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12/30/2014 CarryoutRefuellingandFuelTransferOperations
http://www.splashmaritime.com.au/Marops/data/text/Engtex/Refueltex.htm#_The_Fuel_Tank 1/25
REFUELLING&TRANSFEROPERATIONS
(MaterialcourtesyofA.N.T.A.publications,editedhtmlextractsRangerHope2008,)
FuelStorageArrangements
SafeRefuelling
Spillage
ChangingtheFuelSupplySource
FuelFiltersandBleedingtheSystem
DrainingAFuelTank
MeasuringLevels
MicrobialInfection
PreparingaFuelTankforInspection
TheFuelTank
SimplifiedStabilityData
MarinePollution
Fireandexplosionprevention
FuelStorageArrangementsFuelstoragearrangementsarelargelydependentonthevesselsintendedserviceandlocationofrefuellingstationswithinthevesselsareaofoperation.
Fueltanksshouldbelocatedsoastominimisethepossibilityoffuelcomingintocontactwithahotsurfaceorelectricalequipment,resultingfromoverflow,leakageorrupture.
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TwinTanks
Twin,ormore,tankinstallationsareverycommononboardcommercialvessels.Thisallowsforgreaterweightdistributionthroughoutthevesselaswellastheotheradvantageofkeepingfuelisolatedshouldcontaminationoccur.
Multipletankscanhaveacrossovervalvefittedtoeitherthefuelsupplyorreturnlinesenabling
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No.
Component Description
1 Fueltank Areservoirforholdingdieselfuelinstorage.Tanksshouldhavealowspotinwhichsedimentsandcontaminantssettleandcanberemoved.
Largetanksrequirebafflestobeinstalledinternally.Allopeningsshouldbeatthetopofthetankonly.
2 Baffles Theseareinternaldividersbuiltintothetanktocontainmovementofthefuelinroughconditions.
3 Fuelfillline Linethroughwhichfuelispumpedintothetank.
Thelineshouldcontinuetowithincentimetresofthebottomofthetanktoreduceanyfoamingeffectasfuelisdelivered.Thegapbetweentheendofthelineandthefueltankbottomshouldbelargeenoughtoallowfueltobedeliveredunrestricted.
Filllinesvaryindiameterdependinguponthetanksize.
4 Shutoffvalve Positionedbetweenthedeckandthetank.Canbeclosedtosealoffthetank.Tanksalsorequirearemoteshutoffvalvewhichcanbeoperatedfromaremotelocation.
5 Groundingcable
Providesanearthtodischargethestaticelectricitywhichmayoccurduringrefuelling.
6 Deckfill Themouthofthefuelfilllinewhichisfastenedtothedeck.
theenginestoberunfromeithertankorintheeventofcontamination,toisolateanoffendingtank.Caremustbetakenifredirectingafuelreturnlinetoonetankonlyasthiseffectivefueltransfercanberapidandmayaffectthevesselsstabilityorevenoverflowthetank.Somevesselsmayhavetwodaytanks,thusthefuelreturnfromtheenginesinjectorsshouldbechangedoverwhenthedeliveryischanged.Similarly,itiswisetoclosecrossoverfuelsupplylineswhenrefuellingfromahighpressurefuelpump.Thethrustoffuelenteringtheporttankfillerpipemaydepressthefuelinthetankandevenforcefueluptooverflowthestarboardtank.Thereversewilloccurwhenthefillingstopsasfuelfromthestarboardtankcansurgebacktospilloutfromtheportfillerpipe.
SpecificationsforinstallationsoffueltanksareincludedintheNSCVPartCSection5Subsection5.
SafeRefuellingTheUSLCoderequiresallfuelfillingstationstobefittedoutsideofthemachineryspacesandarrangedsothatanyoverflowcannotcomeintocontactwithanyhotsurface.Fuelisnormallysuppliedtosmallvesselsfromroadtanker/soranapprovedfacilityatamarinaordock.Theamountoffuelrequiredcanbemeasuredbythefuelmeterinthesupplydischargelineandspillageshouldnotoccur,providingcareisexercised.
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7 Vent Theventallowsairandfumestoescapefromthetank.Theendoftheventhoseshouldbesethighonthevesselandkeptwellawayfromtheengines,thecabinspaceandanysourceofheat.Theventpipeshouldincludeagaugeflowarrester.
8 Sumppump Usedtocleanforeignmaterials,contaminantsandthelastfueldregsfromthesumpinthefueltank.
9 Fuelsupplyline Thesizeofthefuelsupplylinewillvarydependinguponthesizeoftheenginesusedandthevolumeoffuelrequired.
Thefuelsupplyshouldbenearthelowestpartofthetank,buthighenoughtoavoidsuckingforeignmatterandcontaminantsfromthesump.
Thislinecontinuestotheengineviathefuelliftpump,fuelfilter,injectionpumpandinjectors.
10 Fuelreturnline Dieselengineshavefuelreturnlineswhichdeliverexcessfuelbacktothetank.
RefuellingProcedures
Whenrefuelling,thesebasicproceduresshouldbefollowedasaminimum:
Bringthevesselalongsideoftherefuellingfacilityandsecurethevessel.Ensurethatthedistancebetweenthefuelfacilityandthedockfillingpointistheshortestpossible.Priortofilling,ensurethatallengineshavebeenturnedoffandtherearenosignsofleaksfromthetanksorfuellines.Placenosmokingsignsontheshipandonthewharfinthevicinityoftheshipandfuelfacility.Havefireextinguishers(suitableforoilfires)availablenearthefillingstation.Supplyacontainertocatchspillagewhenthefuelsupplylineisdisconnected.
Takecaretocontainanyfuelspillagefromenteringthewater.Avoidanybuildupofstaticelectricityduringtherefuellingprocess.Constantlymonitorthefuellevelinthetank/stoensuretheyarenotoverfilled.Ensurethevesselremainsstablethroughouttherefuellingprocess.Ensurethereisnobuildupoffumessurroundingtanks,andthatfreshairisventilatingtherefuellingarea.Whendisconnectingthefuelsupplyline,emptyresidualfromthelineintothetank.Sealfueltanksimmediatelyafterthefuellinehasbeendisconnected.Allowadequatetimeforanyfumestobedispersedbeforestartingtheengine.
