Ch22 z5e organic

transcript

Z7e Chapter 22 Organic Chemistry Z7e Chapter 22 Organic Chemistry pppp

50 questions on online HW50 questions on online HW

Stop whining!Stop whining!

They’re not too hard (for me)They’re not too hard (for me)

Z5e 22.1 Alkanes: Saturated HydrocarbonsZ5e 22.1 Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons pppp

Carbon atoms can form 4 bonds Nitrogen atom can form 3 bonds Oxygen atoms can form 2 bonds Hydrogen atoms can form 1 bond Useful to know when building up structures Double and triple bonds count as one

“effective” pair.

Tr 114 Methane - Tetrahedral sp3 Structure

Tr 115 Bonding in Ethene & Ethyne

Isomers

Same molecular formula Same number and types of atoms Different arrangement of atoms

Examples of IsomersThe formula C4H10 has two different structures

CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH3CHCH3

Butane 2-methylpropane

When a CH3 is is used to form a branch, it makes a new

isomer of C4H10.

Structural Isomers pppp

Compounds that have the same molecular formula, but different molecular structures, are called structural isomers

Butane and 2-methylpropane in previous slide.

Also have different properties, such as b.p., m.p., and reactivity

Geometric Isomers pppp

There is a lack of rotation around a carbon to carbon multiple bond– has an important structural implication– Two possible methyl arrangements:

1. trans configuration - substituted groups on opposite sides of double bond

2. cis configuration - same side

Geometric Isomers pppp

Differ only in the geometry of their substituted groups

Like other structural isomers, have different physical and chemical properties

Geometric Isomers of 1,2-dichloroethene

Cl Cl H Cl C=C C=C H H Cl

H cistrans

Rigid structure so these are isomers with different properties.

Geometric Isomers of chloroethene? pppp

H Cl H H C=C C=C H H H

Cl Rigid structure BUT both carbons

do NOT have two DIFFERENT groups attached to them.

These are just rotated in space, but are the same.

Nongeometric versions of 1,2-dichloroeth”ene” pppp

Cl Cl H Cl C--C C--C H H Cl

H Non-rigid structure so these are

NOT isomers. (The 3rd hydrogen on each carbon is not shown)

Z5e 22.1 Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons

Contain C and H only

Contain single bonds C-C

Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C) atom

Are nonpolar

Straight-Chain Alkanes

Straight-chain alkanes contain any number of carbon atoms, one after the other, in a chain - meaning one linked to the nextC-C-C C-C-C-C etc.

Names of alkanes always will always end with -ane

Straight-Chain Alkanes

Combined with the -ane ending is a prefix for the number of carbons

Homologous series - a group of compounds that have a constant increment of change

In alkanes, it is: -CH2-

Tr 115A Carbon-Atom Chain Prefixes

Tr 117 Some Alkanes

Straight-Chain Alkanes Many alkanes used for fuels:

methane, propane, butane, octane As the number of carbons increases,

so does the boiling and melting pt.– The first 4 are gases; #5-15 are liquids;

higher alkanes are solids.

Tr 117A Straight-Chain Alkyl Groups

How are alkyl groups different from their corresponding alkanes?How are alkyl groups different from their corresponding alkanes?

They have one less hydrogen so they can bond to another atom.They have one less hydrogen so they can bond to another atom.

What would a nine-carbon alkyl group be called?What would a nine-carbon alkyl group be called?

NonylNonyl

Alkanes 3-ethylpentane 2,3,4-trimethylhexane Since the electrons are shared

equally, the molecule is nonpolar– thus, not attracted to water– oil (a hydrocarbon) not soluble in H2O– “like dissolves like”

Complete Structural Formulas

Shows the bonds between each of the atoms H H

H C H H C H

CH4 , methane

More Alkanes

H H Condensed Structural Formulas

H C C H CH3 CH3

H H Ethane

H C C C H CH3 CH2 CH3

H H H Propane

Naming Straight-Chain Alkanes

Names recommended by IUPAC - the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry– end with -ane, the root part of the name

indicates the # of carbons We sometimes still rely on common

names, some of which are well-known

Naming Straight-Chain Alkanes

IUPAC names may be long and cumbersome

Common names may be easier or more familiar, but usually do not describe the chemical structure!– Methane is natural gas or swamp gas

Branched-Chain Alkanes

Branched-chain means that other elements besides hydrogen may be attached to the carbon– halogens, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, etc.– any atom that takes the place of a hydrogen

on a parent hydrocarbon (including another carbon) is called a substituent, or the branched part

Branched-Chain Alkanes A hydrocarbon substituent is called an

alkyl group or sometimes radicals– use the same prefixes to indicate the number

of carbons, but the -ane ending is now -yl methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc.

