Post on 20-Jan-2016
transcript
Chapter 1: Overview of the Body
Outline
A.Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology
B.Human Body Orientation
C. Body Positions
D. Movement
E. Body Regions
Anatomy (morphology): “cutting up”; the structural make-up of an organism
Physiology:
The functions of an organism
A. Introduction
Fine or Microscopic Anatomy:
examines microscopic features of the body (cells / tissues)
Gross Anatomy: examines features of the body visible to the naked eye (systems / organs)
Pathology: study of human diseases
When the body is in Anatomical Position it is:
1) in an erect posture,
2) with arms at the sides,
3) palms & feet facing forward.
B. Human Body
Orientation
Directional orientation refers to the view one has of a person
Directional planes describe different ways a body can be viewed & divided
Superior:• toward the
head
Inferior:• toward the
feet
Ex. Lungs are superior to the diaphragm.
Directional Orientation
Medial: toward the
midline
Lateral: away from
the midline
Ex. Big toe is medial to the little toe.
Directional Orientation
Proximal : close to an
attachment point
Distal: far from an
attachment point
Ex. Elbow is proximal to the wrist.
Directional Orientation
Superficial: towards the
surfaceDeep away from the surface
Deep: away from the surface
Ex. Skin is superficial to muscles.
Directional Orientation
Directional OrientationAnterior: (Ventral)
• front view
Posterior:(Dorsal)
• back view
Ex. Chest is anterior to shoulder blades
Sagittal Plane:• lengthwise planes
dividing the body into right & left sections
Midsagittal Plane:• divides the body into
equal halves
Directional Planes
Directional Planes
Coronal Plane:• anterior & posterior
sections referring to head region
Frontal Plane:• divides the body
vertically into anterior & posterior sections
Transverse Plane:• divides the body
horizontally into upper & lower sections
Directional Planes
Concept Check 1 1. Define anatomy.
2. What is the difference between the study of fine anatomy and gross anatomy?
3. Distinguish the difference between the terms physiology and pathology?
Concept Check 2 1. Distinguish between the terms lateral and medial.
2. What is the difference between the terms inferior and distal?
3. What are alternate terms for anterior and posterior?
1. What is the difference between a sagittal plane and midsagittal plane?
2. Define the term frontal plane?
3. What does transverse plane mean?
Concept Check 3
SUPINE:body is lying face up
PRONE:PRONE:
body is lying facebody is lying face
downdown
C. Body postions
LithotomyLithotomy::
legs are placed on supportslegs are placed on supports
that hold the ankles and spread out the legsthat hold the ankles and spread out the legs
D. Movement
• Antagonistic: opposing movements
Flexion Extension
Abduction Adduction
Inversion Eversion
E. Body Regions and Cavities
• Body regions are divided into general locations, abdominopelvic regions, and quadrants
Bilateral: – body parts located laterally on both sides of the body
Unilateral: – single body part found in a lateral location
• The human body is naturally divided into internal cavities
Dorsalcavity
Ventral cavity
Ventral Body Cavity
1. Thoracic cavity: – esophagus, heart, lungs, respiratory tree
Pericardial cavity: encases heart
Pleural cavities: encase the lungs
Cutting Edge Research:Smoking and the Thoracic Cavity
Pneumothorax – condition in which one or both lungs collapse
Spontaneous pneumothorax – occurs in the absence of injury to the chest or lungs;
• 7X more likely to occur in males than female• male smokers are 20X more likely to develop SP than male nonsmokers• female smokers are 9X more likely to develop SP than female nonsmokers
2. Abdominopelvic cavity: abdominal and pelvic regions
Abdominal : liver, gallbladder, intestines, kidneys, spleen, stomach
Pelvic: rectum, reproductve system, urinary bladder
Abdominopelvic Regions & Quadrants
Dorsal Body Cavity
1. Cranial cavity: brain
1. Spinal cavity: spinal cord
http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP15405
Online Review Game of Terms
Concept Check 41. Define the term antagonistic in relation to body movement.
2. Distinguish between the terms flexion and extension.
3. Name and describe the antagonistic movements for flexion, abduction, and eversion.
Concept Check 5
1. Define the abdominopelvic region.
2. What is the name of the center-most section of the abdominopelvic region?
3. How does the quadrant system differ from the abdominopelvic sections.
Concept Check 61. What structures are found in the abdominopelvic cavity?
2. Distinguish between the thoracic cavity and the spinal cavity.
3. What are the sections of the spinal cavity?
Case Study Investigation #1: Conclusion
What region did the knife enter? How do you know?
What organs can be found in this region? Why might it be dangerous if these organs are punctured?
Why do you think the patient is having trouble breathing? Is there a name for this condition?