MoreRefuelling
Takeportabletanksoutofthevesselforfilling.
(Donotcarrysparefuelinplasticcontainers.Theycanrupturewithoutbeingnoticed.)
HoistflagBforrefuellinginternaltanks.Keepwatch.
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Nosmoking,Nofiresandnomotorsrunning.Disconnectthebattery,Turnoffgas.Haveasuitablefireextinguisheravailablenearthefillingstation.Checkforleaks,Blockoffdeckscuppersandfreeingportstocontainanyspillondeck.Cleanupanyspillimmediately.Securevesselproperlyalongside.Keepthefuelnozzleincontactwiththefillerpipetopreventstaticelectricitybuildup.Makesurethefuelgoesintothecorrecttank.Constantlymonitorthetankbeingfilled.Fillslowlytowardstheend.Considerstabilitywhenfillingsidetanks.
Ondisconnectionoffuelline,catchanyspillageinacontainer.Keepthevesselwellventilated,andcloseupenclosedspaces.Ventilateforsometimebeforestartingengine.
StaticElectricityAFireHazardDuringRefuelling
Staticistheelectricityproducedondissimilarmaterialsthroughphysicalcontactandseparation.Asparkgeneratedbyitcanigniteflammablevapour.
Astaticelectricalchargecanbuildupduringrefuellingwhenthefuelmovesthroughapipe.Thefuelmaybecomenegativelychargedandthepipepositive.Thenegativelychargedfuel,inturn,causesthetanktobecomepositivelycharged.Theriskofignitionthuscontinues.
Theriskalsoexistswhensounding,samplingorwashingafueltank.Thepositively
chargedsoundingtapeorthesamplingcontainerstrikesagainstthenegativelychargedveryfineparticlesoffuelinthetank.Apositivelychargedwaternozzlemayreactwiththenegativelychargedoilyresidueduringthewashingoperation.
Tosafeguardagainstbuildupofstaticelectricitychargeduringrefuelling,therefuellingsystemmustbebondedandgrounded.Itisthensaidtobeelectricallyconnected.Thefillerattachmentisconnectedtothetankeitherbyadirectmetaltometalconnectionorbymeansofacopperwire(groundcable)ofsuitablesize.Thefillerpipemustextendintothebottomofthetank,andthetankshouldbeconnectedtothevesselsbondingsystem.
Foamfirefightinghosesarerubberlinedtoeliminatetheriskofstaticresultingfromfrictionwithfoam.
IfSpillageOccursFuelspillsareamajorcauseofmarinepollutionandmustbeavoidedwhereverpossiblethroughplanningandcarefuloperation.Ifafuelspilloccurs,youshouldfollowthesebasicsteps:
DieselFuelSpilledAboardVessel
Allstepsshouldbetakentocontainspiltfuelonboardandawayfromanysourceofheat.
Thevesselsmastershouldimmediatelybemadeawareofthefuelspill.Undernormalcircumstancesthefuelwillmovetothebilge,butshouldnotbepumpedtosea.
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If there is a fuel leak, try to stop any further discharge bywhatevermeans possible. Seekguidancefromthevesselsmasterorassistance,asrequired.
PetrolAndLPGLeaksAboardVessel
Thesurveyrequirement forsuch installations is tominimiseany leaksthatcouldoccur in theenginecompartment.
Shouldaleakoccur,shutdownallmachineryandelectricalsystems.Shutoffthesupplyoffuel.PetrolvapoursandLPGshouldbeclearedinamannerthatwillnotcausesparking.Repairtheleak.
FuelSpilledOverboard
Takeactiontostopanyfurtherfuelfromenteringthewater.
Firefightingequipmentshouldbereadilyavailable.Ensurefireextinguishersaresuitableforuseonfuelfires.InformtherelevantPortAuthorityandcarryouttheirinstructions.Advisevesselstiedupormoorednearbyofthespillage(pendingthearrivalofthePortAuthority).Cleanuponboardthevessel.Donotattempttocleanthewaterbyusingdetergentsorsimilarproducts,unlessadvisedbythePortAuthority.Ifthevesselisatseawhenthespilloccurs,reportthemattertothenearestportauthorityorthestatepollutionauthority.
Ifsafe,thebilgeshouldnotbedischargeduntilthevesselreturnstoashorebasedwastefacility.
Ifthefuelspillislarge,fullsafetyprecautionsshouldbeexercised.Postnosmokingsigns(ifavailable)orwarnpeopleinthevicinitynottosmoke.
ChangingTheFuelSupplySourceLargervesselsoftenhavemorethanonefueltankandduringanyvoyage,youmayberequiredtochangethefuelsupplyfromonetanktoanother.
Whenchangingfromonefueltanktoanother,youneedtoavoidstarvingtheengine/soffueliftheyarerunning.
Thesupplyvalveonthetankabouttobeusedshouldbeopenedfirst.
Thesupplyvalveonthetankcomingofflineshouldthenbeclosed.
Iftheengine/shavespillreturnsfromthefuelinjectionsystemtothetank,theseshouldalsobechangedoversothatthespilllinedischargestothetankinuse.
IfTheTankHasRunOutOfFuel
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Ifthetankhasrunoutoffuelandtheenginehasstoppedattheminimumitwillbenecessaryto:
shutofftheemptytankandopenthesupplyvalveonanotherfueltankbleedallventsonthesupplylinetotheengineuntilfuelflows
Enginemakersusuallyspecifyafixedsequenceforbleedingtheengineandthesequenceshouldbefollowed.
Ingeneralthiswillinvolve:
ventingfiltersopeningventorbleedscrewsonthefuelpump
operatingtheprimingleveruntilbubblefreefuelbeginstoflow.
Onsomeenginesthehydraulicgovernormayneedpriming.Whenthewholesystemhasbeenprimedtheenginecanberestarted.
