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Cell Communication
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Cell Communication
Communication between cells requires:
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Cell Communication
Communication between cells requires:
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Cell Communication
Communication between cells requires:
ligand: the signaling molecule
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Cell Communication
Communication between cells requires:
ligand: the signaling molecule
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Cell Communication
Communication between cells requires:
ligand: the signaling molecule
receptor protein: the molecule to which the
receptor binds
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Cell Communication
Communication between cells requires:
ligand: the signaling molecule
receptor protein: the molecule to which thereceptor binds
-may be on the plasma membrane orwithin the cell
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Figure 15-1 Molecular Biology of the Cell( Garland Science 2008)
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Cell Communication
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Cell Communication
There are four basic mechanisms for cellularcommunication:
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Cell Communication
There are four basic mechanisms for cellularcommunication:
1. direct contact
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Cell Communication
There are four basic mechanisms for cellularcommunication:
1. direct contact
2. paracrine signaling
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Cell Communication
There are four basic mechanisms for cellularcommunication:
1. direct contact
2. paracrine signaling
3. endocrine signaling
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Cell Communication
There are four basic mechanisms for cellularcommunication:
1. direct contact
2. paracrine signaling
3. endocrine signaling
4. synaptic signaling
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Cell Communication
Direct contact molecules on the surfaceof one cell are recognized by receptors onthe adjacent cell
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Figure 15-4a Molecular Biology of the Cell( Garland Science 2008)
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Cell Communication
Paracrine signaling signal released froma cell has an effect on neighboring cells
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Cell Communication
Endocrine signaling hormones releasedfrom a cell affect other cells throughout thebody
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Cell Communication
Synaptic signaling nerve cells releasethe signal (neurotransmitter) which bindsto receptors on nearby cells
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Figure 15-4 Molecular Biology of the Cell( Garland Science 2008)
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Cell Communication
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Cell Communication
When a ligand binds to a receptor protein,the cell has a response.
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Cell Communication
When a ligand binds to a receptor protein,the cell has a response.
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Cell Communication
When a ligand binds to a receptor protein,the cell has a response.
signal transduction: the events within thecell that occur in response to a signal
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Cell Communication
When a ligand binds to a receptor protein,the cell has a response.
signal transduction: the events within thecell that occur in response to a signal
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Cell Communication
When a ligand binds to a receptor protein,the cell has a response.
signal transduction: the events within thecell that occur in response to a signal
Different cell types can respond differently tothe same signal.
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Figure 15-6 Molecular Biology of the Cell( Garland Science 2008)
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Figure 15-8 Molecular Biology of the Cell( Garland Science 2008)
Cells respond to specific combinations of extracellular signals
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iff f ll d diff l h
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Figure 15-9 Molecular Biology of the Cell( Garland Science 2008)
Different types of cells respond differently to the same
extracellular signal molecule
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Figure 15-9b Molecular Biology of the Cell( Garland Science 2008)
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Figure 15-9c Molecular Biology of the Cell( Garland Science 2008)
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Figure 15-9d Molecular Biology of the Cell( Garland Science 2008)
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Figure 15-10 Molecular Biology of the Cell( Garland Science 2008)
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Cell Communication
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Cell Communication
A cells response to a signal often involvesactivating or inactivating proteins.
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Cell Communication
A cells response to a signal often involvesactivating or inactivating proteins.
Phosphorylation is a common way to
change the activity of a protein.
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C ll C i i
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Cell Communication
A cells response to a signal often involvesactivating or inactivating proteins.
Phosphorylation is a common way to
change the activity of a protein.protein kinase an enzyme that adds a
phosphate to a protein
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C ll C i ti
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Cell Communication
A cells response to a signal often involvesactivating or inactivating proteins.
Phosphorylation is a common way to
change the activity of a protein.protein kinase an enzyme that adds a
phosphate to a protein
phosphatase an enzyme that removes aphosphate from a protein
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R t T
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Receptor Types
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R t T
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Receptor Types
Receptors can be defined by their location.
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R t T
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Receptor Types
Receptors can be defined by their location.
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Receptor Types
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Receptor Types
Receptors can be defined by their location.
intracellular receptor located within the
cell
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Receptor Types
Receptors can be defined by their location.
intracellular receptor located within the
cell
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Receptor Types
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Receptor Types
Receptors can be defined by their location.
intracellular receptor located within the
cell
cell surface receptoror membrane
receptor located on the plasmamembrane to bind a ligand outside the cell
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Intracellular Receptors
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Intracellular Receptors
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Intracellular Receptors
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Intracellular Receptors
steroid hormones
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Intracellular Receptors
steroid hormones
-have a nonpolar, lipid-soluble structure
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Intracellular Receptors
steroid hormones
-have a nonpolar, lipid-soluble structure
-can cross the plasma membrane to a
steroid receptor
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Intracellular Receptors
steroid hormones
-have a nonpolar, lipid-soluble structure
-can cross the plasma membrane to a
steroid receptor-usually affect regulation of gene expression
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Intracellular Receptors
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Intracellular Receptors
steroid hormones
-have a nonpolar, lipid-soluble structure
-can cross the plasma membrane to a
steroid receptor-usually affect regulation of gene expression
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Intracellular Receptors
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Intracellular Receptors
steroid hormones
-have a nonpolar, lipid-soluble structure
-can cross the plasma membrane to a
steroid receptor-usually affect regulation of gene expression
An inhibitor blocks the receptor from bindingto DNA until the hormone is present.
