Post on 09-Jun-2020
transcript
Changing Monsoon Pattern and its Impact on Water Resources in Himalaya:
Responses & Adaptation
Prakash C. Tiwari Professor of Geography
Kumaon University Nainital – 263 002, Uttarakhand, India
Email:pctiwari@yahoo.com
Roorkee
Haridwar
Dehradun
Tanakpur
Mussorrie
Nainital Mukteswer
Ranikhet
Pithoragarh
Ukhimath
Uttarakashi Srinagar
Tehri
Joshimath
Munsyari
Nagling
FOCUS
Rainfall Varaibility Analysis Impact on Water Resources Impact on Food & Livelihood Community Response Adaptation Strategy
METHODOLOGY
Rainfall Data Hydrological Monitoring Land Use Dynamics Interpretation Community Response Adaptive Water Management
Rainy Days & Average Annual Rainfall & Groundwater Recharge
Rai
ny D
ays
Rai
nfal
l (cm
)
Groundwater Recharge Percent of Total Rainfall
Altitudinal Range
(in Metres)
Total area (km2)
Stream Length
Becomig Seasonal (km/year)
Disaappearence of
First Order
Headwater Perennial Streams
Stream-length dried (in m)
Below 1500 m 44.23 4.7 17 311
1500 -- 1800 29.18 5.9 11 227
1800 -- 2200 23.37 5.0 21 114
Above 2200 11.16 7.5 05 84
Total/Average 107.94 5.8 10.80 736
Average Annual Discharge of Major Rivers (2001 – 2010)
Dis
char
ge in
m3 /S
econ
d
Status Rivers & Streams
Years
Natural Springs
1980 2010
No. % No. %
Perennial 116 100 56 48
Seasonal 0 0 32 28
Dried 0 0 28 24
Total 116 100.00 116 100
Status of Natural Springs
Parameters Status Rate of Glacier Retreat 10-15 m/Year Rainy Days Declined 35% Amount of Rainfall Decreased 21% Natural Spring Dried 47% Natural Springs Become Seasonal 15% Stream Length Dried 0.79% Stream Flow Declined 27% Capacity of Lakes Decreased 8650 cu.m Loss of Irrigation Potential 18% Village Facing Severe Water Crisis 67% Decline in Agricultural Productivity 25% Food Deficit Level 75% Decline in Agro-based Livelihood 24% Traditional Water Mills (Flour Mills) Abandoned 91% Water Fetching Distances above 2 km 39% Villages Population Affected by Water Borne Diseases 55%
Status of Water Resources and Their Impacts on Food & Livelihood Security
Decline in Biomass Supply, Irrigation Potential & Agricultural Productivity D
ecre
ase
in P
erce
nt
Below 1500 m 1500-1800 m 1800-2200 m Above 2200 m Average
Irrigation Potentials Agricultural Production Biomass Supply
• Replenishing Water Resources: 27% Villages
• Cultivation of Less Water Requiring & Drought Resistance Crops: 19% Families
• Local Community Based Water Conservation Practices: 25% Villages
• Cropping Pattern Altered & Crop Rotation Adjustment: 21% Villages
• Abandonment of Cultivated Land: 11% Households
• Agricultural Relocation: 27% Households
• Switched over to Secondary & Tertiary Sectors Activities: 07% Households
• Out-migration: 05% Families
• Decreased Consumption of Less Productive Crops: 11% Families
Community Responses & Coping Practices
• Decline in Stream & Stream Water: 30% • Decline in Drinking Water Supply: 35% • Loss of Irrigation: 25% • Decrease in Hydropower: 20% • Decline in Agricultural Productivity: 30% • Loss of Gross Domestic Product: 9-13%
Expected Scenario for 2050
500 m
5000 m
1000 m
2000 m
3000 m
4000 m
50 – 100 km Approximate Radial Distance
Sub-Tropical Zone, Deciduous Forests, High Population Density
Intensive Cultivation
Lower Temperate Zone, Mixed Forests, Water
Scarcity, High Population Density, Intensive Cultivation
Mid Temperate Slopes, Mixed Himalayan Forests, Acute Water
Scarcity, High Population Density Extensive Cultivation, Horticulture,
Vegetable Farming
Sub-Alpine Mountains, Sparse Population,
Extensive Cultivation, Livestock Grazing
Alpine Zone
Intensive Grazing
Natural Environment, Land Use and Resource Utilization Pattern Along The Himalayan Transact in Uttarakhand
Alpine Zone
Intensive Grazing
Sub-Alpine Mountains, Sparse Population,
Extensive Cultivation, Livestock Grazing
Mid Temperate Slopes, Mixed Himalayan Forests, Acute Water
Scarcity, High Population Density Extensive Cultivation, Horticulture,
Vegetable Farming
Lower Temperate Zone, Mixed Forests, Water
Scarcity, High Population Density, Intensive
Cultivation
Sub-Tropical Zone, Deciduous Forests, High Population Density
Intensive Cultivation
River
Reserved Forest
Reserved Forest
Fig. 5
Fodder & Tea Farming Horticulture & Fodder Fuel wood, Fodder & Soil Conservation Fuel wood, Fodder & Water Conservation Fuel wood, Fodder & Medicinal Plants Fuel wood, Tea Farming & Soil Conservation Fuel wood, Tea Farming & Water Conservation Fuel wood, Tea Farming & Medicinal Plants Fuel wood, Water Conservation & Horticulture Fuel wood, Horticulture & Tea Farming Soil Conservation & Medicinal Plants Tea Framing & Soil Conservation Tea Farming & Medicinal Plants Water Conservation & Medicinal Plants No Common Pool Wasteland
KOSI HEADWATER
INTEGRATED RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLAN
LOD GAD HEADWATER INTEGRATED RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
N
LEGEND: Reserved Forest
Cultivated Land
Horticulture & Tea Farming
Vegetable Farming
Water Conservation Sites
Community Forests
SAIL AND BUNGA
KOSI HEADWATER VILLAGE KWERALI
PARTICIPATORY WATER & NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLAN
N
500 m 0 500 m
LEGEND:
Fig. 3
Spring Sanctuaries Forests & Fodder Development Forests & Energy Development Horticulture & Tea Farming Agriculture Catchment Treatment, Check Dams, Ponds
Thank You