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Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-2
Mid-Romantic Era
1850s to 1870s
Most important works were: solo piano works, symphonic program music, and opera.
Most important composers were: Franz Liszt, Giuseppe Verdi, Richard Wagner, and Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky.
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-3
Works for Solo Piano
Solo piano music was appealing
to Romantics because of the focus
on the individual.
The focus was on musical
expression and technical
prowess.
First “performer-hero” at the
piano was Franz Liszt.
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-4
Symphonic Program Music
Two paths during the Mid-Romantic Era
Programmatic symphony-a full-length symphony with each of its 3 to 5 movements depicting an episode in the narrative
Symphonic poem--single-movement self-contained work for orchestra; also programmatic
Liszt was the greatest mid-Romantic composer of symphonic poems.
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-5
Opera: Schools and Types
Three national schools of opera:
the French, the Italian, and the
German
Each had a distinct national
identity by the time of the mid-
Romantic period.
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-6
Opera: Schools and Types
French opera--three types
Grand opera--lofty subject matter, spectacular staging, ballet, choruses, and crowd scenes; recitatives, arias, and choruses--no spoken dialogue
Opéra comique--(comic opera)--much smaller cast and orchestra with a simpler musical style and more down-to-earth plots with humorous or romantic interest--some spoken dialogue
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-7
Opera: Schools and Types
French opera--three types
Lyric opera--between grand opera
and lyric opera; melodious; subject
matter was tragic love; proportions
lay somewhere between the
spectacular and the skimpy.
Greatest lyric opera is Carmen
(1857) by George Bizet.
Set the stage for verismo (realism) in
opera toward the end of the 19th
century.
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-8
Opera: Schools and Types
Italian opera--dominated by the
achievements of Giuseppe Verdi.
Three important composers of
Italian opera preceded him:
Rossini, Donizetti, and Bellini
Rossini--Barber of Seville (1816)
Bellini--Norma (1831)
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-9
Opera: Schools and Types
German opera--central figure was
Richard Wagner.
Influenced by the works of Carl
Maria von Weber--Der Freischütz
(1821) with its supernatural and
heroic subject matter and heavy
emphasis on the role of the
orchestra.
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-10
Nationalism
After the Napoleonic Wars ended in 1814, European countries began to assert their independence and to stress national identity.
Italy unified under a constitutional monarchy in 1870.
A single German empire was created from a collection of separate states in 1871.
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-11
Nationalism
Polish people rebelled against the ruling Russians.
Czechs rebelled against their Austrian rulers.
Norway gained independence from Sweden.
Finland struggled for independence from Russia.
Russia had a Civil War to preserve a single national identity.
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-12
Nationalism
This movement was reflected in the arts.
Local language was fostered.
Books of national poetry were published.
Intellectuals turned with increasing interest to the folk tales, dances, and songs of their native heritage.
Operas were based on national legend or history and were written in the native language.
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-13
Nationalism
This movement was reflected in the arts.
Folk tunes appeared in symphonic music.
Rhythms of folk dances were used in chamber works.
Verdi wrote barely disguised political protests into his operas and was regarded as a national hero.
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-14
Franz Liszt (1811-1886)
Born in 1811 in Hungary.
Father was an administrator and court musician at the Esterházy Palace, where Haydn spent much time.
Liszt learned to play piano from his father.
After moving to Vienna, he studied composition with Antonio Salieri, who had taught Schubert and Beethoven.
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-15
Franz Liszt (1811-1886)
At 13, the family moved to Paris; he began to tour Europe as a piano virtuoso.
He showed incredible technique.
He was known as a fabulous showman.
At age 20, he heard Paganini and decided to achieve the same level of virtuosity on the piano.
His fingers were unusually long and thin, and he could play tenths with ease.
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-16
Franz Liszt (1811-1886)
Developed great friendships with Berlioz and Chopin.
Lived with Countess Marie d’Agoult, a novelist who published under the name, Daniel Stern.
She left her husband to live with him, and they had 3 children.
They traveled frequently around Europe while he performed to enthusiastic crowds and composed.
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-17
Franz Liszt (1811-1886)
1842--settled in Weimar, Germany, where he had been appointed music director.
Devoted himself to composing and conducting.
Relationship with Countess ended in 1844; he began an affair with a Russian princess.
