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5-1-1944

Changing opportunities in social work for negroesas shown by a study of the placements of thegraduates from the Atlanta University school ofsocial work from June 1934 through June 1943Jeanette Wymn HarveyAtlanta University

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Recommended CitationHarvey, Jeanette Wymn, "Changing opportunities in social work for negroes as shown by a study of the placements of the graduatesfrom the Atlanta University school of social work from June 1934 through June 1943" (1944). ETD Collection for AUC Robert W.Woodruff Library. Paper 246.

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ii

TABLEOFCONTENTS

ChapterPage

I.INTRODUCTION•...e•••••••••.••.S*~.•e••.••.~.~o•1Purpose•.•.e••••ss••••es•e•••*••s1Scope•.......e........••••••••~•~1Procedure..•.,•~••~•••••.......•••••2Hi~toricaJ.Background.............•.••....•.......2

II.PLACEMENTOFGRADUATESACCORDINGTOFIELDS...............4P1ace~nentofGraduatesinPublicandPrivateAgencies..•.~••~•••••••.•s.••••••..e••.••e’’12

III.THERESPONSIBILITIESANDREAUNERATIONOFGRADUATESONTHEIRFIRSTJOBS......’~’~14

IV.ORIGINANI)PLACEMENTOFGRADUATES•......................17PlacementsinRuralandUrbanAreas•................18

V•SUMMAR!ANDCONCLUSIONS..•..•..•••••••....•~•••••~•••*••*20

APPENDIX......s..•e•••.e~ee•se•e•••22A•LetterSenttoAlumnus~23B.Questionaire................................s024CMap1•...•aese•s•••••.*.....•••25D.Map2•.e...ees•e••e•,.••••26E.PlaceofOriginofGraduates..........27

BIBLIOGRAPU!~......30

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~—

I

lO)

Purpose

purposeofthistItoanalyanpsiuthofiold

ofsocial*~rkoftoofAtlanta~IveroitySohoolofSocial

~1ø$4throughJune1943.et~z1ywillatoeh

thecinprofIoppertunitleforoveratenyear

period.SpecIflythintidy111atigatethesequetiwith

regardtothefirstitionheldr~raduatione

1.fleXofIdidtheentert

2.attypeofncydidtheyrt

.tiribilitouchtir

r

4.Whetthe4Irontheplaceoforigint.thep1

offirsteuplo

Scope

ThiestudyrUinvethetiretpteat

overthetenperiodJune19thrJune1943.Fourmet

lubetocoUtheForthisstudynatoa

1.UnquestionnairestoUofthi~iOriod.

2.PerIinterviewatbovailingradueofthisperiod.

3.informationonfil,inschool.

4.Dieouesionewiththedirectoroftheschool.

Thedadrfromthesesourceswillbeensandforthis

1

2

study.

Procedure

J~listofgraduaofthe~t1ntaUniuitySchoolofSoci

WorkfromJuni1934throbJune1943assecuredfromtheitrar,

toeaohgraduatewasentaletandquco’tionnaire.1Thedate

obt~inedLartotquestionnairesandfromtheofficefilesre

t~ba1ataidinterpreted.InaIdtbtheDirectorandwith

graduateswhoaemployedintiantaagenciestthetiofthe

theisitingprovidedeuppitaryinforination1

Hiebo1Background

M~lantaUniveritySohoolofSocialWorkhadaveryhi.

ginningItwasetabUehedinMienin1920throughtheeffortof

upofcivicpersonswhorecognitheurgentneedfortrained

Negrosoei~lkere.Theplanfortheorgani~etionoftheschool

perfectedanditopenedinSeptember,1920withfourteenstud.•The

schoolbaaengflyeversin,andbaatheath

largestenrollmentofanychooiofsocialIcinthecountry.

aschooltnolongerSIdOtorgationbutaffilia

tbtheAtian~Tniaitysystemin1939,aidn~offersthedegreesof

BachelorofSocialWorterofSocialWork.Itsfirstgradating

alcoain1921number~adoev•In1943fifty-tooatesweredod

d•Ofthe290gradteeintheIatyears,123have~ecoived

~See1kppendix.

