Post on 09-Apr-2018
transcript
8/8/2019 Case study - Brazil
1/38
44 BrazilianBrazilian CasesCases StudiesStudies
Dr Circe Monteiro
Universidade Federal dePernambuco
Tony Lloyd Jones
University of Westminster
Localizing the HabitatLocalizing the Habitat
AgendaAgenda
8/8/2019 Case study - Brazil
2/38
Case studies to explore application of HabitatAgenda principles to urban poverty reductionin Brazil
Method for selecting the case studies:
Analysis of Best Practice data baseFocus on neighbourhood development and long termimprovements in living conditions
Exploration of different models of partnership
8/8/2019 Case study - Brazil
3/38
Many innovative approaches to urban poverty
reduction at the local level in Brazil
92 submissions to the 2004 Dubai Award for Best
Practices, and received Best Practice Awards in2002 and 2004.
Caixa Economica Federal National Housing
Bank promotes and coordinates a National Awards
for Best Practices.
8/8/2019 Case study - Brazil
4/38
4 Case studiesProvide different contexts for urban poverty reduction:
A middle size city in an industrial region aiming toerradicate poverty and poor settlements in itsperiphery
State capital in a poor region tackling poverty in thewhole city
State capital in the country poorest region dealing
with poverty and environmental protection
Developed metropolitan centre in a poor region
8/8/2019 Case study - Brazil
5/38
Brazilian Context
Largest country in Latin Amrica = 8.5 million km2 Population in 2004 = 182 million inhabitants
Gross Domestic Product GDP = US$ 395 billion(2000)
Economically is the 8th country in theworld
Human Development index- IDH = 0,757Human development is 73rd country
Inequality - GINI index = 0,6
4th place among countries with unevendistribution
GINI per capita = 2,710
95th place together with Namibia (2003)
8/8/2019 Case study - Brazil
6/38
Brazil is a rich country with a
large number of poor people
Recent economic growth
The country consistently presents advances
in social indicators
But the benefits of economic growth are not
shared and level of poverty remainsunacceptable high
8/8/2019 Case study - Brazil
7/38
Income inequality
Policies to improve income distribution did notsucceed in the last decades to reduceinequality
1% wealthiest - 17% of income5% wealthiest - 39% of income
10% wealthiest - 53% of income
8/8/2019 Case study - Brazil
8/38
Political Context
New Government of 2002 with strong popular andcivil society support
Long awaited social and political reforms are stillunder construction.
The Ministry of Cities was created in order topromote an integrated national policy of urbandevelopment with the collaboration of State andMunicipal Governments.
Conference of Cities and Cities Councildemocratic forums to propose, endorse and
evaluate urban policies.
8/8/2019 Case study - Brazil
9/38
Local Government Context: Three levels of government: Federal, State and
Local
Local authorities have gained power at the cost of
state governments but state governments have a
larger share of expenditure
Local Municipalities have powers to propose local
legislation and experiment with urban policies
but are financially constrained by the external
public debt
8/8/2019 Case study - Brazil
10/38
National Poverty Reduction
Programs Health Care programs:
Nutrition Programs: Fome Zero (Zero Hunger)
Minimum Income
Bolsa Escola School Scholarship Programaiming to guarantee children at school
Micro credit Small entrepreneurs
Nation-wide social and economic policies aregenerally not well-targetted
8/8/2019 Case study - Brazil
11/38
Governance laws and tools forempowerment and participation
Participatory Budgeting
City Statute
Social Housing Policies:
PSH-PAR
Habitar Brasil Pro-Moradia
Morar Melhor
8/8/2019 Case study - Brazil
12/38
8/8/2019 Case study - Brazil
13/38
Economy: in transition between modernizing heavy
industry and growing Business and Service
Sectors.
Poverty:
138 slums numbering roughly 120,500inhabitants - about 18.56% of the citypopulation
Increasing number of poor people living inshanty towns at the city periphery
8/8/2019 Case study - Brazil
14/38
SANTO ANDR MAIS IGUAL PROGRAMBest practices 2002 Gender and Citizenship Program
All together, at the same time and everywhere
Programme aimed at social inclusion of segments
of the population currently suffering social andeconomic exclusion
Covers 4 slums in the Municipality
Urban infrastructure, social and economicdimensions
8/8/2019 Case study - Brazil
15/38
8/8/2019 Case study - Brazil
16/38
All together at the sameplace and time
SANTO ANDR MORE EQUAL
US$ 15.200 000,00
Iniciative:Local Government
Matrix Mode foradministration
ImprovedCommunication Flow
Complex partnership
Flexible
333 professionalsinvolved
urbsocecon
Strong Participativepractice
Social InclusionCoordination
Funds: EU + BID +PGU-UN +Federal andState funds
Main features:
8/8/2019 Case study - Brazil
17/38
8/8/2019 Case study - Brazil
18/38
Case Study 2:Case Study 2:Teresina
CAPTION:
INTERVAL OF IMUP
- 0,00 0,50 LOW DOWN
- 0,51 0,75 - MIDDLE
- 0,76 1,00 -EXPECTED
Teresina
Capital of Piau, pooreststate of Brazil
751,000 inhabitants Economy; Commerce and
Services
8/8/2019 Case study - Brazil
19/38
VILA BAIRRO PROGRAMFrom shantytowns to neighbourhoods
155 Shanty towns in Teresina and 116,000inhabitants
Minimum standard for all inhabitants
Integrated multi-sector approach
Community participation
partnerships between city government and fewcivil society, organisations
8/8/2019 Case study - Brazil
20/38
Polyedric
Pavement
Water Supply
Electricity
Land regularization
Housing improvement
Popular Sanitary Units
Distribution of Water Filters
Planting trees
Environmental Education
Community Day-Care
CentersMulti-Functional SportsCourts
Health Units
Schools
Soccer Fields
Integral Attention toChildren and Adolescents
Community Vegetable
GardensCommunity LaundriesUrban Backyards ofProductionCommunity Centersof Training and Production
8/8/2019 Case study - Brazil
21/38
Monitoring system provides constant evaluation ofpoverty alleviation in the city.
