Post on 29-Dec-2015
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CellsCells
The Basic Unit of LifeThe Basic Unit of Life
Cytology:
The Study of Cells
TermsTerms• Cell – the basic unit of life; all living things
are made of cells• Cell wall – firm structure outside of plant
cells made of cellulose that support the cell• Chlorophyll – green pigment that traps light
energy used for photosynthesis• Chloroplast – organelle in plant cells where
photosynthesis takes place
• CiliaCilia – short, hair-like structures some cells have for movement
• Compound light microscopeCompound light microscope – instrument that magnifies an object by using light and lenses
• CytoplasmCytoplasm – cell’s ‘fluid’
• Electron microscopeElectron microscope – instrument that uses magnets and electrons to magnify very small objects
• EukaryoteEukaryote – a cell with a nucleus
• FlagellaFlagella – a whip-like ‘tail’ some cells have for movement
• GolgiGolgi – membrane sacs that receive and repackage proteins
• MitochondriaMitochondria – organelle that produces energy for the cell by breaking down glucose (sugar)
• MulticellularMulticellular – an organism made of many cell that are specialized
• NucleusNucleus – organelle that contains the genetic code (DNA)
• OrganOrgan – a group of tissues that function together• OrganelleOrganelle – a structure found in eukaryotic cells
that performs a specific function; surrounded by a membrane
• Organ systemOrgan system – a group of organs that function together
• Plasma membranePlasma membrane – the boundary between the cell and it’s environment; controls what gets in or out
• ProkaryoteProkaryote – a cell without a nucleus
• RibosomeRibosome – an organelle that produces proteins for the cell
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum – produces proteins for the cell
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum – produces lipids for the cell
• TissueTissue – a group of cells that function together
• UnicellularUnicellular – a cell composed of only one cell; Paramecium, amoeba
• VacuoleVacuole – sac-like organelle that stores water, food or poisons
ACOS - 4ACOS - 4
• Describe the similarities and differences of cell organelles using diagrams and tables including-
– cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, ribosome, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, vacuole, chloroplast, and mitochondria
ACOS - 4ACOS - 4
• Classify organisms as prokaryotic or eukaryotic
• Identify and define similarities and differences between the 5 kingdom and 6 kingdom classification systems
ACOS – 5
• Identify cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, and ecosystems as levels of organization in the biosphere
– Recognize that cells differentiate to perform specific functions• Ex. Ciliated cells produce movement, nerve
cells conduct electrical charges
ACOS - 2• Describe cell processes necessary for
achieving homeostasis, including active and passive transport, osmosis, diffusion, exocytosis, endocytosis
– Identify functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
– Compare reactions of plant and animal cells in isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions
ACOS - 2
– Explain how surface area, cell size, temperature, light and pH affect cell activities
– Apply the concept of fluid pressure to biological systems• Blood pressure, turgor pressure, bonds,
strokes
Cell TheoryCell Theory• Most important tool to cytology:Most important tool to cytology:
Microscopes ACOS 1Microscopes ACOS 1
• Light microscope - uses lenses to magnify lightlight through the object
• Electron microscope - uses magnets to focus a beam of electrons through the object
Types of MicroscopesTypes of Microscopes
• Light:• Uses light and lenses• Only magnifies 1500 x• Live
• ElectronElectron • Uses magnets and
electrons to magnify• Magnifies 1,000,000 x• Not alive
Cell Theory ACOS - 4Cell Theory ACOS - 4
• 1665: Robert Hooke: looked at cork
• Called little spaces ‘cells’
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek, 1678; Looked at pond water, teeth scumSaw one-celled ‘animicules’ (bacteria)
Cell Theory ACOS – 4
• Schleiden – botanist– ‘plants are made of cells’
Cell Theory ACOS – 4• Schwann – zoologist/physician
– ‘animals are made of cells’
Cell Theory ACOS – 4• Virchow – physician
– ‘cells come from other cells’– ‘cells cause disease’
Main Parts of a Eukaryotic Cell:Main Parts of a Eukaryotic Cell:
1. Cell membrane (plasma membrane)
2. Cytoplasm and organelles
3. Nucleus
Cell MembraneCell Membrane• Controls (regulates) what enters and exits
the cells
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm and Organelles
• Cytoplasm = ‘ cell’s fluid’; mostly water
OrganellesOrganelles
Ribosomes = manufacture proteins
OrganellesOrganelles
• Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
• Rough ER• Folded membrane that forms a
network of tubes and compartments + ribosomes to make proteins
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Endoplasmic reticulum that does not have ribosomes
• Manufactures
– Lipids,
– Steroid hormones
OrganellesOrganelles
Golgi body - Golgi body - membrane sacs that store and repackage proteins
• Some proteins are ‘shipped out’ of the cell for use by other cells
– Hormones; insulin
Quiz: Cells 1
Which device would be used to observe ribosomes?