09 a 89t otSt 6 £8 198108 98 096198 69619! 6 a 9961St 18 L28t9! st 926!18 2 ,8 SSStIt 9 92616 ~4O~

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I

CHAPTERtI

P24OFGRADUATESACCORDINGTOPIELIS

andsiaty-sightquesttonuswereatouttostuden

Ofthisnumberhundredtenty—sSzrreturned.Manyofthe

graduatesttioftStingofthisthesiswarservingWith

theAmericanRedCroasov*r~eandcouldnotbereached.intormation

fromthereturnedqueation~za~rea,thefilesSntheschool,reonal

interviewstbulatedforinvestigation.

seeninTableIinthenodtidied,Itwasfoundt77percent

thegraduatereomen,and28centwonmen.Thimaybe

due~otheatthatsod1workhabeenpopularlythoughtof~a

w~*u’sprofession.

0fthe290graduates4uningtheperiodconsidered,289enteFed

thefieldofeooialrk.-Theavailabilityofpoaiticnaatti~meof

ra~uutionmayhav,beenaLstar4*erminingthenumberofgraduateswho

ri~tLi16.Eighty-ninepercentofthegraduate

fieldofsocialrk,5.0percantenteredotherLiIde,3cent

“~irnozaployedandpercentsenteredarmedarvi•Table2

a2aowutheptoofgraduatetowtheyearsstudied.

~

4

5

TABLE~

PROYESSIONSTRATTIlEGRM)UATESENTERED

NwnberofGraduatesbyPlacementYearTot1InSocialWorkInOtherFiideUnemIcInotal________________________________________________

1341~S14——•1•~—

19852222——

193616162—

19372121—-_

19S8242121—

193932301—I1940262221119412722—

19425].412—819~~534?14-

Themainfieldsofsocialworkinwhichgtaduateshaveenplaced

arecaswork,groi~work,oozmnunityorganizationandeociajresarch.

canbeseeninTable8,47prcentofthegraduatawarplacedin

caseworkagencies,36percentwereplacingroupworkagencies,27

percentwereplacedincommunityorganizationagencies,and.5percent

insocialresearchagencie

TABLE3

DISTRIBUTIONOPGRADUATESACCORDINGTOSOCIALWORKJOBSANDMTSPICES

NumberofumberofCaseGroupCommunitySocialYeGraduatesPientaorkorkOrg;stionliesarch~ota12E917855-2421934151414——

19524221813—

19361816124——

193?2121184119382421129-—

1989~230113—

194026221615119412726155411942514127771943524730114

S

Wherceacakalonea411ofthegraduateinl9~4,the

yarehaveshotmthedevelopmentofotherfieldsasaaofplacement.

InI•forezazapl•therewereuty-sevengraduatesincasework

encies,ningroupworkdavoninoo~c~iu~ityorga~ii~ation

agencies.

~Sooialcaseworkqousiataoftheproa8whichde,elep

personalitythroughadjustments,consciouslyofted,benthe

individualmidhisocialvi~onment.’~TheLi14oaco~paeseafeniily

andchildcare,socialserviceinhoepital~andclinics.paychitrie

anititutionelcare,probationaerviceeofAmenRedCrone,

theTrabr‘~AidSociety,viaitiz~treandothprivateand

publicgroups.

AscnbeaeoniuTab1e,~44~toftgradtep1in

caseworkenemplbyDepartmentsofPublicWelfare.

irteenpercentenplo~edbyta~ailynoieailetother

perosntreeupboyadinethereasewo4kfieldea4y•Dun

theearlyareincludedinthestudywefindthatnestoftbwork

adonethtchildren’sagenciesenddepartmentsatpui~liowait

In1942~X&~spreadofagenciescoveredwiththepublic

welfare,children,lyandmedicalcaneworktheloadingsources

atp1nt.In1.934on~threecasewc~agenciesloyedgraduates

ascomparedththirtagenciesin1941.

Richmond,IThatiSoctalWork?~NewTonIc,1942),p.99.

