CH 5010: History of Christianity Dr. Scott Manetsch.

transcript

CH 5010:History of Christianity

Dr. Scott Manetsch

I. IntroductionA. History and Christianity

I.B. Why Study Church History?

1. All History is God’s History

1. All History is God’s History2. Historical Memory is a Gift of

God3. History Deepens our

Understanding of Christianity

God3. History Deepens our

Understanding of Christianity4. Historical Study Inspires ...

and Warns Us

I.C. What are Historians Interested

Change – Context – Causality –

Contingency – Complexity

II. The Birth of the Christian ChurchA. Context: Classical World

1. Hellenization: Alexander the Great

(336 - 323 BC)Antigonus (Macedonia);

Ptolemy (Egypt); Seleucus (Syria & Mesopotamia)

2. Roman Ascendance: Caesar Augustus- Third Punic War: 149-

146 BC- Caesar Augustus (from

27 BC): Imperator; Princeps Civitatis; Pontifex Maximus

II.B. Factors Advantageous to Rise of Christianity

1. Political Factors: Pax Romana

1. Political Factors: Pax Romana2. Communication Factors

II. B. Factors Advantageous to Rise of Christianity

1. Political Factors: Pax Romana2. Communication Factors3. Linguistic Factors

1. Political Factors: Pax Romana2. Communication Factors3. Linguistic Factors4. The Jewish Diaspora

1. Political Factors: Pax Romana2. Communication Factors3. Linguistic Factors4. The Jewish Diaspora5. Spiritual Hunger?

II.C. The Beginnings of the New Testament Church

1. Acts of the Apostles

1. Acts of the Apostles2. Council of Jerusalem (AD 49)

1. Acts of the Apostles2. Council of Jerusalem (AD 49)3. Evangelizing the World

a. Paul’s Missionary Strategy

b. The Forgotten Missionary Legacy

c. Word of Mouth!

II.D. Christianity’s Appeal

1. Compelling Message

1. Compelling Message2. Christian Heroism

1. Compelling Message2. Christian Heroism3. Removal of Social Barriers

1. Compelling Message2. Christian Heroism3. Removal of Social Barriers4. Moral Example of Christians

1. Compelling Message2. Christian Heroism3. Removal of Social Barriers4. Moral Example of Christians5. Transformed Christian

Communities

III. Apostolic Fathers

Bart Ehrman, ed. The New Testament and Other Early Christian Writings (Oxford, 1998)

W. H. C. Frend, The Rise of Christianity (Fortress, 1984)Ivor Davidson, The Birth of the Church (Baker, 2004)Robert Wilken, The First Thousand Years (Yale, 2012)

III. Apostolic FathersA. Introduction: Who were the Apostolic Fathers?

III. Apostolic FathersA. Introduction: Who were the Apostolic Fathers?B. Clement of Rome (bishop c. 90-95)

III. Apostolic FathersA. Introduction: Who were the Apostolic Fathers?B. Clement of Rome (bishop c. 90-95)C. Ignatius of Antioch (died c. 117)

III. Apostolic FathersA. Introduction: Who were the Apostolic Fathers?B. Clement of Rome (bishop c. 90-95)C. Ignatius of Antioch (died c. 117)D. Polycarp of Smyrna (died c. 165)

III. Apostolic FathersA. Introduction: Who were the Apostolic Fathers?B. Clement of Rome (bishop c. 90-95)C. Ignatius of Antioch (died c. 117)D. Polycarp of Smyrna (died c. 165)E. The Didache (c. 110)

IV. Christianity Under the Cross: The External ThreatA. Introduction: “The blood of the martyrs is the seed of the Church.” (Tertullian)

IV. Christianity Under the Cross: The External ThreatA. Introduction: “The blood of the martyrs is the seed of the Church.” (Tertullian)B. The Jews as Persecutors

IV. C. The Emperors as Persecutors

1. Persecution of Nero (AD 64)

1. Persecution of Nero (AD 64)2. Persecution of Domitian (AD

95)3. Persecution of Marcus Aurelius

(161-180)

95)3. Persecution of Marcus Aurelius

(161-180)4. Dangerous Precedents:

Septimus Severus (193-211) and Imperial Edict of 202.

