CH 4: CELLS AND DNACH 4: CELLS AND DNA

PLANT CELLSPLANT CELLS

a. cell membraneb. rough endoplasmic reticulumc. smooth ERd. nucleuse. vesiclesf. ribosomeg. lysosomeh. mitochondrioni. Golgi bodiesj. cytoplasmk. Chromatin (DNA) l. flagellum

A. cell membrane

B. RER

C. SER

D. Nucleus

E. Vesicles

F. Ribosomes

G. N/A

H. Mitochondrion

I. Golgi Bodies

J. Cytoplasm

K. Chromatin (indistinguishable!)

L. n/a

M. Nucleolus

N. Vacuole

O. Cell wall

p. Chloroplast

Complete the Complete the structure/function table!structure/function table!

Contents Contents of the of the

NucleusNucleus

Nice animation review of cell structures:Nice animation review of cell structures: http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=2KQbVr9kFO0&feature=relatedv=2KQbVr9kFO0&feature=related

DNA DNA vocabvocab

Deoxyribonucleic Deoxyribonucleic acidacid

ChromosomesChromosomes ChromatinChromatin GenesGenes GenomeGenome

Nucleotides – label and color-Nucleotides – label and color-codecode

COLOR CODE COLOR CODE THE THE

NITROGENOUS BASES NITROGENOUS BASES OF THE OF THE NUCLEOTIDESNUCLEOTIDES

STRING THE NUCLEOTIDES STRING THE NUCLEOTIDES TOGETHERTOGETHER

SHOULD LOOK A BIT LIKE A STEP SHOULD LOOK A BIT LIKE A STEP LADDER – ONE SIDE OF THE LADDER LADDER – ONE SIDE OF THE LADDER WILL HAVE THE WORDS UPSIDE WILL HAVE THE WORDS UPSIDE DOWN! DOWN!

DNA StructureDNA Structure

What is the What is the structure called? structure called?

Building blocks of DNABuilding blocks of DNA What are the building blocks of DNA? What are the building blocks of DNA? What are the building blocks made of? (3 What are the building blocks made of? (3

parts) parts)

How do they fit How do they fit together? together?

What is the What is the significance of the significance of the order of the order of the nitrogenous bases? nitrogenous bases?

Try Try ““replicatingreplicating”” this single this single strand of DNAstrand of DNA

DNA --> DNA --> ChromosomesChromosomes

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E8NHcQesYl8&mode=related&search=

Human seHuman sett of of ChromosomeChromosome

ssFruit fly Chromosomes Fruit fly Chromosomes

- only 8!- only 8!

-What are chromosomes?

-What do they store?

-How many do we have?

-Where did they come from?

-What is a GENOME?

Genes Genes -WHAT are they?

-WHERE are they?

-How many genes do we have?

-WHY are we storing the information for ENZYMES???

Genetics 101 part 1: What are Genes? (you tube)

Genetic Genetic Material: Material: DNA vs DNA vs RNA - RNA -

compare compare and and

contrastcontrast..

EnzymesEnzymes

WHAT are they?WHAT are they? What do they do? What do they do? Why do our DNA molecules store the Why do our DNA molecules store the

instructions to make them? instructions to make them?

Genes code for Genes code for Proteins? How Proteins? How does it work?does it work?

What are the What are the building blocks building blocks of Proteins?of Proteins?

Protein SynthesisProtein Synthesis

Step 1: Step 1:

From DNA to Protein - you tube

Step 2: Step 2: ““TranscriptionTranscription

TranscriptionTranscription http://henge.bio.miami.edu/mallery/http://henge.bio.miami.edu/mallery/

movies/transcription.movmovies/transcription.mov Video on protein synthesisVideo on protein synthesis

Try Try Transcribing Transcribing this piece of this piece of

DNA into DNA into mRNAmRNA

Step 3: Step 3:

Why doesnWhy doesn’’t t the mRNA just the mRNA just stay inside the stay inside the nucleus?nucleus?

Step 4: Step 4: TranslationTranslation

The Code: The Code:

How do How do you follow you follow the mRNA the mRNA code?code?

Video on Protein Video on Protein Synthesis (includes Synthesis (includes tRNA) tRNA)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJxobgkPEAo&mode=related&search=

Try Try ““DECODINGDECODING”” this piece of this piece of DNA CodeDNA Code

DNADNA TT AA CC GG GG AA CC AA GG TT AA AA AA TT TT

mRNAmRNA

Amino Amino acidsacids

DNADNA TT AA CC GG GG AA CC AA GG TT AA AA AA TT TT

mRNAmRNA AA UU GG CC CC UU GG UU CC AA UU UU UU AA AA

Amino Amino acidsacids

Methi-Methi-onineonine

prolineproline valinevaline isoleuciisoleucinene

stopstop

Step 5: Step 5: Where does the Where does the

protein go from protein go from here? here?

How does it get How does it get there?there?

Step 6: Step 6:

What are the What are the names of the names of the containers that containers that come off of the come off of the ER? ER?

Where do they Where do they go? go?

Step 7: Step 7:

What happens here?What happens here?

Step 8: Step 8: Where does it go Where does it go from the Golgi from the Golgi body? body?

(this is (this is ““kinesiskinesis”” the motor protein the motor protein that moves that moves organelles and organelles and vesicles around vesicles around the cell on the the cell on the microfibres of the microfibres of the cytoskeleton!)cytoskeleton!)

Step 9: Exiting the CellStep 9: Exiting the Cell

Great video on a Great video on a cellcell’’s life functions:s life functions:

http://www.studiodaily.com/main/searchlist/6850.html

Here is the Here is the explanation of what is explanation of what is happening:happening:

http://sparkleberrysprings.com/innerlifeofcell.html

Protein ProductionProtein Production

One Gene = One Protein?One Gene = One Protein?

Human genome = Human genome = approximately 25,000 approximately 25,000 genesgenes

Number of proteins Number of proteins humans make is humans make is approximately 90,000. approximately 90,000.

NOT SURE HOW THIS NOT SURE HOW THIS CAN BE!CAN BE!

Gene MutationGene Mutation

Deletion Deletion AdditionAddition SubstitutionSubstitution PositivePositive NeutralNeutral NegativeNegative MutagensMutagens

GENE THERAPY!GENE THERAPY!