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-18
Franz Liszt (1811-1886)
While with the Countess, he completed most of the compositions that made him famous--12 symphonic poems, 2 programmatic symphonies, and much music for solo piano.
1861--resigned at Weimar and went to Rome to begin religious studies.
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-19
Franz Liszt (1811-1886)
Became an abbé and wrote several religious compositions:
Psalm settings
Masses
An oratorio
Near the end of his life, he again composed music for the piano and completed some pieces that foreshadowed the harmonies and Impressionistic colors of early 20th century music.
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-20
Liszt’s Music
Liszt and Wagner are considered
the most avant-garde composers
of the mid-19th century.
Liszt’s piano music is quite varied.
Transcendental Études--contain
some of the most difficult piano
music ever written.
Dance forms: mazurkas, waltzes,
polonaises, and Hungarian
dances
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-21
Liszt’s Music
Liszt’s piano music is quite varied.
Piano Sonata in B Minor
One long movement with 3
themes that are stated at the
beginning
The themes reappear in different
forms throughout the piece.
Called thematic transformation.
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-22
Liszt’s Music
Liszt’s piano music is quite varied.
Hungarian Rhapsodies--examples
of more of his nationalist music
Transcriptions--“translations” of
music from one medium to
another
100s of transcriptions of
orchestral and operatic music for
piano
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-23
Liszt’s Music
Orchestral music
Best known of 12 symphonic poems are Les Préludes and Hamlet.
Two programmatic symphonies:
Faust Symphony--based on main characters of Goethe’s play
Dante Symphony--based on the 3 main parts of Dante’s Divine Comedy
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-24
Liszt’s Music
Liszt expanded the boundaries of what was considered possible to perform on the piano.
His Hungarian music contributed to the nationalist movement of his home country.
He influenced several generations of composers after him and foreshadowed some of the harmonic changes of the 20th century.
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-25
Liszt’s Transcendental Étude No. 10 in F Minor Composed in 1826 when Liszt was
only 15 years old.
Revised and reissued later--in
1839.
“Ten times more difficult than
before”
Berlioz said Liszt was the only
person who could play it.
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
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Liszt’s Transcendental Étude No. 10 in F Minor Explored every possible
demanding piano technique:
Doubled octave passages
Rapid skips
Intricate bass tracery
Fast runs
Massive chords
Widely separated hands
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-27
Liszt’s Transcendental Étude No. 10 in F Minor Contains some unusual harmonies
and a great sense of moving
forward.
Although seemingly random and
uncontrollable, the piece is
actually carefully organized.
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-28
Verdi and Wagner
Each became the symbol of opera for his own country:
Verdi in Italy
Wagner in Germany
They both had long careers, writing their last operas in their 70s.
They made opera the central genre of mid-Romanticism.
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-29
Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901)
Verdi was admired in Italy while still a
young man.
Born in a small northern village where
his father ran an inn.
As a boy he played the organ for
services at the local church and
conducted the town band in Busseto.
One of the wealthy merchants In
Busseto sent him to Milan to study
music.
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-30
Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901)
The famous opera house, La Scala, was
located in Milan.
When he returned to Busseto, he
married his patron’s daughter when he
was 23 and she was 16.
Although he started composing there,
his two children died along with his
wife; he became seriously depressed
and decided not to compose anymore.
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-31
Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901)
The concert manager at La Scala gave
him the libretto for Nabucco
(Nebuchadnezzar), and he liked it so
well he composed an opera by that
name which was produced in 1842.
During the next eleven years, he
wrote 15 operas. The most famous
were:
Rigoletto (1851)
Il trovatore (1853)
La traviata (1853)
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-32
Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901)
Verdi became a very wealthy man; he married again and bought a country estate.
1860s and 1870s he wrote 3 more operas including Aida, which was commissioned for the opening of the Suez Canal.
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-33
Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901)
His final surge of creativity yielded 2 more operas:
Otello in 1887 (based on Shakespeare’s Othello)
Falstaff in 1893 (based on Shakespeare’s play, The Merry Wives of Windsor
The Jewish chorus in Nabucco was heard by the Italians as a rallying cry against their Austrian rulers.
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-34
Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901)
During his life he became a national symbol.
After Italian independence in 1870, he was name an honorary member of parliament.
When he died (at age 88), Italy declared a national day of mourning.