IV.D. Reasons for Persecution

1. Christians seen as enemies of civic religion.

2. Christians seen as enemies of Roman state.

3. Christians seen as anti-social.

3. Christians seen as anti-social.4. Christians become scapegoats.

E. Formulating Imperial Policy: Pliny-Trajan Correspondence

V. Christianity and Heresy: The Internal ThreatA. The Nature of Gnosticism

1. Problems of Definition

1. Problems of Definition Definition: “A mind-body

dualism that affirmed the inherent evil of the created material world (often ascribed to evil

Jewish god), affirming instead the value of the non-material mind or soul that could merge with God through a secret path of knowledge.”

2. Origins of Gnosticism

2. Origins of Gnosticism3. General Principles of

Gnosticism

V.B. Different “Schools” of Gnosticism: E.g. MarcionC. Reasons for Success of GnosticismD. General Principles of Gnosticism

VI.Christian ApologistsA. Justin Martyr (c. 100-165)

- Dialogue with Trypho - Apology (153)

VI.B. Irenaeus of Lyons (c. 150-200)

- Demonstration of the Apostolic Preaching (early 190s)

- Against All Heresies

- Against All Heresies1. Defense of Christian

Scriptures

Scriptures2. Defense of Christian Tradition.

Tradition: traditional way of interpreting Scripture within the community of faith.

3. The Rule of Faith (regula fidei)

4. Doctrine of Christ

VI.C. The Alexandrian School: Clement and Origen

1. Clement of Alexandria (c. 155-220)

Stromateis (Miscellanies; c. 200)

Paedogogos (Tutor)

2. Origen (c. 185 - 253)a. Biblical Studies:

Hexapala

Hexapalab. Hermeneutics: Literal,

Moral, Spiritual Sense

Moral, Spiritual Sensec. Theology: De Principiis

(pre 231)

(pre 231)d. Apologetics: Against

Celsus (c. 246)

(pre 231)d. Apologetics: Against

Celsus (c. 246)e. Problems with Platonism

VI.D. Tertullian (c. 160-225)

1. Philosophy vs. Revelation: “What has Athens to do with Jerusalem?”

2. Christian Asceticism & Canonical Penance

3. Rejection of Infant Baptism: De Baptismo (c. 200)

4. Christology: Against Praxeas (213)

5. Montanisma. Who was Montanus?b. Aspects of

Montanists’ Teaching

VII. The Canon of the New TestamentA. Apostolic Writings as Scriptures

1. Scriptural Evidence

1. Scriptural Evidence2. Apostolic Fathers

1. Scriptural Evidence2. Apostolic Fathers3. Apologists

VII. B. Recognition of the New Testament Canon

1. Factors Promoting Formation of Canon

2. Muratorian Canon (c. 200?)

2. Muratorian Canon (c. 200?)3. Origen (early 3rd century)

VII.B.

4. Eusebius of Caesaria, Ecclesiastical History

- Universally acknowledged books

- Debated books- Spurious books- Heretical books

VII.B.

4. Eusebius of Caesaria, Ecclesiastical History

- Universally acknowledged books

- Debated books- Spurious books- Heretical books

5. Definitive Recognition: Athanasius’ Easter Letter (367) in East. Synods of Hippo (393) and Carthage (397) in the West.

VII.C. Three Observations

VIII. The Era of ConstantineA. Final Struggles:

Decius (249-251) Valerian (253-260)Diocletian (284-305) Maximin (311-312)

“Death by Wild Beasts in the Ampitheatre,” from a mosaic found in a villa near Leptis Magna, North Africa

VIII. B. Constantine’s Conquest

1. Battle of Milvian Bridge (312)

1. Battle of Milvian Bridge (312)2. Edict of Milan (313)

C. Constantine’s Religious Policy

C. Constantine’s Religious PolicyD. Constantine’s Legacy: Positives and

Negatives

IX. The Great Age of Councils and Creeds.A. Introduction: Major Questions

- Is the Son co-essential with the Father? homoousion, homoiousion, heteroousion

- Is the Son co-eternal with the Father? - Is the Son essentially subordinate to

the Father?

