Post on 12-Aug-2020
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Ch. 1 Human Body: An Orientation
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Enduring Understanding:
The Human body is composed of complex organ systems that interact with each other.
Essential Question:
What basic knowledge is needed to study the human body?
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What is anatomy?
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Anatomy is the study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationship to one another.
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What is physiology?
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Physiology is the study of how the body and its parts work or function.
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Body has structural levels
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Organ system overview
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Integumentary System
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Function:• external covering protection• waterproofs body• secretes salt and urea• regulates body temperature• receptors located here
paintemperaturepressure
• synthesizes Vitamin D
structures:epidermis, dermis, sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands, hair
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Skeletal System
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Structures: bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints
Function:• protection and support• framework for muscles• stores minerals• blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
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Muscular System
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://content.answers.com/main/content/img/oxford/Oxford_Food_Fitness/0198631472.muscle.3.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.answers.com/topic/muscle&h=786&w=525& sz=64&tbnid=WCs 6GgZWb4J::& tbnh=143&tbnw=96&prev=/images% 3Fq%3Dmuscle %2Bimages &sa=X&oi=image_result& resnum =2&ct=image& cd=1
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structures: muscles, tendons
function:• locomotion (internal, external)• maintains posture• produces heat• facial expression
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Nervous System
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Structures: brain, spinal cord, nerves
Function:• control system of body
receives stimuliinterprets stimuliresponds to internal and external changes by activating muscles and glands
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Endocrine System
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Structures:pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenals, pancreas, liver, pineal, ovaries, testes
Function:• secrete hormones• controls body activities (growth, reproduction,
metabolism)
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Cardiovascular System
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Structures: heart, arteries, veins, capillaries
Function:• pumps blood• Transports substances
oxygencarbon dioxidehormonesnutrientswastes
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Lymphatic system
http://pleiad.umdnj.edu/~ dweiss/normal_node/ nl_node_image.html
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Structures: lymph nodes, spleen, Peyer's patches, tonsils
Function:• picks up leaked fluid from blood vessels and
returns it to blood• gets rid of debris• house white blood cells
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Respiratory System
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Structures: nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli
Function:• supplies blood with oxygen• rids body of carbon dioxide
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Digestive System
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Structures: oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
Function:• break food down• absorbs nutrients• removes water• excretes waste
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Urinary System
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Structures: kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
Function:• gets rid of liquid (nitrogenous)waste• regulates water balance• regulates electrolytes• maintains acidbase of blood
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Reproductive System
http://www.stayinginshape.com/3chsbuffalo/libv/c03.shtmlhttp://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit12_2_repdt_male1_testes.html
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Structures: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, testes, vas deferens, epididymus, penis
Function:• produce offspring
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What does the human body do?
• maintains boundaries• moves• responds to environmental changes• takes in and digests nutrients• carries out metabolism• disposes wastes (Excretion)• reproduce • grow
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What are our survival needs?
• nutrients• water• oxygen• body temperature• atmospheric pressure
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Homeostasis
Ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside word is changing
homeo = same, stasis = standing still
internal conditions change and vary, but within narrow limits
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Two types of mechanisms of homeostasis:1. negative feedback mechanism:
net effect of response is to shut off the original stimulus or reduce the intensity
Ex. body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, blood levels of glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide,
minerals
2. positive feedback mechanism:net effect increases the original stimulus and pushes the variable
farther from the original value
Ex. blood clotting, labor
homeostatic imbalance causes illness, disease or death
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Language of Anatomy
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Anatomical position: body is erect with feet parallel and arms hanging down by sides with palms facing forward
www.physionet.com
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Directional Terms
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Superior Inferiorcranial or cephalad caudal
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Anteriorventral
Posteriordorsal
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Medial
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Lateral
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Intermediate
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Proximal close to the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk or close to origin of the body part
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Distal farther from the origin of the body or away from trunk on a limb
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Deeptowards the inside of the body
Ex. The brain is deep to the skull.
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Superficial towards the outside of the body from inside
Ex. The skull is superficial to the brain.
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Regional Terms
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Name the region
A
B
CD
E
F
G
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Body Planes and Sections
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Section = cutPlane = imaginary line where sections are made
http://www.freethoughtforum.com/images/anatomy/bodyplanes.jpg
Sagittal section = cut made longitudinal dividing body into right and left parts
midsagittal = cut made so halves are equal
Frontal (coronal) section = cut made lengthwise dividing body into anterior and posterior parts
Transverse section =cut made dividing body into top and bottom parts
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Which plane is represented by the letter "A"?
Which plane is represented by the letter "B"?
Cynthia Herbrandson, 1999, Kellogg Community College
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Body Cavities
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Dorsal Body Cavity:1. Cranial cavity space inside skull2. Spinal cavity space where spinal cord is located, extends
from cranial cavity to the end of the vertebral column
Ventral Body Cavity:1. Thoracic cavity holds heart and lungs2. Abdominopelvic cavity
a. abdominal cavity contains stomach, liver, intestines and other organs
b. pelvic cavity contains reproductive organs, bladder, rectum
diaphragm = muscle that divides the ventral cavity. located between the thoracic and adominalpelvic cavities
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Quadrants of abdominal cavity
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Abdominal regions
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What abdominal region are the following in?
A
B
C
D
E
F
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