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-35
Verdi’s Music
Music in other genres besides
opera:
A magnificent Requiem
Several songs
A fine string quartet
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-36
Verdi’s Music
Secret to his operatic success was his
beautiful melodies.
He also specialized in writing stirring
rhythms that can set the heart
pounding.
True essence of a Verdi opera is in the
drama:
Strong emotional resonance
Violent contrasts
Quick action
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-37
Verdi’s Music
Between 1840 and 1880, Verdi’s
compositional style became more
fluid.
Instead of the recitatives-arias
style of earlier compositions, he
created a continuing musical flow
in which the drama unfolded.
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-38
Verdi’s Music
The music was held together by the
orchestral accompaniment.
Binds voices together in duet, trios, and
ensembles.
Keeps action moving.
Supplies rich, colorful harmonies.
Verdi also uses the orchestra to present
motives that represent people in the
story, thus approaching Wagner’s
concept of the lietmotif.
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-39
Verdi’s Otello(excerpt)
The last of Verdi’s tragic operas.
Dramatic interest lies in the portrayal of
human emotions.
Story: Iago, a junior officer in the
Venetian army, is intensely jealous of
the promotion of his friend, Cassio. He
tries to destroy Cassio’s career by
deceiving Otello into thinking that
Cassio is having an affair with his new
wife, Desdemona.
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-40
Verdi’s Otello(excerpt)
Form is somewhere halfway
between recitative and aria--
called accompanied recitative.
Scene ends with a huge orchestral
climax.
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PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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10-41
Richard Wagner (1813-1883)
Born in Leipzig, Germany.
Father died when he was an infant, and his mother remarried.
Educated under the influence of his stepfather, who was a writer and an artist.
He studied Shakespeare and Homer and heard Beethoven’s music.
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-42
Richard Wagner (1813-1883)
Studied music at Leipzig University, but left before finishing his degree to take a job at a small opera house.
For six years there, he learned about opera from the inside, both as a chorus director and as a conductor.
He married an actress, Minna Planer, and composed his first operas.
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-43
Richard Wagner (1813-1883)
Left Germany in debt, fleeing in the night to Paris with his wife.
They were very poor; the Paris Opera wouldn’t produce his opera, Rienzi.
He made money selling his music.
He composed another opera, The Flying Dutchman.
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PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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10-44
Richard Wagner (1813-1883)
Then he heard that both Rienzi and The Flying Dutchman were going to be produced in Germany. These were a great success.
At age 30, he was appointed court conductor in Dresden.
Two more operas were composed:
Tannhäuser (1845) and Lohengrin (1848).
Librettos based on folk legend.
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PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-45
Richard Wagner (1813-1883)
1848--joined a failed coup against the monarchy; he had to leave Germany again.
Settled with his wife in Zurich for 12 years. Some of his most important compositions were written there:
Essay: The Art Work of the Future (1849)
Book: Opera and Drama (1851).
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-46
Richard Wagner (1813-1883)
He called for a return to the artistic ideals of Greek antiquity in which poetry, drama, philosophy, and music could be combined into a single work of art.
He believed music and words should be completely interwoven into a genre he called music drama.
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-47
Richard Wagner (1813-1883)
Wagner was an anti-Semite who wrote an anti-Jewish essay and attacked the music of Jewish composers.
He wrote the largest musical project of the entire Romantic period--his cycle of music dramas known as The Ring of the Nibelungs.
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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10-48
The Ring of the Nibelungs
Four long operas based on
medieval German legend,
involving gods and goddesses,
dwarfs and giants, and human
heroes.
Four operas are: The Rhinegold,
The Valkyries, Siegfried, and The
Twilight of the Gods.
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PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Ring of the Nibelungs
Music and poetry were both written by
Wagner.
The work took > 25 yrs. to complete.
Music describes and illuminates the
poetry.
Leitmotivs--musical phrases
associated with objects, characters,
events, thoughts, and feelings--added
meaning to the text and offered
psychological insights into the
characters.
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10-50
Richard Wagner (1813-1833)
Wagner was not a faithful husband. He
finally left Minna and married Cosima
von Bülow.
For 8 years he believed his operas
wouldn’t be produced, but then King
Ludwig II of Bavaria stepped in.
The King funded his every wish,
including a new opera house in
Bayreuth, where he could stage his
operas.