•:;‘.~;~~“

flEW

c*samAGENCIESrni~ncnG~ABUA!E3‘c~sannacai

on

WonViettisigtnvelota*msrtcsnOrphanoftearflQoemeMê~CMZ4,atttoDWt?stzohorAURodaCon

2801786$$910—S4.a04

zösSze8a•24.119$O1280125‘4

tieS?ia22a9aSa1938128$2•$52~2939192:3•18a2126282aS2•a•21*94216211•Se123

1103a4sa11iOu60408151

pue~ta

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04 pOppi3 P~W 01fl PU~ ~ia~nio en

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435 ews~,agtaw’~t qi~~qM

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~,rnn ad ~ tsuo~~oony UOnW3JUS S~U0U~ ftnna 14 dun

~oa dtoaS q peas~$ sxqsnpaz2 cu~ jø quoe azad ‘g Ut

uces ui~ cy iysvçu2ooaz £~ep~t oq oq~ un2oq true sn’j ~t U

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SB p ssuno~a~q~sco4 y

p• nni g 5 ~ P0$W4~ G%E*W1,JP p ~UOD aed 4ua~L

quoa t113 puts tUUO3tfl*08t pnpvs2zo £0440 ~tU 04U0U4J’Sd

tones OflQftd ‘Cqqa ay.nS #eUG UI 0,

‘aje.~u~ £~ang q~~n gi~ 03

04 ~~Pfl0WtC~ “Vt ~U8 t~CPP1PU1 014 WIll fl

a

?ABLE5

a~om’WORKAGENO~8ZNWIIIORGRAD1W1~E8WEREPLACED

~rota1Place.

YearinG•W,~WCA!MO.(~PublicCii~y

~YARousiP1rounds

ConmiunityCenters&

SettlemeatROia~e8

OrphanHomes83SOhoolsChurchesGirlSooutOem

Total~18765-741i.7~-—-~-

19351———11936.48——21937421——I1938923.22.2—1193911311221——z19401———11941532——~——

19427222.2.2.———

1943134.212—3.12

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44 SUDS ‘UOIWEO Ccv anseq~ e~ 44~t

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W°°Z tenn&1pU1 us 5 ~an op~ pat

403 2afl~eS 4k0D eauidu; *~ 4±Irafle

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0!

~fl~NCXESINCO~WNI~ORGNZM~XONINV~1CBGTh~S~REPL&CED

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Yet~r~ot~1PiainC.0.Urb~floNea~.Eduoe4ionN~OSOPub]ioNouaABØooiationTot~1~-3.024~.6.2,.j...-~~i.-~..—~“t~.~.1...~ 94-

19à6331936.~

19371~.——

1938—————

~394————

i~4ô511121941413.•2—

19428211111943421•I

~‘.~.-~~..~-~

12

PlaeomentofGraduatesinPublicandPrivateAgencies

Pifty-eightpercentofthestudentsplacedintheperiodstudied

werefirstemployedbypublicagenviee•Theother42percantwere

placedinprivateagencies,Ofthoseemployedinthepublicfieldthe

greatestma3orltyfoundpositionsincityorcountywelfaredepartments

asseenin~able1,

Thepublicagencyisonewhichiscreatedbyorunderthespecific

authorityofthelaw,responsibleinallofitsopex~tionstothe

legallyconstitutedpublicauthoritiesandfinancedbytaxfundsor

by~a13lioadministrationundergovernmentsupervision?Theprivate

agencyisunderthecontrolofprivateleadership,isfinancedby

donationsfromindividualsorgroupsandisusuallygovernedbya

boardofdirectors

1J!epough.FedralGovernmentandPublic~(‘NewYork,1937),~76.,•

CHAPTERIII

~J1ERESPONSIBILITIES~I)REMUNERATIONOFGRADUATESONTHEIRFIRSTJOBS

TheresponsibiliteSofgraduatesintheirfirstplacementsafter

graduationmaybedividedintothecategoriesofpractitioner,supervisor

andexecutive.

Inthevariousfieldsofsocialworkthepractitioneristheworker

whohasadirectrelationshipwiththepersonorpersonsserved,thatis,

theclient.Onehundredandninty—twoor73percentofthegraduates

studiedwerepractitioners.

Thesupervisor’smainresponsibilityisthatofsupervisingthe

workofthepractitioner.Thesupervisorreadsanddiscussescasesor

grouprecordswithprofessionalandvolunteerworkersandhelpsthe

practitionerinmeetingtheneedsofthepeopleservedandinhis

professionaldevelopmentonthejob.

Twelvepercentofthegraduatesintheperiodstudiedwerefirst

placedassupervisors•Ninty—sevenpercentofthesupervisorswere

placedingroupworkagencies.