- In what manner is the Son distinct from the Father?

The Trinity: Seven Statements(1)There is only one God.(2) The Father is God.(3) The Son is God.(4) The Holy Spirit is God.(5) The Father is not the Son.(6) The Son is not the Holy Spirit.(7) The Holy Spirit is not the Father.

IX.B. Early “Trinitarian” Formulations

1. The Rule of Faith: Apostolic Fathers

IX.B. Early “Trinitarian” Formulations

1. The Rule of Faith: Apostolic Fathers

2. Hippolytus’ Apostolic Tradition (c. 200)

IX.C. Ante-Nicene Fathers

1. Logos Theories: e.g. Irenaeus2. Beyond Orthodoxy:

Adoptionism and Sabellianism (both forms of

Monarchianism)3. Origen4. Tertullian, Against Praxeas

(213). Substantia, Persona, Trinitas

IX.D. The Arian Controversy: Arius vs. Alexander

IX.D. The Arian Controversy: Arius vs. AlexanderE. The Council of Nicaea (325)

1. Factions present: Alexandrian Party; Arians; Majority Party (“semi-Arians”)

IX.D. The Arian Controversy: Arius vs. AlexanderE. The Council of Nicaea (325)

1. Factions present: Alexandrian Party; Arians; Majority Party (“semi-Arians”)

2. Conclusion of Nicaea: The Creed of Nicaea

IX.F. Athanasius Against the World

IX.F. Athanasius Against the WorldG. Council of Constantinople (381) & the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed

IX.H. The Council of Chalcedon (451)

1. Background

1. Background2. Unorthodox “Stumblings”:

- Apollinarianism

- Apollinarianism- Nestorianism

- Apollinarianism- Nestorianism- Eutychianism

3. The “Definition of Chalcedon”4. Dissent: The Coptic Church

X. Augustine (354-430) and his LegacyPeter Brown, Augustine of Hippo (rev. ed. 1984)Allan Fitzgerald, Augustine through the Centuries (1999)

X. Augustine (354-430) and his LegacyA. Survey of the Augustine’s Life

1. The Struggles of Youth

1. The Struggles of Youth2. Augustine’s Conversion (386)

1. The Struggles of Youth2. Augustine’s Conversion (386)3. Augustine the Churchman

X.B. Augustine’s View of History

1. Historical context: two important dates:

- AD 391 B Paganism outlawed- AD 410 B Alaric sacks Rome

2. The City of God (c. 413-27)

X.C. The Pelagian Controversy & the Nature of Grace

1. The Pelagian protest

1. The Pelagian protest2. Augustine’s response

a. Original sinb. incurvata in terramc. The power of graced. Importance of faithe. The Christian life

1. The Pelagian protest2. Augustine’s response

a. Original sinb. incurvata in terramc. The power of grace

3. The aftermath: the Synod of Orange (529)

X.D. Dark Shadows of Augustine’s Legacy

1. “Compel them to come in”

1. “Compel them to come in” 2. View of Women and Sexuality

1. “Compel them to come in” 2. View of Women and Sexuality3. View of the Jews: The

Argumentum Augustinianum

XI.Christian MonasticismA. IntroductionB. The Ascetic Life: Definitions and (Possible)

Motivations1. Types of Asceticism:

Anchoretism, Cenobitsm2. Possible Motivations

XI.C. The Benedictine Way

1. Benedict of Nursia (480-c. 550)

2. Characteristics of Benedictine Monasticism

- Three-fold vow

- Three-fold vow- Monastery as a garrison of

soldiers

soldiers- ora et labora

soldiers- ora et labora- via securior

soldiers- ora et labora- via securior- stabilitas loci

3. Women in the Benedictine Movement

4. “Paradise Lost?”: The Trials of the

Benedictine Way

XI.D. Irish Monasticism and Christianity

1. Saint Patrick (389-c. 461)

XI.D. Irish Monasticism and Christianity

1. Saint Patrick (389-c. 461)2. Distictives of Irish Christianity

XI.E. Breaking out of the Monastery Walls: Mendicant Orders

Franciscans: Founded by St. Francis in 1209

Dominicans: Founded by St. Dominic in 1216

XII. The Growth of Roman PrimacyA. Definitions

- Pope/Pontiff- Apostolic Succession- Collegio-Episcopacy- Mono-Episcopacy- Roman Primacy / Papal Monarchy

