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Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Introduction to Fire Protection3rd Edition
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Chapter 6
Fire Department Resources
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Objectives
• List fire department facilities• List advantages of a department having its own
facilities• Describe the purpose of each of the fire
department facilities• Describe the types of fire apparatus and their
functions• List the types of tools carried on fire apparatus
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Objectives (con’t.)
• Describe the use of the various tools carried on fire apparatus
• Describe the different types of personal protective equipment firefighters use
• Describe the types and uses of aircraft in fire fighting
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Introduction
• The modern fire department relies on facilities and equipment as resources
• Some facilities are not available at every fire department due to need or budget constraints
• Equipment has evolved over a period of many years– Varies in fire departments according to situations
and types of fires
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Fire Department Facilities
• Includes the following:– Headquarters
– Automotive repair facility
– Training center
– Warehouse/central stores
– Communications center
– Fire stations
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Headquarters
• Houses managerial/command staff• Concentrates decision makers in one location• May be located at main fire station or at other
location
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Automotive Repair Facility
• Fleet maintenance• Apparatus build up• Mechanical expertise for fire equipment
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Training Center
• Training center– Specially constructed or improvised
– Drill tower (see Figure 6-4)• Ladder training (ground/aerial)• Hi-rise training• High angle rescue
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Training Center (con’t.)
• Burn building– Search and interior attack drills
– Fire environment demonstrations
– Ventilation drills
– Hazardous materials drills, including simulated drug labs
Safety Note: Follow NFPA 1403 standards for live
drills
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Training Center (con’t.)
• Classrooms– Equipment
• VCR, TV, white boards
– Clean/controlled environment• Lighting, seating
– May be shared with other agencies
• Storage rooms– Apparatus, equipment, supplies
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Training Center (con’t.)
• Drafting pit– Operating training
• On-site hydrants– For drill tower and burn building
– Testing on hydrant hookups
• Driver training/testing course– Emergency stops, high-speed lane changes
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Training Center (con’t.)• Hazardous materials props
– Plumbing props, railroad tank cars, large tanks
– Useful for confined space rescue training
• Studio– Create and duplicate training materials
– Produce closed-circuit TV programs
• Offices– Instructor support
– Library of training materials
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Warehouse/Central Stores
• Stock day-to-day needs, from toilet paper to PPE
• Keep items readily available• Maintain equipment
– SCBA and medical oxygen refill
– Hose repair
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Communications Center
• Receives calls for emergency assistance• Relevant 911 calls routed to fire department
dispatcher• Dispatcher enters call information into CAD
system• CAD system displays information to dispatch
required units• Enhanced 911 and CAD systems give incident
address and equipment information
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Fire Stations
• Began as apparatus storage sheds• Provide living quarters, office space, and
apparatus room• Accommodate women in the fire service• Provide handicapped access• Blend in with neighborhood
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Fire Stations (con’t.)
• Keep well maintained• Occupy a large, secured lot• Supply room for maneuvering apparatus to
perform drills• House equipment for vehicle maintenance
– Motor block heater, electric and air hose reels, air compressor, hose tower
• Store turnouts in ventilated storage cabinets
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Fire Apparatus
• Many types required• Build up from cab and chassis
– Commercial or custom cabs
• Meet NFPA 1901 Automotive Fire Apparatus requirements
Safety Note: Wear seat belts, remain seated and
belted in until told to exit
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Cab and Chassis
• Tour of cab– Large mirrors
– Air brake pressure gauge
– Oil pressure gauge
– Fuel level gauge
– Manual or automatic transmission
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Cab and Chassis (con’t.)
• Pump transfer case– Transfers power to pump
• Automatics equipped with brake and throttle pedals
• Diesel may have “jake brake”– Turns motor into air compressor for braking
– Saves vehicle brakes from wear/overheating
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Cab and Chassis (con’t.)
• Switches for lights and siren• Light bar on cab includes alley and red lights• Air horns in front bumper• Electronic siren with several tones• Radio system has multi-channel capability
– Administrative and emergency operations channels
– Communications with other jurisdictions
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Cab and Chassis (con’t.)