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
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Wagner’s Music
His only important music was
opera.
The early operas, Rienzi and The
Flying Dutchman, are typical of
German Romantic opera--with
grand scenes and separate
recitatives and arias.
His human characters, however,
were symbolic of grand ideas.
Understanding Music By Jeremy Yudkin
PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
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Wagner’s Music
By the later operas, Tannhäuserand Lohengrin, he had developed his poetic skills; he based his stories on ancient legends.
In these operas, the individual arias, recitatives, and choruses were not as distinct in musical style, flowing with much more musical continuity.
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PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Wagner’s Music
In The Ring the music is absolutely continuous, and the orchestra carries the main musical content.
The voices sing in arioso style--halfway between speech-like recitative and lyrical aria, blending into the instrumental fabric.
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©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Wagner’s Music
The orchestra is central to all of Wagner’s music.
He enjoyed using the brass instruments.
He even invented the Wagner tuba, a new musical instrument the sound of which covered the gap between the French horns and the trombones. The Ring uses four of these.
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PRENTICE HALL
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Wagner’s Music
Wagner achieves musical continuity through the orchestra but also through the harmonies that he employs.
Melts the end of one phrase into the beginning of the next, instead of having clear cadences.
Since the music is so chromatic, it’s hard to say what key it is in at any one point.
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©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Wagner’s Music
His music depends on the leitmotif--this was similar to Berlioz’ idée fixe (which represented the beloved) in theSymphonie fantastique.
The leitmotif is different however because it can refer to things as well as people.
He combines, interweaves, contrasts, and blends these in his music.
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©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Wagner’s Music
The orchestra is the central “character” of his music dramas.
In his harmonic construction, he lays the groundwork for some of the ideas which came to fruition in the 20th century.
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©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Nationalist Composers
Wrote operas in their own native languages.
Based operas and symphonic poems on stories from national folklore and on descriptions of native scenes of natural beauty.
Often wove their own countries’ folk tunes into their compositions to give their music a distinct national identity.
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The Nationalist Composers: Russia
Nationalism was first felt in Russia.
Modest Mussorgsky (1839-1881)
Boris Godunov--based on a story by the Russian writer, Alexander Pushkin
Pictures at an Exhibition--a series of pieces depicting paintings hanging in a gallery
Night on Bald Mountain--a symphonic poem
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The Nationalist Composers: Bohemia Now a region of the Czech
Republic.
Two principal composers of the 19th century were Bedrich Smetana (1824-1884) and Antonin Dvorák.
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The Nationalist Composers: Bohemia Smetana
Opera: The Bartered Bride--based on Bohemian folklore.
Symphonic poem: The Moldau--describes a river across the Bohemian countryside.
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The Nationalist Composers: Bohemia Dvorák
9 Symphonies: 9th is called New World Symphony--most famous
Combines American themes with Bohemian folk melodies.
Hoped to inspire American composers to become nationalists.
Cello Concerto
Slavonic Dances for Orchestra
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The Nationalist Composers: Moravia Now a region of the Czech
Republic
Foremost composer was Leos Janácek (1854-1928).
Collected authentic Moravian folk songs.
Wrote 2 superb Czech operas and 2 fine string quartets, both in the 1920s.
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The Nationalist Composers: Scandinavia Norway: Edvard Grieg (1843-
1907)
Peer Gynt Suite--written for the play by Henrik Ibsen.
Denmark: Carl Nielsen (1865-1931)
Operas, symphonies, and string quartets
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The Nationalist Composers: Scandinavia Finland--Jan Sibelius (1865-1957)
7 superb symphonies
A string quartet
Symphonic poem, Finlandia--his most famous work
Banned by the foreign rulers in Finland, but a big hit throughout the rest of Europe!
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The Nationalist Composers: Spain
Three main nationalist composers were:
Enrique Granados (1867-1916)
Isaac Albéniz (1860-1909)
Manuel de Falla (1876-1946)
Granados and Albéniz wrote piano suites in lively Spanish rhythms with colorful melodies.
De Falla is best known for Nights in the Gardens of Spain--a series of 3 pieces for piano and orchestra.
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The Nationalist Composers: France
After the end of the Franco-Prussian War in 1871, a National Society for French Music was founded to encourage French composers.
Two important composers were:
Camille Saëns (1835-1921)
Gabriel Fauré (1845-1924).