Gives much more variety to the organic compounds

Alkyl GroupsBranches on carbon chains H

H C CH3 methyl

H C C CH2CH3 ethyl

Branched-Chain Alkanes pppp

Rules for naming - page 10001. Longest chain is the parent (tricky).2. Number so branches have low # of

carbons.3. Give position number to branch4. Use prefixes if more than one branch5. Alphabetize branches6. Use proper punctuation ( - , )

Branched-Chain Alkanes Draw 2,3,5-trimethyl hexane (on

board) From the name, draw the structure:1. Find the parent, with the -ane2. Number carbons on parent3. Identify substituent groups; attach4. Add remaining hydrogens

IUPAC NamesName # carbons Structural Formula

Methane 1 CH4

Ethane 2 CH3CH3

Propane 3 CH3CH2CH3

Butane 4 CH3CH2CH2CH3

Pentane 5 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3

Cyclic Hydrocarbons The two ends of the carbon chain

are attached in a ring in a cyclic hydrocarbon– sample drawings on page 1066– named as “cyclo- ____”

hydrocarbon compounds that do NOT contain benzene rings are known as aliphatic compounds

CycloalkanesCyclopropane CH2

CH2 CH2

CyclobutaneCH2 CH2

CH2 CH2

Naming Cycloalkanes with Side Groups

Number of Naming side groups

One Side group name goes in front of the cycloalkane name.

Two Number the ring in the direction that gives the lowest

numbers to the side groups.

Alkane name review Given the alkane name, how can

you draw the structural formula? 1. Find the root word (ending in -ane) in the hydrocarbon name; write the longest hydrocarbon chain to create the parent

2. Number the carbons of this parent chain

3. Identify substituents and attach them

4. Add hydrogens as necessary

Naming Review What is the name of the alkyl group

that contains three carbon atoms?

Name: CH3CH2C(CH3)3

A structural isomer of pentane is a) 2,2-dimethylpropane or b) benzene

propyl

2,2-dimethylbutane

Z5e 22.2 Alkenes & Alkynes

Multiple bonds can also exist between the carbon atoms

Hydrocarbons containing carbon to carbon double bonds are called alkenes C=C C-C=C

Called “unsaturated” if they contain double or triple bonds (alkynes)

Tr 118 Structures of Alkenes

Name ends in “-ene”

Why are these called unsaturated?

Less than 4 “things” on some of the carbons.

Note the cis and trans isomers.

Naming Alkenes pppp

Find longest parent that has the double bond in it

New ending: -ene Number the chain, so that the

double bond gets the lower number Name and number the substituents Samples on page 1005

Alkynes Hydrocarbons containing carbon to

carbon triple bonds called alkynes -C C- Alkynes are not plentiful in nature Simplest is ethyne - common name

acetylene (fuel for torches)

Z5e 22.3 Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Benzene is a six-carbon ring.– exhibits resonance, due to location of

the double and single bonds

Aromatic Compounds and Benzene

Aromatic compounds contain benzene. Benzene, C6H6 , is represented as a six

carbon ring with 3 double bonds. Two possible ways to show benzene in this

form. HH

Benzene Structure

The structures for benzene can also be written as a single structure where the resonating double bonds are written as a circle within the ring.

Benzenestructure

Tr 119 Resonance Structures of Benzene

Tr 118A Representations of Benzene

Aromatic Hydrocarbons Benzene derivatives possible:

– methylbenzene, 3-phenylhexane, ethylbenzene

Benzene derivatives can have two or more substitutents:– 1,2-dimethylbenzene– 1,3-dimethylbenzene– 1,4-dimethylbenzene

Can use ortho for 1,2; meta for 1,3; and para for 1,4

Tr 119A Structural Formula for Aspirin

Naming Aromatic Compounds pppp

Aromatic compounds are named with benzene as the parent chain. One side group is named in front of the name benzene.

methylbenzene chlorobenzene (toluene)

CH3 Cl

Naming Aromatic Compounds pppp

When two groups are attached to benzene, the ring is numbered to give the lower numbers to the side groups. The prefixes ortho (1,2), meta (1,3-) and para (1,4-) are also used.