ChangingFuelFiltersAndBleedingAirFromTheSystemFuelfiltersareacriticalpartofthefuelsystem.Theyremovedirt,waterandotherforeignmatterfromthefuelsupply,whichcouldotherwisecauseconsiderabledamageandexpense.
FuelFilter(Courtesy:Caterpillar)
Asthequalityoffuelcanneverbeguaranteed,itisnecessarytochangethefuelfiltersaspartofthevesselsmaintenanceprogram.Thiswillensurethatthefuelsupplyremainsuncontaminated.
Followthiscommonproceduretochangeasingleinlinefilterandbleedairfromthesystem:
Closethenearestvalveseithersideofthefilter.
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Openbothventanddrainvalves(ifprovided)anddrainfilter.Provideacontainertocatchanyspillage.Removefiltercoverorbodyasappropriate.
RemovingSpinOnFuelFilter(Courtesy:Caterpillar)
Cleanfilterbodyandfilterorrenewfilter(iftherenewabletype).
Reassemblefilter.Shutdrain.Openvalveseithersideoffilter.Closeoffventwhenfuelappears.
Note:Itmaybenecessarytoprimeotherequipmentdownstreamofthefilter(suchasfuelpumpsontheengine).
Thequickestandmostreliablewaytobleedairoutofthesystemistofillthefilterandcasingwithfueloilpriortoboltingorscrewingthefiltercoverdown.
Giventhemanydifferenttypesoffilters(bothsingleandduplex),suchamethodisnotalwayspossible.
PrimingtheFuelSystemonaCaterpillarEngine
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DrainingaFuelTankThereareoccasionswhenyouwillberequiredtodrainthecontentsofafueltank.Oftenthiswillbeapartofamaintenanceforyourvessel,oritmaybenecessarytoremovecontaminatedfuelfromthetank.
Todrainafueltank,transferthecontentsbypumpingthefueltoanothertankortanks.
First,ensurethesecondtankcontainssufficientspacetotakethecontentsofthetankwhichisbeingdrained.
Whenyouhavecompletedthefueltransfer,theremainingfuelfromthefirsttankcanbedrainedintoacontainer.Usethevalvenormallyusedfordrainingwaterfromthetank.
Anytimeyouhandlefuel,ensurethattherearefireextinguishersreadilyavailableandaresuitableforuseonfuelfires.
MeasuringFuelTankContentLevelsItisimportanttoalwaysknowtheamountoffuelavailableonyourvessel,particularlywhentravellingatsea.
Theleveloffuelinthevesselsfueltankscanbedeterminedbyvariousmethods:
bysoundingrodortape.Thismaygiveadepthmeasuredfromthebottomofthetanktothesurfaceofthefuel,ormeasurementfromareferencepointatorabovethetopofthetanktothesurfaceofthefuel.
Therodortapewillshowalinearmeasurementwhichwillassistyouincalculatingthevolumeinthefueltank,oritmayhavealreadybeenmarkedtoequatethephysicalleveloffuelinthetanktoavolume.Forexample,iftheleveloffuelinthetankreacheshalfwayuptherod,thismayequatetoareadingof50litresofavailablefuelina100litrecapacitytank.
bygaugeglass,usuallywithascalealongsideindicatingtheheightabovetheinnerbottomofthetank.bymercurybalancegaugeinwhichpressurisedairisbalancedagainstacolumnofmercury.adirectreadingdialgauge,whichmaybeelectricalordiaphragmoperated.
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Fueltankandsoundingrod
MicrobialInfectionMicrobialinfectionisacommonproblemindieselfuels,andismorecommoninvesselswhicharenotusedregularlyorwherethefuelisnotrenewedfrequently.Inthiscase,extracareshouldbetakentocheckforinfectioneachtimethevesseliscommissioned.
Microbescanonlypropagateinthepresenceofwater,whichmayaccumulateinthefueltank/sandfeedonthefuelattheinterfacebetweenthewaterandoil.Infectioncanoccurduetotakinginfectedfuelonboard,andtheproblemisaggravatedbyfailingtoregularlydrainanywaterfromthefueltank/s.
Locationofmicrobesinafueltank
Onboardavessel,microbesarefirstdetectedinthefuelfilterswhichwillhaveatendencytoclogupmorefrequently.Thewastemicrobesgenerateisdepositedasablackslimysludgeandcanblockthefuelsystem.Testsarealsocommerciallyavailabletoidentifythepresenceofmicrobes.
Insomecasestheslimegetspastthefiltersandcausesthefuelpumpplungersortheinjectornozzlevalvestomalfunctionduetoeitherrustingorpartialblockage.
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Ifavesselisnottobeusedforanextendedperiod,thetanksshouldbefilledtorestrictanypossiblecondensation.Thefueltankventshouldbesealed.Ensurearemindernoticeisplacedatthedrivercontrolstounsealtheventatalaterdate.
Commerciallyavailablefuelconditionerscanbeaddedtoavesselsfueltanksthatinadditiontodeterringmicrobegrowthalsoimprovecombustion,reducecorrosionandthealleviatetheproblemsofcondensationwithinthefuel.
PreparingaFuelTankforInspectionTheUSLCodedoesnotrequiretheinternalsurveyoffueltanksuntilthevesselis10yearsold.
However,giventhepossibilityofmicrobialinfection,internalinspectionoffueltanksshouldformpartoftheregularmaintenanceprogram.
InspectionProcedure
Whenpreparingtoinspectafueltank,thefollowingbasicprocedureshouldbefollowed:
1.Postnosmokingnoticespriortoopeningupdoorsgivingaccesstothespacecontainingthefueltank/s.
2.Pumpoutordrainthetanktoanotherfueltank.
3.Openthewater/testdraintoensurethetankisempty(drainresidueintoacontainer).
4.Shutallvalvesandcocksonthetank.
5.Removethemanholeorinspectiondoor.
6.Ventilatethetank.Theperiodwilldependonthesizeofthetankandmethodofventilation.
7.Obtainagasfreecertificatefromarecognisedauthorityifintendingtoenterthetank.