XII.B. The Emergence of Episcopal Government

1. New Testament Practice: elders = bishops (see Acts 20:17, 28; Titus 1:5, 7)

2. Bishops - elders - deacons

2. Bishops - elders - deaconsC. The Special Status of Rome

2. Bishops - elders - deaconsC. The Special Status of RomeD. Catholic Understanding of Roman Primacy

XII.E. Papal Authority in Early Centuries: Some

(Admittedly) Protestant Reflections1. Early Church

(Admittedly) Protestant Reflections1. Early Church2. Use of Matthew 16:18

(Admittedly) Protestant Reflections1. Early Church2. Use of Matthew 16:183. Special Honor but not

Supreme Authority

XII.F. Emergence of Roman Primacy (in the West)

1. Conciliar Decisions: Councils of Sardica (343), Constantinople (381), Chalcedon (451)

2. The Donation of Constantine (c. 700)

3. The New Breed of Pope: Leo the Great (440-461): primum omnium episcoporum, plenitudo potestatis, solicitudo omnium pastorum, communis cura universalis ecclesiae

XII.G. The “Birth” of Medieval Papacy: Gregory the Great (590-604)

1. Background

1. Background2. Gregory’s Chief Works

- Dialogues on the Life ... of the Saints

- Moralia- Book of Pastoral Care

1. Background2. Gregory’s Chief Works

- Dialogues on the Life ... of the Saints

- Moralia- Book of Pastoral Care

3. Gregory on Roman Primacy

XII.H. Papal Revolution of the High Middle Ages

1. Leo IX’s strategic reforms (1048-54)

2. Gregory VII’s Vaunted Claims:Dictatus Papae (1075)

3. Innocent III and Lateran IV (1215)

a. Papal Authority in theory and practice.

Sicut universitatis conditor (1198)

3. Innocent III and Lateran IV (1215)

a. Papal Authority in theory and practice.

Sicut universitatis conditor (1198)

b. Fourth Lateran Council (1215)

*** A Brief Excursus: Sacrament of Penance

1. Contrio Cordis2. Confessio Oris

- Absolution Granted -

3. Satisfactio Operis

XIII. The Christian World DividedJ. M. Hussey, The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire (1986)John Meyendorf, Byzantine Theology (1974)Daniel Clendenin, Eastern Orthodox Christianity (1994)

XIII. The Christian World DividedA. The Growing Divide Between East and West

1. Different Languages

1. Different Languages2. Different Theological

Authorities

Authorities3. Different Spiritual and

Theological Accents

Theological Accents4. Practical Differences

Theological Accents4. Practical Differences5. Church Leadership: Roman

Primacy vs.Caesaropapism

Theological Accents4. Practical Differences5. Church Leadership: Roman

Primacy vs.Caesaropapism

6. The filioque Controversy

XIII.B. The Great Schism of 1054

XIII.B. The Great Schism of 1054C. The Third Rome

XIII.D. Orthodox Christianity Today

1. Locus of Authority

1. Locus of Authority2. Leadership in the Church

1. Locus of Authority2. Leadership in the Church3. Sacraments

1. Locus of Authority2. Leadership in the Church3. Sacraments4. Icons in Worship

XIII.D.