Theexecutiveisthepersonwhodirectstheworkofthelocal

unitinaccordancewiththepoliciesdeterminedbytheboardof

directorsortrustees.Intheeyesofthecommunitytheexecutivealone

isresponsibleforallthatoccursintheagency.Continuedefficiency

onthepartoftheexecutivewillpromoteacorrespondingsuccesson

thepartoftheorganization.Consequentlythepositionofthe

executiveentailsthegreatestresponsibility.

Theexecutivepromotessatisfactoryrelationshipswiththe

communityandprovidesforthesmoothfunctioningoftheagencyasa

14

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TW1GA~ O~ØN P0U~8.~ ZOJ UOT9~ JO.tt~ 2U~Gd op DUo.

9t.

CHAPTERIV

ORIGINAI~1DPLACEMENTOFGRADUATES

TheAtlantaUniversitySchoolofSocialWorkhasauniquejob

placementprogram.1Onthepremisethateverycityof5000ormore

where10percentofthepopulationisNegroneedsasocialworker,the

Schoolhassetupafileinitsofficesandcorrespondswithsocial

agenciesineachcityofthissize.Duringthespringoftheyear,

usuallyinApril,a“jobclinic”isheldwiththemembersofthesecond

yearclass.Inthisclinicthevacanciescreatedinthestaffsofthe

variousagenciesarediscussed,andthestudentsbestsuitedtothejobs

areputincontactwiththeagenciesconcerned.

AscanbeseenonMap1andtablesintheAppendix,moregraduates

havecomefromGeorgiathanfromanyotherofthethirty-fivestates

whicharetheplacesororiginofthegraduates.Georgiaisalso

highestinplacements,withMaryland,NorthCarolinaandNewYorktied

forsecondplace.Thirty—twopercentwereplacedfromfivehundredto

onethousandsmilesfromtheirplacesoforigin,while18percentfound

positionsonethousandsmilesandoverfromtheirplacesoforigin.

Thetwohundredandflintygraduatesofthisperiodattended67

differentcollegesbeforetakingprofessionaltraining.The10colleges

‘withthelargestnumberofgraduatesfromtheAtlantaUniversitySchool

ofSocialWorkcanbeseeninTable10.

1InterviewwiththeDirector,Mr.ForresterB.‘~ashington.

17

83

a

rn

rt ~c

hiT 42J3

0110 4~VS ~,OL2

• JJTI~]J0

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qa~ ‘t~ut~od O~ 80Z ~od US

a

~NDGONCLUSXONS

TM.~stu4~n8n~tOdiscoverthesgopportunitiesinsocial

workforNegroesassho~mbythefirstpiacofgraduatesthe

AtlanUniversi~SchoolofSoOialWorkfranJune1934through~me

943.ehool,beingtheorzl~roneinthecountrydevotedentirely

tothetsi~iingofgresocialra,gi~goodpistaof

improvomantinsuchopportunitie

dataforstudyrecollectedtroi~~ieoiool’saffi

records,questiroenttograduates,andinterviewawith

Directoroftheschoolandgraduatesofperiodstudiedwhorenow

employedbyagencieeinAtlanta,Th.datawereorganized,dom~

tabulated.

thedataolloctedthecn~nsionsare

1.thatmoatofthegraduatesoftheAtlantaUnv’ereitySchool

ofSocialWorkhavoenteredfieldofeoci4work.

2,Mostofthegraduatesgointowork,withgroupwork

second,oomnunit~yorganizationthirdandseeresearchlast.Por~.

sevenparcentofthegraduates’firstplacementsroincasework,

36percentingroupwork,27percentinm4i~rorganizationand

.5percentinsOCialresearch.

3.Seventy..tbreepercentofthegraduateswerefirstemployed

aspractitioners,Uperoentaszecutiveand12percentanrvisors.

4.flfty-eigWcpercentofthegteswerefirstemployed

bypebUcagenciesand~percantbypritoagencies.

20

2].

5. The salaries paid graduates in their first placements

~ve doubled in the ten year period studied.

6. More students have been placed in urban areas than in rural

areas.

7, The majority of the students are employed within a radius of

five hundfed miles of their homes,

8 • More students were in supervisory positions than executive

positions on period studied.