Thisproceduremaydifferdependingonthetypeofvesselyouareon,andyoushouldconfirmthiswithyourfacilitator.
TheFuelTankOnboard,fuelstorageislargelydependentontheintendedserviceofthevesselandlocationofrefuellingstationswithintheareaofoperationofthevessel.
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Typicalarrangementsare:
1.ShortDistance
Portandstarboardtankswithinthemachineryspace,whichmaybefreestandingorformpartofthehullstructure.Inaddition,asmallertankisusedfordirectsupplytothemainandgeneratorengines.Fuelfromthelargertanksistransferredtothesmallertankasrequired.
2.MediumDistance
Eitherabunkerordeeptanks,dividedintoportorstarboardandpositionedforwardofthemachineryspace.Thetanksshouldbecapableofsupplyingfueltothemainengineandgeneratorengineeachwithindependentfuellines.Inthecaseofdualtanks,theseshouldbeusedalternatively.
3.LongDistance
Fuelstoragearrangementsforlongdistanceworkarethesameasformediumdistance,butwiththeadditionofadoublebottomfueltank.
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Samplelocationoffueltanks(shadedingrey)
(PlanscourtesyofA.RaptisandSonsPtyLimit
SimplifiedStabilityDataMuchoftheinformationdiscussedherecanbefoundintheSimplifiedStabilityInformationBookletthatmaybeprovidedonyourvessel.
StabilityBooklet
Thebookletissetoutinanapprovedformatandcontainsthefollowinginformation.
1.Thevesselsname,officialnumber,portofregistry,grossandnettonnages,dimensions,operatingdisplacement,deadweightanddraught.
2.Aprofileviewofthevesselshowingandnamingallcompartments,includingtanks.
3.Thecapacityandthecentreofgravity,verticalandlongitudinal,ofallspacesusedtocarryfish,water,fuel,storesetc.
4.Tankcalibrationsforeverytankholding2tonnesorover,plusthefreesurfaceeffectofeverytank.
5.Informationaboutthefollowinghydrostaticparticulars.
(a)Displacementinsaltandfreshwater.
(b)KM
(c)TPC
(d)LCB
(e)LCG
(f)Triminformation
Thesevaluesarerecordedforvariousdraughts.
6.SampleloadingconditionssuchasLightship,Loadeddeparturefromport,worstoperatingcondition,etc.
7.Guidancenotesandwarningsdealingwithsuchthingsasrecommendeddistributionsforfuel,water,cargoetc.,recommendedoperatingproceduresandwarningsaboutdangerouspractices.
Thepurposeofthisinformationistoletthemasterofthevesselknowunderwhatconditionsthevesselwillhavesufficientstability.Ifyouoperateavesselsothatitsconditionisbetterthantheworstconditionthatisstillsafe,thenyouwillknowthatyourvesselhassufficientstabilityfornormalconditions.
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SafePractices
ThefollowingrulesforsaferstabilityaretakenfromMVTwosuchsimplifiedstabilitybooklet.
Thesheetswhichfollowaregeneralcommentstoenlargeongoodseamanshipandhousekeepingandissuedonlytoenabletheoperatorstousethestabilitydatatobestadvantage.
TankUsageandSlackTanks
(1)Tankswhicharenotinuse,mustatalltimesbefullandpressedup,oremptywherepossible.Rememberthatslacktankscreatefreesurfaceandtheeffectofslacktanksresultsinactualandoftenlargereductionsofstability.
Freesurfaceeffectisexplainedin11.2.3.
(2)Whenmanipulatingtankcontentsbypumpingfromonetanktoanother,makeeveryefforttomaintainleveltrim.Developasystemoftankusagewhichkeepsthetrimofthevesselfrombecomingexcessive.Rememberthatthecalculationsforstabilityareaccurateonlywithinasmallrangeoftrim.
(3)Transferenceoffuelorfreshwaterandtheballastingoftanksshouldonlybecarriedoutinfavourableweatherconditions.
(4)Thereisinthisbookarecommendedsequencefortheuseofliquidsintanks,departurefromwhichmaybedangerous.Theserecommendationsshouldbefollowedunlesstherearespecificreasonsatthetimefornotdoingso.
(5)Occasionally,conditionsofloadingandtankmanipulationscanleadtotrimbythebow.Thiscanbeavoidedbycoordinatingtheoperationsinotherwords,theeffectsofloadingcanbeoffsetbycorrectlymanipulatingthecontentsofthetanks.
(6)Excessivetrimbythebowcanleadtodifficultiesinhandlingthevesselandmayresultinpoorseakeeping.
FreeSurfaceEffect
Allliquidsinpartiallyfilledtankshaveafreesurface,whichisfreetoslopbackwardsandforwardwiththemotionoftheship.Thisfreesurfaceeffectcancauseaseriousstabilityproblemifthemovementoftheliquidisnotcontained.Youmightliketoconductasimple,practicalexperimenttodemonstrateF.S.E.foryourself:
(a)Takeaflattraywithraisedsidesandpartiallyfillitwithwater.(Aflatbakingpanwillwork.)
(b)Nowholditlevel,supportedbythepalmsofyourhands,heldhorizontalatarmslengthandatshoulderheight.
(c)Nowgentlyraiseyourrighthandafewcentimetres.
Asthewaterrunstotheleftofthetray/panyouwillfeelamarkedincreaseinweight,tendingtopushyourlefthanddownfurtherandsoaggravatethecondition.
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ThisisFreeSurfaceEffect(F.S.E.).Ashipreactsinthesameway.Itfirstrollsslightlytoasmallangleofheelasaresultofthewaveforces.Theinternalforcesoftheshiftingwaterinslacktanksthenincreasethelistfurtherastheliquidflowstothelowside.IfthisF.S.E.causesthevesseltolistsothatitsdeckedgeisimmersedbelowthewaterline,itcouldwellcapsize.Thefigurebelowshowsavesselwithapartiallyfilledtank.FreesurfaceeffectreducesthesizeofGM.ThereforethesizeofGZisreduced,andconsequentlytheabilityofthevesseltoreturntotheuprightpositionisreduced.