1,2-dimethylbenzene 1,3-dichlorobenzene 1-chloro-4-methylbenzene(ortho-dimethylbenzene) (meta-dichlorobenzene) (para-chloromethylbenzene)

Some Common Names pppp

Some substituted benzene rings also use a common name. Then naming with additional more side groups uses the ortho-, meta-, para- system.

CH3 OH

Toluene meta-chlorotoluene phenol(Methylbenzene) (meta-chloromethylbenzene) (hydroxybenzene)

Review How many carbons are in a molecule of

benzene? Six What is the name of the alkane having 5

carbons? Pentane What is the substituent in the following

compound: CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl Cl

An Interlude: The Petrochemical Industry

Fossil fuels provide much of the world’s energy

Natural gas and petroleum contain mostly aliphatic (straight-chain) hydrocarbons

Natural gas is an important source of alkanes of low molecular mass

Natural Gas Natural gas is prized for combustion,

because with adequate oxygen, it burns with a hot, clean blue flame:– CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O + heat

Insufficient burning has a yellow flame, due to glowing carbon parts, as well as making carbon monoxide

Petroleum It is separated by distillation into

fractions, according to boiling pt. Fractions containing higher molar

mass can be “cracked” into more useful shorter chain components, such as gasoline and kerosene– involves catalyst and heat– starts materials for plastics and paints

Petroleum The compounds found in petroleum

(or crude oil) are more complex than those in natural gas

Usually straight-chain and branched-chain alkanes, with some aromatic compounds also

Crude oil must be refined (separated) before being used

Petroleum Refinery

Z5e 22.4 Hydrocarbon Derivatives

Functional Group Functional group - a specific arrangement Functional group - a specific arrangement

of atoms in an organic compound capable of atoms in an organic compound capable of of characteristic chemical reactionscharacteristic chemical reactions..

The best way to classify organic The best way to classify organic compounds.compounds.

Replaces an “H” in the corresponding Replaces an “H” in the corresponding alkane.alkane.

The symbol “R” is used to represent any The symbol “R” is used to represent any carbon chains or ringscarbon chains or rings

Z7e 1011 Table 22.4 Common Functional Groups pppp

Alcohols pppp

Alcohols - a class of organic compounds with an -OH group– The -OH functional group in alcohols is

called a “hydroxyl” group; thus R-OH is the formula

How is this different from the hydroxide ion? The hydroxyl group is covalently bonded to

the R group. Hydroxides have ionic bonding with their cations.

Alcohols pppp

Common names:–similar to halocarbons: Name the

alkyl group followed by the word alcohol

–One carbon alcohol = methyl alcohol

Organic ChemicalsAlcoholsAlcohols R-R-OHOH

CHCH33OHOH methanmethanolol

(methyl alcohol)(methyl alcohol)CHCH33CHCH22OHOH ethanethanolol

(ethyl alcohol)(ethyl alcohol)(CH(CH33))22CHOHCHOH 2-propan2-propanolol

(isopropyl alcohol)(isopropyl alcohol)

Properties of Alcohols

Much like water, alcohols are capable of hydrogen bonding between molecules (polar).–this means they will boil at a

higher temperature than alkanes and halocarbons with a comparable number of atoms

Properties of Alcohols

Denatured alcohol - means it has been made poisonous by the addition of other chemicals, often methyl alcohol (methanol, or wood alcohol).

As little as 10 mL of methanol has been known to cause permanent blindness, and 30 ml has resulted in death!!!

Alcohols pppp

Arranged into categories according to the number of R groups attached to the carbon with the hydroxyl–1 R group: primary alcohol–2 R groups: secondary alcohol–3 R groups: tertiary alcohol

Let’s do some examples on the whiteboard (see p. 1077).

Naming Alcohols pppp

A carbon compound that contain -OH (hydroxyl) A carbon compound that contain -OH (hydroxyl) groupgroup

In IUPAC name, the -e in alkane name is replaced In IUPAC name, the -e in alkane name is replaced with -ol.with -ol.

Parent is the longest chain containing the carbon Parent is the longest chain containing the carbon with the hydroxly attached.with the hydroxly attached.