5. Deification of Theosis: “This is the purpose of life: that we are to be participants, sharers in the nature of god and in the life of Christ, communicants of divine grace and

energy B to become just like God, true gods.” (Christophoros Stavropoulos)

XIV. Catholic Theology in the Middle AgesA. Introduction: the Medium Aevum

Three Periods: Early Middle Ages (c. 500- 1050); High Middle Ages (1050-1350); Late Middle Ages (1350-1500)

XIV. Catholic Theology in the Middle AgesA. Introduction: the Medium Aevum

Three Periods: Early Middle Ages (c. 500- 1050); High Middle Ages (1050-1350); Late Middle Ages (1350-1500)

Three Regions in Europe: West Francia,

Lotharingia, East Francia

XIV.A.

Three Stages of Education: Monastery Schools (up to 1150), Cathedral Schools (c. 1000-1200), Universities (beginning around 1100)

XIV.B. Universities and the Development of Catholic Theology

1. Early Universities: Salerno, Bologna, Paris

XIV.B. Universities and the Development of Catholic Theology

1. Early Universities: Salerno, Bologna, Paris

2. Course of Study: Trivium: grammar, rhetoric, dialectic. Quadrivium: music, geometry, arithmetic, astronomy

XIV.B.

3. Scholasticism in the Middle Ages

a. Definition: “a method of discovering and illustrating philosophical truth by means of a dialectic based on Aristotelian logic” (Knowles)

XIV.B.

3. Scholasticism in the Middle Ages

a. Definition: “a method of discovering and illustrating philosophical truth by means of a dialectic based on Aristotelian logic” (Knowles)

b. Method of Scholasticism: Quaestio,

Disputatio, SententiaLombard’s Sentences (c.

XIV.C. Anselm and the Atonement (1033-1109)

1. Background

1. Background2. Credo ut intelligam

1. Background2. Credo ut intelligam3. Ontological Proof for God’s

Existence (Proslogion)

1. Background2. Credo ut intelligam3. Ontological Proof for God’s

Existence (Proslogion)4. Satisfaction Theory of

Atonement (Cur deus homo)

XIV.D. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) and the Five “Ways”

1. Background

1. Background2. “Rediscovery” of Aristotle -

Grace does not abolish nature, but completes it.

3. Proofs for God’s Existence: Summa Theologiae

3. Proofs for God’s Existence: Summa Theologica

4. Aquinas’s Legacy

XIV.E. Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153) and Monastic Theology

- Sermons on the Song of Songs

- De Consideratione

XV. The Waning of the Middle Ages?Johann Huizinga, Waning of the Middle Ages (1924)Francis Oakley, The Western Church in the Later Middle Ages (1979)Steven Ozment, Age of Reform, 1250-1550 (1980)

XV. The Waning of the Middle Ages?A. Religious Vitality in the Later Middle Ages

1. Monastic Reform Movements

1. Monastic Reform Movements2. Preaching: Dominicans &

Franciscans

1. Monastic Reform Movements2. Preaching: Dominicans &

Franciscans3. Lay Devotion: devotional

literature, pilgrimages, endowed masses

4. Lay Movements: Devotio Moderna.

Thomas à Kempis, Imitation of Christ (1420)

5. Prophetic Voices for Change: Wyclif & Hus

Wyclif’s Chief Works:On Civil Lordship (1376)On the Church (1378)The Truth of Holy Scripture

(1378)The Power of the Papacy

(1379)On the Eucharist (1379)

XV.B. Persistent Problems in Late Medieval Religion

1. Environmental Disaster: Black Death

2. Failure of Papal Leadership: See Eamon

Duffy, Saints and Sinners (1997)

- Babylonian Captivity of the Church (1309-1377)

- The Great Schism (1378-1417) - Resolved at the Council of Constance (1415-17)

- Continued Problems: Alexander VI (1492-1503); Julius II (1503-13); Leo X (1513-1521)

3. Failure of Pastoral Care: Simony, Nepotism,Absenteeism, Pluralism,

Concubinage, Clerical ExemptionsE.g. Poem of Ulrich Wiest

(1450)

3. Failure of Pastoral Care: Simony, Nepotism,Absenteeism, Pluralism,

Concubinage, Clerical ExemptionsE.g. Poem of Ulrich Wiest

(1450)4. Indulgences and the

Penitential System

5. Late Medieval Nominalism: Gabriel Biel

Free Will - Facere quod in se est - Semi- Merit - Moral Cooperation - Full Merit - Reward of Eternal Life

5. Late Medieval Nominalism: Gabriel Biel

Free Will - Facere quod in se est - Semi- Merit - Moral Cooperation - Full Merit - Reward of Eternal Life

Biel: “If of our good merits would not complete those [merits] of Christ, the merits of Christ would be insufficient, indeed, nothing.”