Freesurfaceeffectisatamaximumintankswhichextendrightacrossthebreadthofthevessel.Bypartitioningthetanklongitudinally,theflowofliquidstothelowsidewhentheshipisheeledcanberestricted.Itisnotremovedcompletely,buttheF.S.E.canbereducedtoacceptablelimits.Obviously,correctloadingandballastingoftheshipisalsoimportant,butthisisanoperationalconsiderationandnotadesignone.Practicallyalltanks,withtheexceptionoftheforepeakballasttank,arelongitudinallysubdividedforthisreason.
Tanksubdivisioniseffectedbyacontinuouswatertightdividerextendinginaforeandaftdirectiontoeachendofthetankandverticallyfromtheinnerbottomofthetanktotheundersideofthetanktop.
Forepeaktanksareusuallynarrowanddonotpresentaverylargefreesurfaceproblem.Forthisreason,itisunusualtofindanylongitudinalsubdivisioninthem.
Wheretanksarenotlongitudinallydividedbyawatertightdivider,thereareusuallylongitudinalwashbulkheadswhichactasbaffleplates.Whilethesedonotstopthesidewaysmotionoffluidsinthetank,theyaredesignedtoretardtheflowsothattheheelingforcecreatedbythefreesurfaceeffectisoutofphasewiththerollingofthevessel.Thistendstodampthevessel'srollinginsteadofaggravatingit,whichcanbequitebeneficial.
Thedepthorqualityoftheliquidinthetankdoesnotaffectthefreesurfacetoanygreatdegree.Freesurfaceareaisthemainfactor.Onlyacompletelyemptyorcompletelyfulltankwillhavezerofreesurface.
Remember:Thenumberofslacktanksatanyonetimeshouldbekepttoaminimum.TorestricttheamountofFreeSurface,itmaybenecessarytotransferliquidsbetweentanks,bearinginmindthetrimrequiredandtheweatherconditionsatthetime.
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MarinePollutionTheenormousgrowthinthemaritimetransportofoilandthesizeoftankers,theincreasingamountofchemicalsbeingcarriedbyseaandagrowingconcernfortheworldsenvironmentasawholemademanyfeelthatthe1954OILPOLConventionwasnolongeradequate,despitethevariousamendmentswhichhadbeenadopted.In1969theIMOAssembly(againpromptedpartlybytheTORREYCANYONincidenttwoyearspreviously)decidedtoarrangeaninternationalconferencetoconsideracompletelynewconvention.TheConferencedulymetinLondonin1973.
TheConventionwhichresultedtheInternationalConventionforthePreventionofPollutionfromShips(MARPOL)isthemostambitiousinternationaltreatycoveringmaritimepollutioneveradopted.Itdealsnotonlywithoilbutwithallformsofmarinepollutionfromshipsexceptthedisposaloflandgeneratedwasteintotheseabydumping(whichwascoveredbyanotherConventionadoptedthepreviousyear).
Australiaisapartytothe1973/78InternationalConventionforthePreventionofPollutionfromShips(MARPOL73/78)aswellasthe1972ConventiononthepreventionofMarinePollutionbydumpingofWastesandotherMatter.Australianmaritimepollutionlawsapplytovesselsofallnationswithin200nauticalmilesoffshore.
Asaresult,wehavetwomajorActsofParliamentinthiscountryregardingpollutionfromships:
1TheProtectionoftheSea(PreventionofPollutionfromShips)Act1983.
2TheEnvironmentalProtection(SeaDumping)Act1981.
InNewSouthWalesandotherStates,thereisaparallellegislation(e.g.,NSWMarineAct1987).
UndertheInternationalConventionforthePreventionofPollutionfromShips1973/78(knownasMARPOL),alloftheaboveapplies.InAustralia,thisconventionisenactedintheProtectionoftheSea(Preventionofpollutionfromships)Act1983andtheNavigationAct1912.
TheMARPOLConventionincludes6technicalAnnexes.AnnexesIandII,dealingwithoilandbulknoxiousliquidsubstancesrespectively,aremandatory,inthesensethatratificationoftheConventionisimpossiblewithoutratificationoftheseAnnexes.AnnexesIII,IV,VandVI,dealingrespectivelywithharmfulsubstancesinpackagedforms,sewage,garbageandairpollutionareoptional.TheConventionalsohastwoProtocols,dealingrespectivelywithreportsofincidentsinvolvingharmfulsubstancesandarbitration.
Entryintoforceisasfollows:
MARPOL73/782October1983(international)14January1988(Australia)
AnnexI2October1983(international)14January1988(Australia)
AnnexII6April1987(international)14January1988(Australia)
AnnexIII1July1992(international)10January1995(Australia)
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AnnexIV27September2003(international)expected2004(Australia)
AnnexV31December1988(international)14November1990(Australia)
AnnexVINotyetinforce(expected2004)
TheAnnexescanbesummarisedasfollows:
AnnexIOiloilmixtures,distillates,gasoline,jetfuels,etc.
AnnexIINoxiousliquidsubstancesmainlychemicalsincludingacids,alcohols,castor
oil,hydrogenperoxide,pentane,etc.Alsocitricjuice,glycerine,milk,molasses,wine,etc.
AnnexIIIHarmfulsubstancesinpackagedformincludesfreightcontainers,portable
tanks,roadandrailtankwagons,etc.
AnnexIV Sewage wastes fromtoilets,drainage frommedicalpremises,drainage from
spacescontainingliveanimals,etc.
AnnexVGarbageplasticbags,syntheticropes,foodwastes,paperproducts,
glass,metal,crockery,packagingmaterial,syntheticfishingnets,etc.
AnnexVIAirPollution
12.1AnnexIOil
Exceptwhereotherwisestated,theseregulationsapplytoalltankersof50grosstons(about30metresinlength)andaboveandothershipsof400grosstons(about40metres)andabove.