• Intercom system allows intra-cab communications
• SCBA mounted in cab for quick donning• Mobile Data Computer (MDC) connect to
CAD and AVL• Global positioning system (GPS) allows
vehicle tracking and relay of position to aircraft• Double battery setup for startup power and
warning lights
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Motor
• Diesel becoming most common– Long life and durability
– Abundance of torque
– Turbo and/or supercharged
– Oversized alternator
– High idle switch keeps amperage up
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Modular Apparatus
• Cab and chassis• Replaceable buildup
– Flat bed with skid unit
• Allows greater flexibility
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Pumper/Engine
• Triple combination most common– Hose
– Water tank
– Pump
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Water Tanks
• Various sized water tanks– 200 to 1,500 gallons
• Baffles to prevent sloshing and weight shift• Plastic gaining popularity as tank material
– Unharmed by foam
– Does not rust
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Foam Systems
• Foam systems– Class A
• Superior knockdown on ordinary combustibles
– Class B• For hydrocarbon fuels• Often uses flow meter
– CAFS• Uses compressed air
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Pumps
• Main purpose is to lift water• Centrifugal most common as main pump• Construction
– Impeller is the vaned wheel inside case
– Suction inlets introduce water into eye of impeller
– Impeller spins, forcing water outward against walls of casing
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Centrifugal Pumps
• Casing uses volute area to convert centrifugal energy to pressure
• Volute discharges water into plumbing• Plumbing connects to various outlets
(discharges)
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Centrifugal Pumps (con’t.)
• Relief valve– Reroutes excess pressure to suction side
– Prevents pressure surges
• Pressure governor– Controls motor speed
– Less speed = less pressure
– Prevents pressure surgesSafety Note: Should always be set at a safe operating
pressure to provide firefighter safety
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Centrifugal Pumps (con’t.)
• Advantages– Can spin without discharging water
– Take advantage of pressure from inlet side
– Can pump dirty water
– Equipped with screens to limit size of debris entering pump
Safety Note: If no water is discharged, it can reach
scalding temperatures
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Centrifugal Pumps (con’t.)
• Disadvantages– Can only act on the water that enters
– Cannot draw water from a static source
– Cavitation can occur if the discharge exceeds intake pressure
– May damage pump impeller
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Positive Displacement Pumps• Types include rotary gear, piston and
diaphragm• Discharge volume equals intake volume• Used to “prime” centrifugal pumps
– Evacuates air from pump housing
– Creates vacuum
– Atmospheric pressure forces water into pump
• Used in some high pressure applications
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Positive Displacement Pumps (con’t.)• Advantages
– Self-priming (can pump air)
• Disadvantages– Must keep a discharge open at all times due to
pressure buildup
– Cannot pump debris
– Heavy and expensive
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Aerial Ladder and Elevated Platform Apparatus
• Two basic configurations– Tractor/trailer with tiller
– Straight chassis
• Ladder types– Extendable with flies
– With or without basket/platform
– 108 feet of ground ladders needed to qualify as a ladder truck
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Aerial Ladder and Elevated Platform Apparatus (con’t.)
• Additional features– Articulated boom
– Intercom system
– Breathing air system in platform
– Plumbing for elevated streams
– Remote controls in platform
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Quint
• Quint apparatus ladder truck/pumper combination includes:– Pump
– Water tank
– Hose bed
– Aerial ladder
– Ground ladders
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Squads
• Specialty vehicles to serve department’s special needs
• Examples– Special lighting vehicle
– Medical and hazardous materials vans
– Tactical command post and support
– Rehab
– Terra torch (for wildland firefighting)
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Aircraft Rescue Fire Fighting (ARFF)
• Large water tank• Foam and dry chemical extinguishing systems • All-wheel drive for off-runway operation• Turret and ground sweep nozzles• Pump and roll capability• Hand lines and ladders for fuselage access
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Fire Tools and Appliances
• Includes the following:– Hose
– Nozzles
– Ladders
– Fittings
– SCBA
– Hand Tools
– Wildland Firefighting Hand Tools
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Hose
• Come in various sizes and construction types• Use couplings• Carried in apparatus hose beds• Used for various applications
– Attack
– Supply
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Figure 6-37
Hose lines, 2 ½ inch, three-inch, and four-inch diameter, laid in hose bed.