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Intracellular Receptors
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Intracellular Receptors
A steroid receptor has 3 functional domains:
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Intracellular Receptors
A steroid receptor has 3 functional domains:
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Intracellular Receptors
A steroid receptor has 3 functional domains:
1. hormone-binding domain
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Intracellular Receptors
A steroid receptor has 3 functional domains:
1. hormone-binding domain
2. DNA binding domain
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Intracellular Receptors
A steroid receptor has 3 functional domains:
1. hormone-binding domain
2. DNA binding domain
3. domain that interacts with coactivators toaffect gene expression
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Figure 15-15 Molecular Biology of the Cell( Garland Science 2008)
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Receptor Types
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p yp
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p yp
There are 3 subclasses of membranereceptors:
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p yp
There are 3 subclasses of membranereceptors:
1. channel linked receptors ion channel
that opens in response to a ligand
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p yp
There are 3 subclasses of membranereceptors:
1. channel linked receptors ion channel
that opens in response to a ligand2. enzymatic receptors receptor is anenzyme that is activated by the ligand
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p yp
There are 3 subclasses of membranereceptors:
1. channel linked receptors ion channel
that opens in response to a ligand2. enzymatic receptors receptor is anenzyme that is activated by the ligand
3. G protein-coupled receptor a G-
protein (bound to GTP) assists intransmitting the signal
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Receptor Kinases
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Receptor Kinases
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receptor tyrosine kinases
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Receptor Kinases
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receptor tyrosine kinases-membrane receptor
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receptor tyrosine kinases-membrane receptor
-when bound by a ligand, the receptor is
activated by dimerization andautophosphorylation
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receptor tyrosine kinases-membrane receptor
-when bound by a ligand, the receptor is
activated by dimerization andautophosphorylation
-activated receptor adds a phosphate to
tyrosine on a response protein
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receptor tyrosine kinases-membrane receptor
-when bound by a ligand, the receptor is
activated by dimerization andautophosphorylation
-activated receptor adds a phosphate to
tyrosine on a response protein-an example is the insulin receptor
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Receptor Kinases
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Receptor Kinases
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kinase cascade a series of proteinkinases that phosphorylate each other insuccession
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kinase cascade a series of proteinkinases that phosphorylate each other insuccession
-amplifies the signal because a few signalmolecules can elicit a large cell response
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Receptor Kinases
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kinase cascade a series of proteinkinases that phosphorylate each other insuccession
-amplifies the signal because a few signalmolecules can elicit a large cell response
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Receptor Kinases
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kinase cascade a series of proteinkinases that phosphorylate each other insuccession
-amplifies the signal because a few signalmolecules can elicit a large cell response
mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinasesare activated by kinase cascades
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G-Protein Coupled Receptors
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G-Protein Coupled Receptors
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G-protein protein bound to GTP
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G-protein protein bound to GTPG-protein-coupled receptor (GPCRs)
receptors bound to G proteins
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G-protein protein bound to GTPG-protein-coupled receptor (GPCRs)
receptors bound to G proteins
-G-protein is a switch turned on by thereceptor
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G-Protein Coupled Receptors
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Once activated, the effector proteinproduces a second messenger.
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Once activated, the effector proteinproduces a second messenger.
-second messenger generates the cellularresponse to the original signal
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Once activated, the effector proteinproduces a second messenger.
-second messenger generates the cellularresponse to the original signal
For example one common effector proteinis adenylyl cyclasewhich producescAMP as a second messenger.
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Once activated, the effector proteinproduces a second messenger.
-second messenger generates the cellularresponse to the original signal
For example one common effector proteinis adenylyl cyclasewhich producescAMP as a second messenger.
Other second messengers: inositolphosphates, calcium ions (Ca2+)
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Cell-to-Cell Interactions
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Cell-to-Cell Interactions
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Cells can identify each other by cell surfacemarkers.
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Cells can identify each other by cell surfacemarkers.
-glycolipids are commonly used as tissue-
specific markers
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Cells can identify each other by cell surfacemarkers.
-glycolipids are commonly used as tissue-
specific markers-major histocompatibility complex (MHC)proteins are used by cells to distinguishself from non-self
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Cell-to-Cell Interactions
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Cells within a tissue are connected to eachother by cell junctions
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Cells within a tissue are connected to eachother by cell junctions
1. tight junctions create sheets of cells
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Cells within a tissue are connected to eachother by cell junctions
1. tight junctions create sheets of cells
2. anchoring junctions connect thecytoskeletons of adjacent cells
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Cells within a tissue are connected to eachother by cell junctions
1. tight junctions create sheets of cells
2. anchoring junctions connect thecytoskeletons of adjacent cells
3. communicating junctions permit smallmolecules to pass between cells
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Cells within a tissue are connected to eachother by cell junctions
1. tight junctions create sheets of cells
2. anchoring junctions connect thecytoskeletons of adjacent cells
3. communicating junctions permit smallmolecules to pass between cells
a. gap junctions in animal cells
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Cells within a tissue are connected to eachother by cell junctions
1. tight junctions create sheets of cells
2. anchoring junctions connect thecytoskeletons of adjacent cells
3. communicating junctions permit smallmolecules to pass between cells
a. gap junctions in animal cells
b. plasmodesmata in plant cells
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Figure 15-7 Molecular Biology of the Cell( Garland Science 2008)
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