Acompletebanonoperationaldischargesofoilfromshipsexceptunderthefollowingconditions:
Forallships,
1Therateatwhichoilmaybedischargedmustnotexceed60litrespermiletravelledbytheship
2Theoilcontentofanybilgewaterdischargedmustbebelow100partspermillion
3Shipmustbemorethan12milesfromnearestlandand
4Shipmusthaveinoperationanapprovedoildischargemonitoringandcontrolsystem,oilywaterseparatingequipmentoroilfilteringequipment.
Fortankers,
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1Nodischargeofanyoilwhatsoevermustbemadefromthecargospacesofatankerwithin50milesofthenearestland
2Thetotalquantityofoilwhichanewtankermaydischargeinanyballastvoyagemustnotexceed1/30,000ofthetotalcargocarryingcapacityofthevessel.Forexistingtankersthelimitis1/15,000ofthecargocapacity.
Thedefinitionofoilincludespetroleuminanyformincludingcrudeoil,fueloil,sludge,oilrefuseandrefinedproducts(otherthanpetrochemicals).
Nearestlandisdefinedasthebaselineusedtoestablishtheterritorialsea.However,theConventionmakesaspecialcasefortheGreatBarrierReefwherenearestlandmeansalineshownbetweenaseriesofcoordinatesontheouteredgeofthereef.Alldistancesrelatingtodischargeprohibitionsaremeasuredfromtheselines.
Thedischargeofoiliscompletelyforbiddenincertainspecialareaswherethethreattothemarineenvironmentisespeciallygreat.TheseincludetheMediterraneanSea,theBlackSea,theBalticSeaandsomeareasintheMiddleEast.
PartiestotheConventionareobligedtoprovideadequatefacilitiesforthereceptionofresiduesandoilymixturesatoilloadingterminals,repairports,etc.
Oiltankersmusthavetheequipmentnecessarytooperatetheloadontopsystemortoretainoilyresiduesonboarduntiltheycanbedischargedintoshorereceptionfacilities.Thisequipmentincludessloptanks,oilywaterseparatingequipmentorfilteringsystems,oilcontentmeters,oildischargemonitoringandcontrolsystems,sludgetanksandsuitablepumpingandpipingarrangements.
Allshipsof400grosstonnageandaboveincludingnontankersmustbeequippedwithoilywaterseparatingequipmentorafilteringsystemforthedischargeofmachineryspacebilges.
Everyoiltankerof150tonsgrosstonnageandabove,andeveryothershipof400tonsgrosstonnageandabovewillbesubjecttothesurveyspecifiedbelow:
(a)aninitialsurveybeforetheshipisputinservice,orbeforetheCertificateisissuedforthefirsttime,toensurethatthestructure,equipment,systems,fittings,arrangements,andmaterialfullycomplywiththerequirementsoftheAnnex
(b)aperiodsurveyatintervalsoffiveyearsbeforethereissueoftheCertificate,forthesamereasonsstatedin(a)
(c)oneintermediatesurveyheldnotbeforesixmonthspriorto,norlaterthansixmonthsafterthehalfwaydateoftheCertificatesperiodofvalidity,toensurethattheequipmentandassociatedpumpandpipingsystems,includingoildischargemonitoringandcontrolsystems,crudeoilwashingsystems,oilywaterseparatingequipmentandoilfilteringsystems,fullycomplywiththerequirementsoftheAnnex
(d)anannualsurveyheldwithinthreemonthsbeforeoraftertheanniversarydateoftheCertificateexceptwhentheannualsurveycoincideswiththeintermediatesurvey,thentheannualsurveywillnotbenecessary.
LimitationsOnTankSize.
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Thesizesvaryaccordingtofactorssuchasthearrangementoftanks,thefittingofdoublebottoms,theinterposingofcleanballasttanksandsoonbutonnormaltankerscentretanksarelimitedto30,000cubicmetresandwingtanksto15,000cubicmetres.
SegregatedBallastTanks(SBTs)arerequiredonallnewcrudeoiltankersof20,000dwtandaboveandnewproductcarriersof30,000dwtandabove.SBTsmustalsobeprotectivelylocatedthatis,theymustbepositionedinsuchawaythattheywillhelpprotectthecargotanksintheeventofacollisionorgrounding.
ThefactthatSBTsarenotusedforcarryingoilmeansthatnooilwatermixturesareproducedandconsequentlynopollution.
Subdivisionandstabilityrequirementsensurethattankerscansurviveassumedsideorbottomdamagetoadegreewhichisspecifiedonthebasisoftheshipslength.
TankersandothershipsmustcarryandmaintainanOilRecordBookinwhichalloperationsinvolvingoilaretoberecorded.ThebookcanbeinspectedbytheauthoritiesofanyStatewhichisaPartytotheConvention.
CrudeOilWashing(COW)isacceptedasanalternativetoSBTsonexistingtankersandisanadditionalrequirementonnewcrudetankers.
UnderCOW,tanksarewashednotwithwaterbutwithcrudeoilthecargoitself.Thesolventactionofthecrudeoilmakesthecleaningprocessfarmoreeffectivethanwhenwaterisusedandatthesametimethemixtureofoilandwaterwhichledtosomuchoperationalpollutioninthepastisvirtuallyended.(Thereisusuallyafinalwaterrinsebuttheamountofwaterinvolvedisverylow).Atthesametime,theownerisabletodischargefarmoreofhiscargothanbefore,sincelessofitiswasted.
ForexistingcrudeoiltankersathirdalternativewaspermissibleforaperiodoftwotofouryearsafterentryintoforceofMARPOL73/78.Thiswascalleddedicatedcleanballasttanks(CBT)andwasasystemwherebycertaintankswherededicatedsolelytothecarriageofballastwater:ThiswascheaperthanafullSBTsystem,sinceitutilisedexistingpumpingandpiping,butwhentheperiodofgraceexpired(2October1987),othersystemshadtobeused.
NationalPlanToCombatMarinePollution
ThiswassetupafterthegroundingoftheOceanicGrandeurinTorresStraitinApril1970.