– Magnifying lens; light microscope, electron microscope, petri dish
Which device would be used to transfer small amounts of liquids?
- Petri dish, pipette, beaker, graduated cylinder, flask
Which device would be best to measure mass?
balance; graduated cylinder, flask, pipette
Which structure manufactures proteins for the cell?
smooth ER; rough ER; cell membrane; cytoplasm
Which structure transports proteins around the cell?
ribosomes; smooth ER; cytoplasm; rough ER
OrganellesOrganelles
Vacuoles - sacs that temporarily store:
– Food
– Water
– Poisons (plants)
Energy Organelles:
1. Mitochondria
• Cellular respiration - sugar (glucose) is broken down to release energy
• Might = energy
• Mighty mitochondria
Energy Organelles:
2. Chloroplasts
• Contain chlorophyll
• Photosynthesis
Chloroplasts:
• Capture the sun’s energy and use it to:
• Photosynthesis -
• Change carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) into glucose (food)
Cytoplasmic streaming
CO2
Photosynthesis
H2O
Nucleus
• Nucleus: membrane-bound organelle towards the center of the cell
1. Enclosed by a membrane (membrane bound)
2. DNA = determines inherited traits
Movement OrganellesMovement Organelles• Cilia – hair-like projections on the
outside of some cells for movement
– Short
– ‘oars’
– Paramecium
– Lungs
Cilia
Paramecium
Paramecium Stentor
Vorticella
Movement Organelles
• Flagella
• Whip like ‘tail’
• One or only a few
• Movement
EuglenaEuglena
Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
• ProkaryoticProkaryotic• No nucleus
• No organelles
• Bacteria
• EukaryoticEukaryotic• Nucleus
• Organelles
• All other organisms
Bacteria = ProkaryotesBacteria = Prokaryotes
EukaryoteEukaryote
ACOS – 5
• Hierarchy of life – life becomes increasingly complex
Cells
Organs
Tissues
Organ Systems
Populations
Organisms
Communities
Hierarchy of organization
Ecosystems
Cell
Tissue
Organ Organ System
Organism
Plant Cells
• Cell Walls = outside covering
• Cellulose • Strength
• Support
• ‘Square’ shape
Plant CellsPlant Cells
• Chloroplasts = contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis
• Capture sun’s energy
Plant CellsPlant Cells• Large water vacuoles = storage of water
• ‘Water balloons’
• Keeps plants cells ‘full’
Animal Cells:
• Membranes
• Ribosomes
• ER
• Vacuoles
• Golgi• Mitochondria
• Nucleus
• Cilia (some)
• Flagella (some)
Plant CellsPlant Cells
• Cell Membrane
• Ribosomes
• ER
• Vacuoles
• Golgi
• Mitochondria
• Nucleus
• Cell WallCell Wall
• ChloroplastsChloroplasts
• Large water Large water vacuolesvacuoles
• No cilia, flagella
• Animals:– Membrane– Ribosomes– ER– Vacuoles– Golgi– Mitochondria
– Nucleus
• Plants:Plants:– MembraneMembrane– RibosomesRibosomes– ERER– VacuolesVacuoles– GolgiGolgi– MitochondriaMitochondria– NucleusNucleus– Cell wallCell wall– Water vacuoleWater vacuole– ChloroplastsChloroplasts
Cell Energy
Respiration
Photosynthesis
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
• Photosynthesis – process of combining carbon dioxide and water by capturing the energy from light
• Light energy is stored in the bonds of carbon and hydrogen in the glucose
Photosynthesis
6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Carbon dioxide
Water Glucose Oxygen
Photosynthesis
6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Carbon dioxide
Water Glucose Oxygen
Reactants Products
Photosynthesis
• What happens to the glucose?
• Used immediately by the plant for energy
– Growth, reproduction (fruits)
• Leftover glucose is stored by the plant as starch (roots, stems, leaves)
• Animals eat the plants (and the glucose and starch); food chain
Food Chains• Energy flows from the:
• Light, to the…
• Plants, to the…
• Herbivores, to the …
• Carnivores, to the …
• Scavengers.
• Carbon dioxide returns to the air, back into the plants
Respiration
• Process of producing energy
– Combine oxygen with glucose
• Cells use the energy for:
– Movement
– Mitosis
– Active transport of substances out of the cell
– Making proteins and DNA
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
Reactants Products
Glucose Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water
Plants and Algae
Photosynthesis
C6H12O6 + 6O2
Respiration
6CO2 + 6H2O
Animals and Fungi
Aquatic Food Chains