CHCH4 4 methanmethanee

CHCH33OH OH methanmethanolol (methyl alcohol) (methyl alcohol)

CHCH33CHCH33 ethanethanee

CHCH33CHCH22OH OH ethanethanolol (ethyl alcohol(ethyl alcohol))

Alcohols pppp

The hydroxyl is given the lowest position number

Alcohols containing 2, 3, and 4 of the -OH substituents are named diols, triols, and tetrols respectively

More Names of Alcohols pppp

IUPAC names for longer chains number the chain from the end nearest the -OH group.

CH3CH2CH2OH 1-propanol

OH CH3CHCH3 2-propanol

CH3 OH CH3CHCH2CH2CHCH3 5-methyl-2-hexanol

Name the following alcohols:

Name the following alcohols:A. OH

CH3CHCHCH2CH3

3-methyl-2-pentanol

cyclobutanol

Some Typical Alcohols OH “rubbing alcohol” CH3CHCH3

2-propanol (isopropyl alcohol)

antifreeze HO-CH2-CH2-OH1,2-ethanediol (ethylene glycol)

glycerol HO-CH2-CH-CH2OH (name?)

Halogen Substituents Also known as alkyl halides. Halocarbons - class of organic

compounds containing covalently bonded fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.

Naming? Name parent as normal, add the halogen as a substituent (or prefix)

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs and the Ozone Layer

Ozone (O3) layer absorbs most of the sun’s harmful radiation.

CFCs - chlorofluorocarbons - are depleting that ozone layer.

CFCs are used as Freons in refrigeration,

air conditioning, and foam insulation. Their use in spray cans is no longer

allowed.

Chlorofluorocarbons and the Ozone Layer

In the stratosphere, the CFCs first react with the high-energy UV radiation from the sun

UV lightCF2Cl2 CF2Cl + Cl

Freon-12 free radical

Chlorofluorocarbons and the Ozone Layer

To become stable, the Cl acquires an electron from ozone O3 and produces ClO.

Cl + O3 ClO + O2

The presence of ClO in the atmosphere is an indicator of the disappearance of ozone.Chlorine atoms are eventually regenerated.

ClO + O Cl + O2

Makes it possible for a single chlorine atom to destroy thousands of ozone molecules.

Ethers pppp

Contain an -O- between two carbon groups Simple ethers named from -yl names of the

attached groups and adding ether. Naming? The two R groups are alphabetized,

and followed by ether Two R groups the same? Use the prefix di.

CH3-O-CH3 dimethyl ether

CH3-O-CH2CH3 ethyl methyl ether

Aldehydes and Ketones pppp

Review:–alcohol has an oxygen bonded to

a carbon group and a hydrogen–ether has an oxygen bonded to

two carbon groups An oxygen can also be bonded to a

single carbon by a double bond

The C=O group is called the “carbonyl group”– it is the functional group in both

aldehydes and ketones Aldehydes - carbonyl group always

joined to at least one hydrogen (meaning it is always on the end!)

Ketones - the carbon of the carbonyl group is joined to two other carbons (meaning it is never on the end)

O See structures on pp. 1080-1081.

Aldehydes and Ketones In an aldehyde, an H atom is attached to a

carbonyl group O carbonyl group

CH3-C-H In a ketone, two carbon groups are attached to a

carbonyl group O carbonyl group

CH3-C-CH3

Naming Aldehydes and Ketones pppp

Aldehydes: identify longest chain containing the carbonyl group, then the -e ending replaced by -al

methanal, ethanal, etc.ketones: longest chain w/carbonyl,

then new ending of -one; number it propanone, 2-pentanone, 3-pentanone

Naming Aldehydes pppp

IUPAC: Replace the -e in the alkane name -al Common: Add aldehyde to the prefixes form (1C),

acet (2C), propion(3), and butry(4C) O O O

H-C-H CH3-C-H CH3CH2C-H

methanal ethanal propanal (formaldehyde) (acetaldehyde) (propionaldehyde)

Naming Ketones pppp

In the IUPAC name, the -e in the alkane name is replaced with -one

In the common name, add the word ketone after naming the alkyl groups attached to the carbonyl group O O

CH3 -C-CH3 CH3-C-CH2-CH3

Propanone 2-Butanone (Dimethyl ketone) (Ethyl methyl ketone)Cyclohexanone

Neither can form intermolecular hydrogen bonds, thus a much lower b.p. than corresponding alcohols

Wide variety have been isolated from plants and animals; possible fragrant odor or taste; many common names

Common Aldehydes and Ketones

Benzaldehyde Cinnamaldehyde Vanillin Methanal (common: formaldehyde)

–40% in water = formalin, a preservative

Aldehydes and Ketones

Propanone (common: acetone) is a good solvent; miscible with water in all proportions

Why is it a good substance used in nail-polish removers? . . .