Stockpilesofdispersantmaterialsandequipmentaresetupat9portsaroundAustralia.Thematerialandequipmentcanbetakenbyseaorairrapidlytoanyareawhereitmaybeneeded.Sydneyalsohasaseparatestockpileoftransferequipment,whichcanbeusedtolightentankersintheeventofcollisionorstranding.Itconsistsofsubmersiblepumps,hoses,generators,fenders,etc.ThecostofthisismetbythePollutionoftheSeabyOil(ShippingLevy)and(ShippingLevyCollection)Acts.
12.3PollutionPreventionFromSmallVessels
Observeantispillandfireprecautionswhenrefuelling.
Dontdischargeoilybilgeswithin12nauticalmilesfromcoast.Observetheaboveguidelineswhendischargingoutside12miles.Oilybilgesmustbedischargedintoamobileora
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shorebasedpumpoutfacility.Observetheabovelargevesselguidelineswhendischargingatsea.Bilgewatercaneasilybecleanedbyinstallinganoilabsorbentpadoraoilywaterseparatornearthebilgepump.Bilgespongesareavailablefrommostchandlers.
Engineoilmustonlybedischargedintoanoilreceptionbargeorashorefacility.
Ifavesselisnotfittedwithaseparateoilywastetank,oilybilgewatershouldbepumpedintoacontainerondeckfordisposalwhenashore.
NodischargeofanytypeispermittedinthespeciallyprotectedareaoftheGreatBarrierReef.Thismeansthatvesselsarepreventedfromdischargingunprocessedgarbagewithin12nauticalmilesoftheouteredgeofthereefinsomeplacesthisisasmuchas162nauticalmilesfromtheQueenslandcoast.
Youarerequiredtoreportanypollutingspillfromyourownvessel,and,requestedtoreportsightingofanyother.
InCaseOfAnOilSpill
Ceaseoperation
Easepressureonoverflowingtank.
Soundemergencyalarm
Bansmokinganywhereonboard
Takeallfireprecautions
Controlspill
Informauthorities
Cleanupondeck
FuelExpansionInHotWeather
Fuelexpandsinvolumeabout0.5%per1Criseintemperature.Therefore,witha10riseinairtemperatureacommondailyfluctuationinAustraliathefuelinatank,sittinginopenair,mayexpandby5%.Ignoringsomeexpansionofthetankitself,thisamountsto5cmriseinthesoundinginatankfulloffuel,measuring1x1xlmetre.Withoutsufficientullage(spacebetweentheliquidandtanktop),thefuelcouldoverflow.Duetopollutionhazardsassociatedwithfuel,itisusualforfueltankstobefittedwithaventingpipe.
GreatBarrierReef
UnderMARPOL,nodischargeofanytypeispermittedintheareaofGreatBarrierReef.Insomecasesthiscanbeasmuchas150nauticalmilesfromtheQueenslandcoast.Wheredischargesareprohibitedwithinacertaindistancefromthelandthesedistancesaremeasuredfromtheouteredgeofthereef.
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AreaWhereNoDischargesArePermitted
12.6APOLPREPDescribedInNSWMarinePollutionAct
(1)Eachreportshallcontainingeneral:
(a)identityoftheship
(b)thetimeanddateoftheoccurrenceoftheincident
(c)thegeographicpositionoftheshipwhentheincidentoccurred
(d)thewindandseaconditionsprevailingatthetimeoftheincidentand
(e)relevantdetailsrespectingtheconditionoftheship.
(2)Eachreportshallcontain,inparticular:
(a)aclearindicationordescriptionoftheharmfulsubstancesinvolved,including,ifpossible,thecorrecttechnicalnamesofsuchsubstances(tradenamesshouldnotbeusedinplaceofthecorrecttechnicalnames)
(b)astatementorestimateofthequantitiesconcentrationsandlikelyconditionsofharmfulsubstancesdischargedorlikelytobedischargedintotheseaand
(c)whererelevant,adescriptionofthepackagingandidentifyingmarksand
(d)ifpossible,thenamesoftheconsignor,consigneeormanufacturer.
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(3)Eachreportshallclearlyindicatewhethertheharmfulsubstancedischarged,orlikelytobedischargedisoil,anoxiousliquidsubstance,anoxioussolidsubstanceoranoxiousgaseoussubstanceandwhethersuchsubstancewasoriscarriedinbulkorcontainedinpackagedform,freightcontainers,portabletanks,orroadandrailtankwagons.
(4)Eachreportshallbesupplementedasnecessarybyanyotherrelevantinformationrequestedbyarecipientofthereportorwhichthepersonsendingthereportdeemsappropriate.