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Nozzles
• Numerous sizes and designs• Combination
– Fog or straight stream patterns
• Straight tip/smooth bore • Bail handle turns on and off
– Designed to turn itself off if dropped
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Nozzles (con’t.)
• Foam inductors– Based on venturi principle
– Draws concentrate from pail and introduces it into the hose stream
– Must follow manufacturer’s instructions or quality foam will not be produced
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Fittings
• Connect hoses and appliances– Allows versatility
• Reverse direction of hose lays• Change hose size or thread type• Combine or divide hose lays
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Ladders
• Attic ladder: folding 10-foot most common• Roof ladder: 14-foot with fold out hooks• Extension ladder: bed ladder with one or more
flies, various lengths
Safety Note: Ladders used must be designed for
firefighting use
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
SCBA
• Self-contained breathing apparatus• Four main components
– Face mask
– Air bottle
– Backpack
– Regulator
• Low pressure alarm
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
SCBA (con’t.)
• Protect firefighters from– Low oxygen concentration– Toxic byproducts– Smoke– Superheated gases
• Regulator operates in positive pressure mode to prevent toxic gases from entering face mask
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Hand Tools
• General and specialized tools for cutting, forcing, lighting, tightening– Hose tools (spanners)
– Hydraulic rescue tools
– Air bags
– Axes
– Circular saws
– Chain saws
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Hand Tools (con’t.)
• More tools– Sledge hammers
– Pike poles
– Rubbish hooks
– Power fans
– Smoke ejectors
– Salvage covers/rolled plastic
– Fire extinguishers
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Hand Tools (con’t.)
• More tools (con’t.)– Medical aid equipment– Automatic external defibrillator– Electrical generator– Lights/power cords– Shovels– Thermal imaging camera
• Many other tools are carried depending on needs
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Wildland Firefighting Hand Tools• For cutting and scraping
– McLeod
– Pulaski
– Axes
– Shovels
– Chain saws
– Fusees (for road flares)
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Wildland Firefighting Hand Tools (con’t.)
• Other tools– Flagging tape
– Canteens
– Portable pumps
– Tanks
• Other specialized tools are availableSafety Note: Cutting tools are very sharp; use great
care!
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Heavy Equipment
• Bulldozers create firelines– Scrape earth
– Knock down trees
• Pumper Cat has water tank on board• Special foam units for oil firefighting
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
• Includes the following:– Station/work uniform
– Structure fire PPE
– Personal alarm/personal safety system
– Proximity suits
– Wildland PPE
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Station/Work Uniforms
• May be flame-resistant material, cotton or cotton blend
• Cotton underwear• Additional layers help to protect from radiant
heat
Safety Note: Any clothing made of nylon or related
synthetic fabrics can melt to your skin
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Structure Fire PPE
• Designed as a system– Helmet and hood or ear protection
– SCBA
– Coat
– Pants
– Boots and glovesSafety Note: PPE must all be worn every time to
provide proper protection
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Personal Alarm / Proximity Suits
• Personal Alarm Device (PAL or PASS)– Required to carry on SCBA suit
– Emits signal when no motion is detected for approximately 30 seconds
• Proximity Suits– Used to approach flaming fuel
– Not designed for walking in flames
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Wildland PPE
• Designed as a system– Hard hat, ear and face protection, and goggles
– Fire shirt with T-shirt underneath
– Flame-resistant pants
– Lace-up boots with lug soles
– Gloves
– Fire shelterSafety Note: Never leave vehicle without shelter
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Emergency Medical PPE
• Universal precautions– Moisture-resistant long-sleeved shirt
– Latex or vinyl gloves
– Eye, nose, and mouth protection
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Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Aircraft
• Fixed wing– Lead plane
– Air tankers
– Smoke jumper transport
• Rotary wing– Troop/materiel transport
– Water dropping
– EMS transport
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning
Introduction to Fire Protection 3rd EditionRobert Klinoff
Summary
• Tools and equipment constantly developed or adapted for firefighters– Equipment varies according to department
needs – New tools make job easier and safer– Do not become so dependent on power tools
that you are ineffective without them• Facilities in this chapter are only a
representative sample • Most important resource: the firefighter