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Tan,Steinbach, Kumar Introduction to Data Mining 4/18/2004 1
Lecture-1
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Good morning
We have two ears and one mouth, so we
should listen more than we say
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Lecture-1
Introduction to
Measurement & Instrumentation
InstructorEngr. Abdullahi Mohamed Haji Nur
Deartment o! Ele"tri"al and Ele"troni"s Engineering
Hormud #niversity
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Introduction to
Measurement & Instrumentation
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Presentation Outline
Definition of meaurement and intrumentation !aic re"uirement
Significance of meaurement
Method of meaurement Intrument and Meaurement S#tem
$%aification of Intrument
T#&e of Intrumentation #tem
'%ement of genera%i(ed meaurement #tem )unctiona% e%ement of an intrument
Standard
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Tan,Steinbach, Kumar Introduction to Data Mining 4/18/2004 *
Defnition
Measurement+ method to obtain information regarding the
&h#ica% a%ue of the ariab%e-
Meaurement of a gien "uantit# i eentia%%# an
act or reu%t of com&arion bet.een the "uantit#.hoe magnitude i unno.n and
&redetermined or &redefined tandard-
T.o "uantitie are com&ared the reu%t i
e&reed in numerica% a%ue-
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Instrumentation
+n intrument i a deice in .hich .e candetermine the magnitude or a%ue of the "uantit#
to be meaured-
Deice ued in meaurement #tem
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Why measurement?
To im&roe the "ua%it# of the &roduct To im&roe the efficienc# of &roduction
To maintain the &ro&er o&eration-
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Tan,Steinbach, Kumar Introduction to Data Mining 4/18/2004
Why instrumentation?
To ac"uire data or information about &arameter, in
term of
&utting the numerica% a%ue to the &h#ica%
"uantitie
maing meaurement other.ie inacceib%e- data i ac"uired b# the intrumentation #tem-
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Basic requirements for a meaningful measurement
The tandard ued for com&arion &ur&oe
mut be accurate%# defined and hou%d be
common%# acce&ted-The a&&aratu ued and the method ado&ted
mut be &roab%e erifiab%e-
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Signifcance o Measurement
Im&ortance of Meaurement i im&%# e&reed in
the fo%%o.ing tatement of famou &h#icit 6ord
Ke%in 7I often say that when you can measure whatyou are speaking about and can express it in
numbers, you know something about it; when you
cannot express in it numbers your knowledge is of
meager (Insufficient) and unsatisfactory kind7
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Signifcance o Measurement
Man# o&eration re"uire meaurement for &ro&er&erformance-
)or eam&%e In modern centra% &o.er tation,
tem&erature, &reure, etc, are monitored b#
meaurement to enure &ro&er &erformance- Meaurement i a%o a bae for commerce,
becaue the cot of the &roduct are etab%ihed on
the bai of amount of materia%, &o.er,e&enditure of time and %abor, and other contraint-
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Tan,Steinbach, Kumar Introduction to Data Mining 4/18/2004 1
Methods o Measurement
Direct Method Indirect Method
DI9'$T M'T:;DS In thee method, the
unno.n "uantit# ca%%ed the meaurand i direct%#
com&ared againt a tandard-
I
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Methods o Measurement
Meaurement of an# "uantit# ino%e t.o&arameter the magnitude of the a%ue and unit
of meaurement- )or intance, if .e hae to meaure
the tem&erature .e can a# it i 10 degree $- :ere
the a%ue =107 i the magnitude and =$7 .hich tandfor =$e%iu7 i the unit of meaurement-
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Systems
Meaurement ino%e the ue of intrument a a
&h#ica% mean of determining "uantitie or
ariab%e-
!ecaue of integrated nature of the e%ement .ithinit, it i common to refer the meauring intrument a
a M'+S>9'M'
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system
)unction of intrument and meauring #tem canbe c%aified into three- The# are
i Indicating function-
ii 9ecording function-
iii $ontro%%ing function- +&&%ication of meaurement #tem are
i Monitoring of &roce and o&eration-
ii $ontro% of &rocee and o&eration- iii '&erimenta% engineering ana%#i-
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Types o Instrumentation System
Inte%%igent Intrumentation data ha been refined
for the &ur&oe of &reentation
Dumb Intrumentation data mut be &roceed b#the oberer
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Elements o enerali!ed Measurement System
@rimar# ening e%ement-Aariab%e conerion e%ement-
Data &reentation e%ement-
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PRIMARY SENSING ELEMENT The "uantit# under
meaurement mae it firt contact .ith the
&rimar# ening e%ement of a meaurement #tem-
!ARIABLE "#N!ERSI#N ELEMENT It conert
the out&ut of the &rimar# ening e%ement intouitab%e form to &reere the information content of
the origina% igna%-
$ATA PRESENTATI#N ELEMENT The information
about the "uantit# under meaurement ha to becone#ed to the &eronne% hand%ing the intrument
or the #tem for monitoring, contro% or ana%#i
&ur&oe-
F i l El
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Functional Elements o anInstrumentation System
PRIMARY
SENSING
ELEMENT
VARIABLE
!NVER
-SI!N
ELEMENT
VARIABLE
MANIP"LATI-
!N ELEMENT
#ATA
TRANSMISSI!-
N ELEMENT
#ATA !N#ITI!NING ELEMENT
INTERME#IATE STAGE#ETET!R
TRANS#"ER
STAGE
TERMINATING
STAGE
$"ANTITY
T! BE
MEAS"RE#
#ATA
PRESENTA
TI!N ELEMENT
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Standards
+ tandard i a &h#ica% re&reentation of a unit ofmeaurement- The term BtandardC i a&&%ied to a
&iece of e"ui&ment haing a no.n meaure of
&h#ica% "uantit#-
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Types o Standards
$nternational %tandards &de!ined based oninternational agreement '
(rimary %tandards &maintained by national
standards laboratories'
%e"ondary %tandards & used by industrialmeasurement laboratories'
Wor)ing %tandards & used in general laboratory'
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Tan,Steinbach, Kumar Introduction to Data Mining 4/18/2004 2
Types o Standards
*e!eren"es
+.. -uta, A "ourse in Ele"troni" andEle"tri"al Measurements
Alan. %. Morris, (rin"iles o! Measurementsand $nstrumentation, nd Edition.
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$iscussion
%
Summar&
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That i +%% for toda#
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Tan,Steinbach, Kumar Introduction to Data Mining 4/18/2004 2*
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