Good solvent for nonpolar substances also.

Ketones

Butter flavor CH3-C-C-CH3 butanedione O Clove flavor CH3-C-CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

2-heptanone

More Aldehydes as Flavorings

Benzaldehyde Vanillin Cinnamaldehyde(almonds) (vanilla beans) (cinnamon)

CH=CH CHOCH

HOOCH3

Review Check

Formula for an aldehyde?

Which would have the highest boiling point? a) propane b) 1-propanol

Name: CH3CH2OCH2 CH3

Phenols are characterized by:

( diethyl ether )

( an -OH group on a benzene ring )

R - C - H

Review Check Formula for a ketone?

Hydrogen-bonding cannot occur between: a) water-alcohol b) water-alkane

O Name: CH3CCH2CH3

R - C - R

( 2-butanone )

Learning Check

Classify each as an aldehyde (1), ketone (2) or neither (3).

A. CH3CH2CCH3 B. CH3-O-CH3

CH3 O C. CH3-C-CH2CH D.

Carboxylic Acids pppp

Also have a carbonyl group (C=O) like aldehydes and keytones, but is also attached to a hydroxyl group (-OH) = “carboxyl” group

general formula: R-COOH–weak acids (ionize slightly)

Named by replacing -e with -oic and followed by the word acid

methanoic acid; ethanoic acid

Carboxyl Group pppp

Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl group on carbon 1. O

CH3 — C—OH = CH3—COOH

carboxyl group

Carboxylic Acids - look for functional group pppp

Naming Rules pppp

Identify longest chain (IUPAC) Number carboxyl carbon as 1 (Common) Assign , , to carbon atoms adjacent to

carboxyl carbon CH3

|CH3 — CH—CH2 —COOHIUPAC 3-methylbutanoic acidCommon -methylbutryic acid

Naming Carboxylic Acids pppp

Formula IUPAC Common alkan -oic acid prefix – ic acid

HCOOH methanoic acid formic acid

CH3COOH ethanoic acid acetic acid

CH3CH2COOH propanoic acid propionic acid

CH3CH2CH2COOH butanoic acid butyric acid

Tr 123 Fig 21.5 Carboxylic Acid: Citric Acid

How many carboxyls groups does this have?

Why is this acidic?

It can lose a hydrogen ion.

How does it affect the taste of citrus fruits?

Acids give a sour taste.

Esters pppp

In an ester, the H in the carboxyl group is replaced with an alkyl group

CH3 — C—O —CH3 = CH3—COO —CH3

ester group

Esters pppp

General formula: RCOORGeneral formula: RCOOR Derivatives of carboxylic acids, where the Derivatives of carboxylic acids, where the

--OHOH from the carboxyl group is from the carboxyl group is replacedreplaced by an -by an -OROR from an alcohol: from an alcohol:carboxylic acid + alcohol carboxylic acid + alcohol ester + water ester + water

Usually a trace of mineral acid added as Usually a trace of mineral acid added as catalyst (acids are dehydrating agents)catalyst (acids are dehydrating agents)

many esters have pleasant, fruity odors- many esters have pleasant, fruity odors- banana, pineapple, perfumesbanana, pineapple, perfumes

Lab 25 is an ester lab. Lab 25 is an ester lab. See website for See website for special instructionsspecial instructions..

Esters pppp

Although polar, they do not form hydrogen bonds (reason: there is no hydrogen bonded to a highly electronegative atom)–thus, much lower b.p. than the

hydrogen-bonded carboxylic acids they came from!

Naming Esters pppp

Naming? It has 2 words: 1st: Name the alkyl attached to the

single bonded oxygen from the alcohol. 2nd: take the acid name, remove the -oic

acid, add -oate.