XV.C. Northern Humanism & Renewed Calls for Reform

1. Humanism

XV.C. Northern Humanism & Renewed Calls for Reform

1. Humanism2. Northern Humanism

3. Erasmus (c. 1466-1536)Adagia (1500); Julius Exclusus

(1514); In Praise of Folly (1517); Novum Instrumentum (1516)

XVI. Martin Luther and the Protestant ReformationA. Introduction: The Seven-Headed Luther

- The German Hercules - Teacher of the Bible

- Scholar & Translator - Prophet- Seven-Headed Monster

XVI. B. Martin Luther (1483-1546): In Search of a Merciful God

1. Childhood

1. Childhood2. Monastic Life: Augustinian

Hermits

1. Childhood2. Monastic Life: Augustinian

Hermits3. Johann von Staupitz

XVI. C. Luther’s Reformation Discovery: sola fide, sola gratia

XVI.D. The Gathering Storm

1. Growing Disillusionment

1. Growing Disillusionment2. Controversy with Johann

Tetzel: The Ninety Five Theses (1517)

1. Growing Disillusionment2. Controversy with Johann

Tetzel: The Ninety Five Theses (1517)

3. Luther on Trial- Interview at Augsburg with

Cajetan (Oct. 1518)- Leipzig Disputation with Eck

(July 1519)

XVI.D.

4. Luther’s 1520 Reformation Treatises

- Address to the German Nobility

XVI.D.

- Babylonian Captivity of the Church

XVI.D.

- Babylonian Captivity of the Church

- Freedom of a Christian

XVI.E. The Great Divide: Diet of Worms (Spring 1521)F. The Conflict Spreads

1. The German Response: City Reformations

XVI.E. The Great Divide: Diet of Worms (Spring 1521)F. The Conflict Spreads

1. The German Response: City Reformations

2. 2nd Diet of Speyer and the birth of

“Protestantism”

XVI.G. Luther’s “Protestant” Theology

- Sola Scriptura- Sola Gratia, Sola Fide- Solus Christus- Priesthood of All Believers

XVI.H. Luther’s Legacy

- Political: Peace of Augsburg (1555): cuius regio, eius religio

XVI.H. Luther’s Legacy

- Political: Peace of Augsburg (1555): cuius regio, eius religio

- Religious: Augsburg Confession (1530); Book of Concord (1580)

XVII. Turning Swiss: Ulrich Zwingli and the Birth of AnabaptismA. City Reformations in Switzerland

XVII.B. Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) and Zurich

1. Zwingli’s Early Years. Priest at Einsiedeln.

2. Pastor at Grossmünster (1519-31)

3. Zurich’s “Political” Reformation: “The kingdom of Christ is also external.”

XVII.B.

4. The Power of the Word of God

XVII.B.

4. The Power of the Word of God5. Zwingli and Luther: the

“tragedy” of Marburg Colloquy (1529)

XVII.B.

4. The Power of the Word of God5. Zwingli and Luther: the

“tragedy” of Marburg Colloquy (1529)

6. Zwingli’s death (1531 in Second Kappel War)

XVII.C. The “Radical” Reformation

1. The “Magisterial Reformers” vs. the “Radical Reformers”

- Greater freedom of religious expression

- Disappointment at magisterial reformation

- Resist linking church-state

- Resist linking church - state- Commitment to seeking root

(radix) ofBiblical Christianity

XVII.C.

2. Anabaptists: The Swiss Brethren

Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, Georg Blaurock

XVII.C.