9. The greatest increase in the number of agencies accepting

graduates -as in the group work field.

10. The number of graduates increased from 14 in 1934 to 52 in

1943.

11. The Atlanta University School of Social Work has done a good

job in the placement of its students and in keeping in contact with each

graduate to 1~iow of the progress he hats been making. The school is

responsible for 96 per cent of the placements of graduates for the

period studied.

a

letterBentto

ATLJINrAUNIVERSITYSCHOOLOFSOCIALWORK

247HenryStreet,S.W.

Atlanta,Georgia

March14,1944

DearAlumnus:

Ihopethisletterfindsyouenjoyingthebestofhealthandthesecurityofagoodpayingposition.Atmysuggestiononeofourstudentsiswritingathesison“TheChangingOpportunitiesforNegroesinSocialWorkasShownbyaStudyofthePlacementofGraduatesoftheAtlantaUniversitySchoolofSocialWork,June1934—1943.”

IthinkthatyouwillagreewithmethattherehasbeenmarkedimprovementinthestatusofNegroesinsocialworkduringthepasttenyearsalongseverallines,incluaingtypcofjobs,enteringsalariesandgeographicalplacement.

IbelievethataknowledgeoftheprogressthattheNegrohasmadeinsocialworkduringthepasttenyearswiilacceleratethepaceofhisprogressduringth~.nexttenyears.Althoughthisstudyisbeingmade,atfirst,asathesisbyoneofourstudentsIintendtohaveiteditedandis~ucdasapublicationoftheschoolandcirculatedamonginterestedpersonswhereitwilldothemostgood.Ofcourse,Iwillseethatyougetacopy-.

WeareaskingyoutofillouttheenclosedquestionnaireandreturnittoMissJeannetteHarvey,thestudent,whoismakingthestudy.Pleaseansvierallthequestions.Forinstance,youmaynotseethevalueofansweringthequestionregarding“enteringsalaries,”butitisaveryimportantiteminthestudy.Wewanttoshowsocialagenciesthroughoutthecountrythattherehasbeenaverygreatincreaseinsalariesduringthepasttenyearsandthusencouragethemtokeepupthistrend.Besuretonotethatwearenotinquiringaboutyourprese~position.Weareinquiringabout

hefirstpositioninwhichyouwereemployed.Thankyouinadvanceforyourcooperationandpromptness.

Sincerelyyours,

ForresterE.WashingtonPDirectorEnciosure

24

Queatiozmire

Name

Dateof~adu~tion~

Firstpositioflaftergraduation

DidtheSchoolmaketheplacement?

N~met0~fagency

LocaUOflofagency_

Beginningsalary(yearly)

Wastheagencyprivateorpublic?

Presentposition

Presenthomeaddress___________

Pleasereturnimm~diat~lyto

Mi35JL.annetteRarv~yAtlant~.UnivursitySchoolofSocialYgork247HenryStreet,S.W.Atlanta,Georgia

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If

—

27

PLACESOF0GflTOPGRADUATES

TotalH~miberofGraduates290

TJiEN0R1~89

A.NewEnglazKI6

Main-

NewI~ampshireVermont—

Massaohusetta2RhodeIslandIConnecticut3

B.MiddleAtlantic48

NewYork34hewJersey10Pennsylvania4

0.EatNorthCentral26

Ohio10Indiania6Illinois5Michigan4Wiscoasia2

P.WestNorthCeutr19

Minnesota4souri4

NorthDakotaSouthDakota-

Nebr—

Kansas3Iowa—

80~H203

A.SouthAtlantic123

Delaware4MarylandWashington,D.C.7Virginia5WestVirginiaNorthCarolina19SouthCarolina8Georgia56Florida7

28

B. East South Central 40

Kentuoky 16Alabama 14Tennessee 8Mississippi Z

-~C, Wóst South Central 40

~rkanaas 6Louisiana 20Oklahoma 9Texas x5

THE WEST 5

Mowitain 2

Montana -

Idaho -

Wyo~ngColorado 2New MexicoArzonia —

Ut -

Nevada -

P6cifio 1

Washington —

Oregon -

California I

STUDENTS FROM OTHER. COUNTRIES

Canada ISouth Africa IAustralia 1

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