CH3 CH2 C O CH2 CH3

Ethyl propanoate

Naming Esters pppp

Name the alkyl from the alcohol –O- Name the acid with the C=O with –ate acid alcohol

O methyl

CH3 — C—O —CH3

Ethanoate methyl ethanoate (IUPAC)(acetate) methyl acetate (common)

Some Esters and Their Names

Flavor/OdorRaspberries

HCOOCH2CH3 ethyl methanoate (IUPAC)ethyl formate (common)

PineapplesCH3CH2CH2 COOCH2CH3 ethyl butanoate (IUPAC)

ethyl butyrate (common)

Learning CheckGive the IUPAC and common names of the following compound, which is responsible for the flavor and odor of pears . . .

CH3 — C—O —CH2CH2CH3

Solution

O propyl

CH3 — C—O —CH2CH2CH3

propyl ethanoate (IUPAC)propyl acetate (common)

Esters in Plants

Esters give flowers and fruits their pleasant fragances and flavors.

Used as flavoring agents.

Common Flavors & Odors of Esters

Amines pppp

Organic compounds of nitrogen N Classified as primary, secondary, tertiary

CH3 CH3

CH3—NH2 CH3—NH CH3—N — CH3

1° 2° 3°

Naming Amines pppp

IUPAC aminoalkane Common alkylamineCH3CH2NH2 CH3—NH —CH3

aminoethane N-methylaminomethane(ethylamine) (dimethylamine)

|CH3CHCH3

2-aminopropane (isopropylamine) Aniline N-methylaniline

NH2 NH CH3

Learning Check

Give the common name and classify if primary, secondary or tertiary:

A. CH3NHCH2CH3 . . .

| B. CH3CH2NCH3 . . .

ethylmethylamine, 2°

ethyldimethylamine, 3°

DNA & RNA contain amines

Alkaloids

Physiologically active nitrogen-containing compounds

Obtained from plants Used as anesthetics, antidepressants, and

stimulants Many are addictive

Nicotine

Nicotine, leaves of tobacco plant

Caffeine

CH3Caffeine, coffee beans and tea

Z7e 1011 Table 22.5 Common Functional Groups

Organic Reactions 4 Types: Substitution, addition,

condensation & elimination. Some (but not all) of this can be

found on page 1003 & 1007 of Z7e.

Substitution Reactions pppp

Halogens on carbon chains are readily displaced by hydroxide ions (OH1-) to make an alcohol + a salt:R-X + OH1- R-OH + X1-

Substitution Reactions pppp

CH3-I + KOH CH3-OH + KI

CH3CH2Br + NaOH CH3CH2OH + NaBr

Iodomethane Methanol

Bromoethane Ethanol

Addition Reactions pppp

Carbon-carbon single bond is not easy to break

In double bonded alkenes, it is easier to break a bond

Addition reaction- substance is added at the double or triple bond location, after it is broken

CH3CH=CHCH3 + H2 CH3CH2CH2CH3

Fatty Acid Addition Reaction

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Condensation Reactions pppp

Two molecules combine Acid + Alcohol Ester + water HCOOH + HOCH3 HCOOCH3 + H2O

Elimination Reactions pppp

A simple molecule like water or ammonia is removed from an organic molecule.

Z7e 22.5 Polymers large molecule formed by joining many

smaller molecules together

Monomer small molecules which are joined

together to form a polymer

Addition Polymers

Polymers are giant molecules, not small like the ones studied earlier in this chapter

Examples are plastics Polymer - large molecule formed by

the covalent bonding of smaller molecules called monomers

Addition Polymers An addition polymer forms when

unsaturated monomers react to form a polymer–ethene will form polyethylene,

see next slide.–polyethylene is easy to clean,

chemically resistant - milk bottles, plastic wrap, refrigerator dishes

Addition Polymers

CH = CH2 |R

polyethylene R => Hpolypropylene R => CH3

polyvinylchloride R => Clpolystyrene R => benzene ring

Addition Polymers

Vulcanization - cross-linking of polyisoprene molecules that occurs when heated with sulfur.

Charles Goodyear accidentally discovered this and used it to make synthetic rubber for tires, etc.

Condensation Polymer pppp

Polymer formed by molecules of two different compounds joining to form the large molecule

One compound usually has an amine functional group

Other molecule has carboxylic acid functional group

Split out water molecule to form peptide linkage O H

Condensation to Nylon pppp

Monomers - hexanediamine & adipic acid

Polyamide - amide (peptide) is in the polymer

Nylon 66 - each monomer has 6 carbon atoms

Polyester is another type of condensation polymer

Nylon 66 being wound on a stirring rod

Ch22 z5e organic

Education