Monitoring and evaluation
IPMU Index of minimum urbanizationpatterns for poor settlements
Evaluation of urban standards indicators:
streets pavement and urban service,housing conditions and sewage system.
IPMU low 0,00 0,50
IPMU regular 0,51 0,75
IPMU expected 0,76 1,00
8/8/2019 Case study - Brazil
22/38
Case Study 3: Belem
Capital of Par -gateway to the
Amazon and one of thepoorest states of Brazil
Population: 1,279,861
8/8/2019 Case study - Brazil
23/38
8/8/2019 Case study - Brazil
24/38
TUCUNDUBA OXBOW
PROGRAM100 Best Practices 2002
This program was conceived to promote: Sustainability (economic, cultural,
environmental);
Gender and social inclusion;
Leadership;
Community strengthening
8/8/2019 Case study - Brazil
25/38
Community Equipment
Nurseries Community Centre
Public Squares
Playgrounds Market places
Social Programs
Leadership formation
Clothes makers cooperative
Market trade cooperative
Wood trades cooperative
Peoples bank
Theatre groups
Environment Committees
Urban programs
Housing relocations
Housing improvements Basic hydraulic Unit
Infrastructure Water supply system
Drainage
Sewage primary andsecondary
8/8/2019 Case study - Brazil
26/38
TUCUNDUBA RIVER BAY PROJECT
US$ 3.200.000,00
Local Governmentiniciative
7.600 beneficiaries
Municipal ExecutiveUnit - UEM4 municipal secretaries
and metropolitan agency
social urban
urbanisation and housingflood control and sanitary
leadership formationcommunity organizationincome generationtrade organization
education
UASOperational Unit locatedin the area
12 professionals involved
UAS
Urban environmentalmanagement
Few partrneships but
strong communityinvolvement andparticipation
decision making inassemblies and formalagreement to projects
Funds:BID + Federal Bank+ State Funds
Main features:
8/8/2019 Case study - Brazil
27/38
8/8/2019 Case study - Brazil
28/38
8/8/2019 Case study - Brazil
29/38
8/8/2019 Case study - Brazil
30/38
Case Study 4: Recife
Capital of State of Pernambuco in theNortheast of Brazil
Population: 1,422,905
8/8/2019 Case study - Brazil
31/38
40% of the city inhabitants areconsidered poor, shantytowns are localized all over
the city mainly in hill areasand flood prone ones.
As many favelas are near
well-established, wealthyneighbourhoods theyconstantly faced removal
pressures.
8/8/2019 Case study - Brazil
32/38
PREZEIS Regularization Program of
ZEISZEIS - Zones of Special Social InterestSubmitted to Best Practices 2002
Being a program based on the communitiesorganisation it was basically oriented for citizensrights and the strengthening of communityorganisation and leadership formation.
There are 66 ZEIS instituted by law, whichoccupy 12% of total area of the Municipality
Beneficiaries: 298,000 inhabitants
8/8/2019 Case study - Brazil
33/38
Promote land tenure and urbanisation inpoor areas of the city
Protect poor areas in order to avoid land
speculation Implement tools and management
channels for dwellers participation
Implementation and improvement ofurban infrastructure
Co-ordinate urbanisation plans to define
use of land and urban parameters forinformal areas
THE PREZEIS - Zones of Special Social Interest
8/8/2019 Case study - Brazil
34/38
Iniciative:Social Movement headedby community organizationsand NGOs
Funds: Municipal BudgetUS$ 1.200.000,00per year
THE PREZEIS - Zones of Special Social Interest
COMUL
governmentalsphere
civilsociety
UrbanizationLand tenureEmployment andIncome generationEnvironmental actionsin risky areas
66 settlements and298.000 beneficiaries
A formal framework ofcommunity participation
FORUM PREZEIS
Partnerships of NGOsand local communities
Main features:Law enacted to secure landtenure in poor settlements
Prezeis law wasreplicated in several cities
8/8/2019 Case study - Brazil
35/38
Based on a formal framework for democraticparticipation of neighbourhood associations, NGOsthrough a Forum Zeis
Faces complex conflicts between partners
Leaders tend to professionalize their actions and toscatter resources in all the ZEIS with little impact onpoverty.
Few urbanization plans were implemented
The program was successful in promotingperceived security but no regularization of tenure
Over 17 years the program did not manage tocapture other investment.
Participation is key aspect but alone did notguarantee good governance
8/8/2019 Case study - Brazil
36/38
ConclusionsPoverty has many different faces as
well as solutionsParticipative practices empower andcan take various forms:
Direct Consultation
Leadership representationOperational involvement
8/8/2019 Case study - Brazil
37/38
Conclusions Partnerships often difficult to establish
Difficulties in co-ordination between different levelsof government
Partnerships strong at the local level but difficult
between local and state level. Partnerships of local and national agencies are
mainly for finace
Partnerships with NGOs happen more in statecapitals.
Local government culture creates difficulties in
establishing new partnerships with civil society
8/8/2019 Case study - Brazil
38/38
Localizing The Habitat Agendain Brazil: Recommendations
Habitat Agenda has an important role in thedissemination of the local experiences in povertyreduction that could be expanded.
It could provide a framework for better co-ordinationbetween different levels of government andbetween government and other Habitat AgendaPartners
A culture of partnership needs capacity building