SpillOrDischargeByShip
A1Ship:name,size,type,callsign/shipstationidentityandflag
A2Name,addressandcontactdetailsofownerandagentofship/placeonland/purposebuiltpipeline/apparatus
A3Positionofdischargeandpositionofplaceonland/purposebuiltpipeline/apparatus
BDateandtimeofevent
Note:ExpressasUniversalCoordinatedTime
CPosition:latitudeandlongitude,or
DPosition:truebearinganddistance
Note:GiveCorD
ETruecourse
FSpeedinknots
LRouteinformation:intendedtrack
MRadiocommunications:meansofcommunication
NTimeofnextreport
Note:ExpressasUniversalCoordinatedTime
P1Typeofoilorthecorrecttechnicalnameofthenoxiousliquidsubstancesonboard
2UNnumbers
3Pollutioncategory(A,B,CorD)foreachnoxiousliquidsubstance
4Namesofmanufacturersofsubstancesorconsigneeorconsignor
5Estimateofthequantityofeachsubstance
Note:IncludeitemPinthecaseofprobabledischarge
SpillAsResultOfDamageToShip
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Q1Structuralconditionofship,asrelevant
2Abilitytotransfercargo/ballast/fuel
R1Typeofoilorthecorrecttechnicalnameofthenoxiousliquidsubstancedischargedintothesea
2UNnumbers
3Pollutioncategory(A,B,CorD)foreachnoxiousliquidsubstance
4Namesofmanufacturersofsubstancesorconsigneeorconsignor
5Estimateofthequantityofeachsubstance
6Whetherdischargedsubstancesfloatedorsank
7Whetherdischargeiscontinuing
8Causeofdischarge
9Estimateofthetrajectoryofthedischarge,givingweatherconditions,ifknown
10Estimateoftheseasurfaceareacoveredbythedischarge
Note:IncludeitemRinthecaseofactualdischarge
SWeatherconditions(i.e.briefdetailsofweatherandseaconditionsprevailing)
X1Actionbeingtakenwithregardtothedischargeandthemovementoftheship
2Assistanceorsalvageeffortswhichhavebeenrequestedorwhichhavebeenprovidedbyothers
Note:Themasterofanassistingorsalvagingshipshouldalsoreporttheparticularsofactionundertakenorplanned
Form2Noticeofalterationordamagetoship
(Clause22)
(MarinePollutionAct1987,sections37and42)
To:NSWMaritimeAuthority
1Nameofship:
2Officialnumber(ifany):
3Homeport/portofregistry:
4Callsign:
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5Nameofowner(s)oragent:
6Addressofprincipalplaceofbusinessofowner(s)oragent:
7(a)DateofissueandreferencenumberofInternationalOilPollutionPreventionCertificate(inthecaseofashipconstructedinaccordancewithAnnexIoftheConvention):
(b)DateofissueandreferencenumberofInternationalPollutionPreventionCertificatefortheCarriageofNoxiousLiquidSubstancesinBulk(inthecaseofashipconstructedinaccordancewithAnnexIIoftheConvention):
8Descriptionofnatureandextentofalterationordamagetotheship(includingdate(s)onwhichdamageoccurredanddate(s)onwhichrepairsoralterations,asthecasemaybe,werecommencedandcompleted):
9Nameandaddressofpersonorcorporationeffectingalterationorrepairs:
10Reason(s)for,orcause(s)of,alterationorrepairs:
11Particularsofchangesintheconstructionoftheship:
12(a)Additionalinformation(ifany)affectingthecomplianceoftheshipwiththeprovisionsofAnnexIoftheConvention(inthecaseofashipconstructedinaccordancewithAnnexI):
(b)Additionalinformation(ifany)affectingthecomplianceoftheshipwiththeprovisionsofAnnexIIoftheConvention(inthecaseofashipconstructedinaccordancewithAnnexII):
Signatureofmasterorowner:
Date:
NSWMarinePollutionActPenalties
10Dutytoreportcertainincidentsinvolvingoiloranoilymixture
(1)WhereaprescribedincidentoccursinStatewatersinrelationtoaship,themasteroftheshipshall,withoutdelay,notify,intheprescribedmanner,theMinisteroftheincident.
Penalty:500penaltyunits.
(2)Inaprosecutionofapersonforanoffenceagainstsubsection(1)inrelationtoaprescribedincident,itisadefenceifthepersonprovesthatthepersonwasunabletocomplywiththesubsectioninrelationtotheincident.
(3)WhereaprescribedincidentoccursinStatewatersinrelationtoashipand:
(a)themasteroftheshipisunabletocomplywithsubsection(1)inrelationtotheincident,or
(b)theincidentoccursincircumstancesinwhichtheshipisabandoned,theowner,charterer,manageroroperatoroftheshiporanagentoftheowner,charterer,manageroroperatoroftheshipshall,withoutdelay,notify,intheprescribedmanner,theMinisterofthe
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incidentand,iftheMinisterisnotsonotified,eachofthosepersonsisguiltyofanoffencepunishable,uponconviction,byafinenotexceeding:
(c)iftheoffenderisanaturalperson500penaltyunits,or
(d)iftheoffenderisabodycorporate2500penaltyunits.
(4)Inaprosecutionofapersonforanoffenceagainstsubsection(3)inrelationtoaprescribedincidentinrelationtoaship,itisadefenceifthepersonproves:
(a)thatthepersonwasnotawareoftheincident,or
(b)inthecaseofaprescribedincidenttowhichsubsection(3)(a)applies,thatthepersonneitherknewnorsuspectedthatthemasteroftheshipwasunabletocomplywithsubsection(1)inrelationtotheincident.
(5)Subsection(4)shallnotbetakentolimitbyimplicationanydefencethatwould,butforthatsubsection,beavailabletoapersonchargedwithanoffenceagainstsubsection(3).
(6)Amasterofashipwho,pursuanttosubsection(1),hasnotifiedtheMinisteroftheoccurrenceofaprescribedincidentshall,ifsorequestedbytheMinister,furnish,withintheprescribedtime,areporttotheMinisterinrelationtotheincidentinaccordancewiththeprescribedform.
Penalty:200penaltyunits.
(7)Wheresubsection(3)appliesinrelationtoaprescribedincidentinrelationtoaship,apersonwho,pursuanttothatsubsection,hasnotifiedtheMinisteroftheoccurrenceoftheprescribedincidentshall,ifsorequestedbytheMinister,furnish,withintheprescribedtime,areporttotheMinisterinrelationtotheincidentinaccordancewiththeprescribedform.
Penalty:200penaltyunits.
(8)Apersonshallnot,inanoticegiventotheMinisterpursuanttosubsection(1)or(3)orinareportfurnishedtotheMinisterpursuanttosubsection(6)or(7),makeastatementthatisfalseormisleadinginamaterialparticular.
Penalty:200penaltyunits.
(9)AnoticegiventotheMinisterpursuanttosubsection(1)or(3),andareportfurnishedtotheMinisterpursuanttosubsection(6)or(7),shallnot,withouttheconsentofthepersoncharged,beadmittedinevidenceinaprosecutionforanoffenceagainstsection8(1).
(10)Inthissection,prescribedincident,inrelationtoaship,means:
(a)adischargefromtheshipofoiloranoilymixture,notbeingadischargetowhichsection8(4)applies,or
(b)anincidentinvolvingtheprobabilityofadischargefromtheshipofoiloranoilymixture,notbeingadischargetowhichsection8(4)wouldapply.