2. Anabaptists: The Swiss Brethren

Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, Georg Blaurock

3. The Schleitheim Confession (1527)

XVIII. John Calvin and the Reformation of the Refugees

A. Calvin’s Reticence

B. Calvin and his ConversionNovember 1, 1533 - Nicolas Cop’s

SermonApril 1534 - Attends Clandestine

Lord’s SupperMay 1534 - Retires his Benefices

XVIII.C. Calvin’s First Protestant Writings

Preface to Olivetan’s Bible (1534)Institutes of the Christian Religion

(1st ed., 1536)

XVIII.D. Calvin and the Genevan Reformation

XVIII.D. Calvin and the Genevan ReformationE. Calvin: The Organizer of the Genevan Church

- Preaching the Unerring Word (Sermons)

- Catechizing the Young

- Catechizing the Young- Disciplining the People of God

(Consistory)

(Consistory)- Directing the Global Church

(Company of Pastors)

(Consistory)- Directing the Global Church

(Company of Pastors)- Equipping the Next Generation

(Genevan Academy, 1559)

XVIII.F. Calvin’s Theological Distinctives

1. Worship: Soli Deo gloria; Finitum non est capax infiniti

2. God’s Absolute Sovereignty

2. God’s Absolute Sovereignty3. Third Use of the Law

2. God’s Absolute Sovereignty3. Third Use of the Law4. Ecclesiastical Discipline

2. God’s Absolute Sovereignty3. Third Use of the Law4. Ecclesiastical Discipline5. Sacramental View

XVIII.G. Calvin’s Legacy: The Reformation of the Refugees

1. Reformed Confessions:* Belgic Confession: Guido de

Brès (1561)* Heidelberg Catechism:

Caspar Olevianus and Zachariah Ursinus(1563)

* Westminster Larger Catechism (1647)

XVIII.G.

2. Jacob Arminius (1559-1609) and the Remonstrants:

- Prevenient Grace- Conditional Election- Unlimited Atonement- Resistible Grace,

- Perseverance of Saints (?)

XVIII.G.

2. Jacob Arminius (1559-1609) and the Remonstrants:

3. Canons of Dort (1619): - Total Depravity - Unconditional Election - Limited Atonement - Irresistible Grace - Preservation of Saints

XIX. The Catholic Church: Reaction and ReformA. The Problem of Definition: Catholic

Reformation or Counter Reformation?

XIX. The Catholic Church: Reaction and ReformA. The Problem of Definition: Catholic

Reformation or Counter Reformation?B. Pope Adrian VI (1522-23)

XIX. C. The Council of Trent (1545-63)

1. Purpose of the Council

1. Purpose of the Council2. Dogmatic Pronouncements of

the Council

1. Purpose of the Council2. Dogmatic Pronouncements of

the Council3. Reform Pronouncements of the

Council

XIX.D. New Religious Orders: The Society of Jesus

1. Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556)2. Commitment to Education3. Commitment to Missions

XIX.E. Roman Catholicism After Trent

1. Pope Piux IX (1846-78)

1. Pope Piux IX (1846-78)a. Immaculate Conception

of Mary

of Maryb. Syllabus of Errors (1864)

of Maryb. Syllabus of Errors (1864)c. Vatican I (1869-70)

XIX.E.

2. Vatican II (1962-65)a. Ecumenical Concerns

XIX.E.

2. Vatican II (1962-65)a. Ecumenical Concernsb. Liturgical Reforms

XIX.E.

2. Vatican II (1962-65)a. Ecumenical Concernsb. Liturgical Reformsc. Economic Justice

XIX.E.

2. Vatican II (1962-65)a. Ecumenical Concernsb. Liturgical Reformsc. Economic Justiced. Political Vision

XIX.E.

