promoting water efficiency4. Right to groundwater
(based on sustainable availability)
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Relative retail pricing of water
1 L mineral water Rs 30 40 per litre
1 L Bottled water Rs 10-12 per litre
20 L bottle Rs 2-3 per litre Tanker supply Rs 10-50 per 1000 litre
Municipal supply Rs 4 per 1000 litre
RO treated water supply Rs 0.20 litre(self collection)
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Financing Rainwater Harvesting and Biodiversity Conservation
Options Benefit Feasibility
Earmarking a portion External
Development Charges levied forurban landuse change (huge funds
collected much of which are unspent)
Increased recharge High as existing pot of funds with large inflows
with a local spending mandate and unspent
balances.
RWH cess on new buildings to
contribute towards city and peri-urban,
in lieu of building their own
injection borewell.
No net financial cost
instead of self-
construction, contribute to
community recharge
High as no net financial cost, in fact could lead to
savings for some.
Graded Charges on monthly
water bills and use for sustainability
investments.
High users pay more.
Regular flow of funds.
Moderate as a new payment. However, basic
level of water supply can be exempted to increase
political acceptability. May promote efficiency
investments as well. A key challenge will bemetering borewells in private sector.
Seasonal monsoon Credit for
roof rainwater harvesting
Can be used to offset the
cess on water use and
incentivize RWH on a
regular basis
High as incentivizes good behavior.
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Options Benefit Feasibility
Earmarking a portion External
Development Charges levied for
urban landuse change (huge funds
collected much of which are
unspent)
Reducing risk of landuse
change on privately owned
hills and linking to fund
collected expressly for
external development
High as existing pot of funds with large
inflows with a local spending mandate
and unspent balances.
TransferableDevelopment Rights
acquire privately owned hills
and pay thru marketable TDRs
that can be applied in urban MC
areas.
No financial cost. High as no financial cost, Utilized
extensively in other Indian metros for
road widening and other purposes.
Regulatory provisions in gurgaon as well.
Needs careful structuring to prevent
perverse outcomes targeting low value
land of preferred owners.
One time cess on private borewell
registration new and old
borewells
Linking capital investments in
groundwater infrastructure to
capital investments in land for
groundwater recharge
Moderate as a new payment that will
have to be levied which is likely to be
resisted widely, especially as those
obtaining canal water have no such
requirement
Cess on property registration and
land use conversion charges
Regularly levied Low, as the state views it as their
revenue and will resist earmarking
fiercely
Contributions from the State
Compensatory Afforestation and
Can be earmarked for
biodiversity protection and
Limited funds in the state as low forest
cover to start with
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Ways forward
Contamination risk map
High Recharge Zones Map
Zoning to protect high recharge zones in theAravalli
Registrar of tubewells ?
Water quality ± Task certified path labs for water testing along
with blood, urine, stool.
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GW levels fine scale monitoring in urban areas
± Dark sectors / dark colonies not just blocks
Nehar Par area new area can do a freshstart
± Water efficiency standards
± Water meters in individual flats
± No private swimming pools
± Bulk meters on private wells