Post on 18-Jan-2018
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CH 6:
A Tour of the Cell
6.1All organisms are made of cells
Intro Info:
• Analogy: cells are to living things as atoms are to molecules
• All organisms are unicellular or multicellular
• B/C knowledge required microscopes…knowledge is fairly recent
3. Various types of MicroscopesLight Microscope
Electron Microscope (1950s)
(LM) (SEM)-surface(TEM)-internal
Magnifies up to 1000x
1,000,000x magnification
For bacteria or larger
Specimens must be killed
•Micrographs= photographs taken through a microscope
•Compound scopes= use two or more lenses
1. What evidence lead to the cell theory?
• 1st compound scopes used in 1600s• Robert Hooke ( 1665) 1st to describe
“compartments” aka cells• Leeuwenhoek made additional detailed
observations using precise lenses• All specimens observed were found to possess
cells
Cell History
2. Three main ideas of the Cell Theory
• 1800s evidence of observations led to cell theory– All living organisms are made of cells– Cells are the basic unit of structure and function
(what makes up and operates the organism)– All cells come from other cells
4. Similarities and Difference between Plant & Animal Cells
P vs. A
4. Similarities and Difference between Plant & Animal Cells
Similarities DifferencesBoth types have Plasma Membrane
Only plant cells have chloroplasts
Both types have Cytoplasm
Only plant cells have cell walls
Both types have Nucleus
5. Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Cells
SmallerLarger
Include BacteriaInclude animal cells, plant cells, fungi cells, protist cells
No nucleus or membrane bound organelles
Have a nucleus and organelles
Appeared on Earth 1stMore complex, appeared later
ProkaryoticEukaryotic E P
6.1 Vocabulary
• Cell theory• Micrograph• Organelle• Plasma membrane• Nucleus
• Cytoplasm• Cell wall • Prokaryotic cell• Eukaryotic cell
6.2Membranes organize a cell’s
activities
1. Describe the structure of cellular membranes
•Keep cell organized
•Regulate transport of substances
•Made of proteins and lipids (phospholipids-2 fatty acids)
•Double layer, one hydrophobic, other hydrophilic
•Allows boundaries between watery environments
2. Id the functions of the proteins found in the plasma membrane
• Proteins bind to specific molecules and help them move across a plasma membrane
6.2 Vocab
• Phospholipid bilayer
6.3Membranes regulate the traffic of
molecules
1. What is diffusion?
• Overall movement of particles from high concentration (crowded) to low concentration (open space)
2. What role does a cellular membrane play in passive transport
• Membranes allow certain particles to pass through (selectively permeable)– Dependent on size and electric charge
• Nonpolar pass easily• Polar (ions) do not
– Protein channels allow specific particles through
3. What is osmosis?
• Diffusion of water
4. Hypertonic vs. hypotonic vs. isotonic solutions
Hypertonic Hypotonic Isotonic
High concentration of solute
Low concentration of solute
Equal concentration of solute and solvent
Animals cell will shrivel
Animal cell will swell
Cell will not change
5. How is active transport different from passive transport? What is its
function?Active Transport Passive Transport
Is… Moving a solute against the concentration (from low to high)-requires energy
Diffusion (from high to low)--does NOT require energy
Function… To “accumulate” a particle
Allow movement of particles
6. How do vesicles transport large molecules?
• Exocytosis: vesicles will fuse with outer membrane and empty contents outside of cell
6.3 Vocab
• Diffusion• Equilibrium• Selectively permeable
membrane• Passive transport• Facilitated diffusion• Osmosis• hypertonic
• Hypotonic• Isotonic• Active transport• Vesicle• Exocytosis• endocytosis
6.4 Cells Build a Diversity of Products
1.In what ways does the cell nucleus direct the activities of the cell
• Nucleus:– Contains DNA– Contains dark
mass=nucleoulus (helps with ribosome productions)
– Membrane has pores for in/out
2. List how the functions of the ribosomes, ER, and golgi apparatus are related
Ribosomes ER: 2 types: Golgi ApparatusMake or produce proteins
Produce and transport proteins
Modify, store,or move proteins
Found on ER Smooth-no ribosomes on surface*build lipid molecules (hormones)
“processing or shipping center”
Rough-ribosomes on surface*common in cells that produce proteins
ER, Golgi,Ribosomes
3. Trace the path of a protein from the time it is produced by the
ribosome on the ER until it reaches its destination.
• Proteins ER ribosomes ER interior protein is captures into a vesicle moves to golgi processed and tranported to destination
3. What are the different functions of a vacuole and a lysosome?
Vacuoles Lysosomes Membrane Pathways
Membrane “sac” Membrane sac that digests molecules
Package, move, and transfer molecules in/out
Store undigested nutrients
Help nourish(feed) cells
Plants= 1 largeAnimals=many small
protect against bacteria, recycle damaged organelles
Vacuoles vs. Lysosomes
4. How are undigested nutrients in a vacuole made available to a cell
• Lysosome fuses with vacuole, releasing digestive enzymes which converts nutrients into substances cell can use.
6.4 Vocab
• Nuclear envelope• Nucleolus• Ribosome• Endoplasmic
Reticulum
• Golgi apparatus• Vacuole• lysosome
6.5Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
energize the cells
1. How are the functions of the chloroplasts and mitochondria similar?
Chloroplasts MitochondriaFound: In plants and
algaeIn all eukaryotic cells
Function: Trap light and convert it to energy (photosynthesis)
Performs cellular respiration: releases energy from sugars into ATP
Structure: Double membrane structure
Double membrane structure
2. How does a cell use the energy produced by the mitochondria
• In the chemical form of ATP
3. In what way is energy changed by reactions in a chloroplast?
• Light energy is changed/converted to chemical energy (as organic molecules)
4. How is membrane structure important to the functions of
mitochondria and chloroplasts.
• Both have double membrane structure– Chemical reactions take place
between inner and outer membranes
– Folded membranes also increase surface area
6.5 Vocab
• Chloroplast• Mitochondria• ATP
6.6An internal skeleton supports the cell
and enables its movement
1. What is the role of the cytoskeleton in cell movement
Cytoskeleton:
-Network of fibers that give cell internal support-made of two structures
Microtubules Microfilaments
give cell shape allow organelles to move within cell
2. How do microfilaments function in the cytoskeleton of a cell
Microtubules Microfilaments
give cell shape allow organelles to move within cell
Picture
3. How do flagella differ in structure and function from cilia?
Flagella Cilia•Both help with cell movement
•Tail-like structures•Usually only 1-2•Move in S shape
•Short hair-like•Usually lots of them•Row like oars
4. Give an example of coordination within a cell.
• DNA instructs ribosomes to make proteins• Proteins are made and move through
membrane pathways (ER and golgi)• Proteins are inserted into cell membrane to
aid is transport
6.6 Vocab
• Microtubule• Microfilament• Flagella• cilia