2. Vatican II (1962-65)a. Ecumenical Concernsb. Liturgical Reformsc. Economic Justiced. Political Visione. Reaffirmed Papal

Infallibility

XX. Puritanism and PietismA. Puritanism

1. The English Reformation:Henry VIII (1509-47)Edward VI (1547-53)Mary (1553-58)

2. The Elizabethan Settlement (1558-1603)

3. English Puritanisma. Critique of Religious

Practice and Episcopal Form of Government

b. Critique of Anglican Clergy

c. Reform Program

c. Reform Programd. Varieties of English

Puritans

4. John Smyth (1554-1612) and the Modern Baptist Movement

XX.B. Pietism

1. Historical Context: Era of Protestant Scholasticism

XX.B. Pietism

2. Jacob Spener and the Pietist movement

a. Spener (1633-1705)

XX.B. Pietism

2. Jacob Spener and the Pietist movement

a. Spener (1633-1705)b. Pia Desideria (1675)

3. Characteristics of Pietisma. Emphasis on Religion of

the Heart

the Heartb. Biblical Focus

the Heartb. Biblical Focusc. Personal and Social

Renewal

the Heartb. Biblical Focusc. Personal and Social

Renewald. Missions

XXI. Science and SkepticsA. The Scientific Revolution

Copernicus, On the Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs (1543)

Francis Bacon, The Advancement of Learning (1605)

Francis Bacon, The Advancement of Learning (1605)Descartes, Discourse Concerning

Method (1637)

Francis Bacon, The Advancement of Learning (1605)Descartes, Discourse Concerning

Method (1637)Isaac Newton, Mathematica

Principia (1687)

XXI. B. War Against Tradition

1. Early Challenges to Biblical Authority:

Thomas Hobbes, Isaac de la Peyrère, Baruch Spinoza

XXI.B.

2. English Deists (e.g. Herbert of Cherbury, John Toland,

Matthew Tindal, Anthony Collins)

(1) There is a supreme and good God.

XXI.B.

(2) This God must be worshiped.

XXI.B.

(3) God is worshiped through virtue.

XXI.B.

(4) People must repent of their sins.

XXI.B.

(4) People must repent of their sins.

(5) God rewards the virtuous and punishes the wicked in the afterlife.

XXI.B.

3. The Enlightenment: philosophes such as Voltaire, Denis Diderot, Jean d’Alembert

XXII. The Evangelical AwakeningA. Definitions of Evangelicalism

1. Theological Definition (David Bebbington):- Conversion- Biblical Authority / Inerrancy- Activism- Centrality of the Cross

XXII. The Evangelical AwakeningA. Definitions of Evangelicalism

1. Theological Definition (David Bebbington):- Conversion- Biblical Authority / Inerrancy- Activism- Centrality of the Cross

2. Historical Definition: “Classic Protestantism with an 18th

century twist.”

XXII.B. The North American Phase: Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield

XXII.C. The European Phase

1. John (1703-91) and Charles (1707-88) Wesley

2. The Methodist Movement

2. The Methodist Movement3. Wesley’s Theology

a. Opposition to Deismb. Evangelical Arminianismc. Three Graces: the grace

that is prevenient, that saves, that sanctifies

XXII.E. Social Concern and World Missionary Movement

1. Social Reform: William Wilberforce

XXII.E. Social Concern and World Missionary Movement

1. Social Reform: William Wilberforce

2. World Missionary Movement: William Carey and the birth of Protestant Missionary Movement

XXIII.Prospects for the Future: The Shift of Balance

2006 Estimated 1993 Change

Europe 450 million 440 million -2%Latin America 470 million 590 million

+26%North America 220 million 225 million

+2%Africa 310 million 530 million +71%South Asia 160 million 245 million

+53%Former USSR 120 million 160 million

+33%East Asia 120 million 170 million

+42%Oceana 20 million 20 million 0%

Size and Projected Growth of World’s Religious Groups (Pew Research Center, 2015)

2010 pop. % pop 2010 % pop 2050

Christians 2.1 billion 31.4% 31.4%Muslims 1.6 billion 23.2% 29.7%Unaffliated 1.1 billion 16.4% 13.2%Hindus 1.0 billion 15.0% 14.9%Buddhists 487 million 7.1% 5.2%Folk Religions 404 million 5.9% 4.8%Other Religions 58 million .8% .8%Jews 13 million .2% .2%

CH 5010: History of Christianity Dr. Scott Manetsch.

Documents