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The Nationalist Composers: France
Camille Saëns
Carnival of the Animals for chamber orchestra
Symphony No. 3--a more serious work
Gabriel Fauré
Several exquisite French songs
A series of 13 Nocturnes for piano
A Requiem Mass
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Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky(1840-1893) Although he wrote Russian operas
and used Russian folk songs in his
music, he was not as committed a
nationalist as other composers of
the day.
Father was a Russian mining
engineer.
Mother was French.
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Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky(1840-1893) Had piano lessons as a child and
did some composing.
At age 14, after his mother died, he turned to music as a strong emotional outlet.
Earned his living as a government clerk until age 19, but when the new St. Petersburg Music Conservatory was founded, he quit and enrolled full time.
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Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky(1840-1893) A year after graduating, he was
appointed professor at the music conservatory in Moscow; after this he devoted his life to music.
Although he was gay, he decided to get married in 1877, which led to a nervous breakdown and a suicide attempt.
He gradually recovered and turned to music once more.
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Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky(1840-1893) Both the 4th Symphony and the
opera, Eugene Onyegin, date from this time and reflect his intense emotional state.
A wealthy widow named Madame von Meck decided to become his patron--as long as they never met.
He resigned his teaching post and composed a great deal of music during the 13 years they corresponded.
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Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky(1840-1893) The relationship ended abruptly,
but by then Tchaikovsky had a substantial income along with a life pension from the Russian czar.
Some of the best known of his music was written in his later years.
The Nutcracker Suite--a ballet
6th Symphony--called Pathétique
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Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky(1840-1893) Died of cholera in 1893, or that’s
the story.
Some suggest he committed suicide because he feared being exposed as a gay man.
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Tchaikovsky’s Music
Highly emotional with a great range of expression.
Ballets:
The Nutcracker Suite
Swan Lake
Sleeping Beauty
Operas
Eugene Onyegn
The Queen of Spades
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Tchaikovsky’s Music
Instrumental Works
Three piano concertos
A violin concerto
Very interested in instrumental colors, but his orchestras were never the huge size of some of the other composers.
Examples: used a brass fanfare, paired clarinets, celesta, and the bass clarinet in some of his works.
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Tchaikovsky’s Music
A master of melody
Wrote some tunes that became the basis for popular songs or soundtracks for movies.
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Late Romanticism
Late 19th century changes:
More democratic governments
throughout Europe
Free compulsory schooling with a
more educated public
Better working conditions for the
people
Movement known as “Realism”
affected all of culture.
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Late Romanticism
Major composers:
Johannes Brahms (1833-1897)
Used the rigor of Classical and Baroque
musical genres and forms but in
Romantic style.
Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924)
Wrote dramatic realist operas with acute
psychological insight.
Gustav Mahler (1860-1911)
Created a synthesis of song and
symphony with a mood of resignation.
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Johannes Brahms(1833-1897)
Born in Hamburg, Germany.
Father was an orchestral and band
musician, and mother came from a
wealthy family.
Was a child prodigy at the piano.
As a child he wrote pieces for his
father’s band.
As a youth, he was exposed to
Hungarian gypsy music.
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Johannes Brahms(1833-1897)
At age 20, he met Robert and Clara
Schumann.
Compared himself unfavorably with
other great composers of the day.
Took 20 years to publish his first
symphony.
Settled in Vienna where he played the
piano and made a name for himself.
He also worked in Vienna as a
conductor.
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Johannes Brahms(1833-1897)
He was a quiet, reserved person who never married.
Was seen as a symbol of conservatism and the leader of an “anti-modern” movement.
Deliberately attempted to avoid modern genres such as the symphonic poem and the music drama.
Preferred solo piano pieces, songs, choral works, chamber music, concertos, and symphonies.
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Johannes Brahms(1833-1897)
Last movement of his First Symphony makes a deliberate reference to Beethoven’s Ninth.
Last movement of his Fourth Symphony uses a Baroque form and is based on a theme by Bach.
Had a life-long friendship with Clara Schumann and died from cancer just one year after she died of a stroke.
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Brahms’ Music
Wrote highly original music in
Classical and Baroque forms.
Romantic songs follow those of
Schubert and Schumann.
Main themes are love, nature, and
death.
Most famous of these is “Lullaby”
Op. 49, No 4 (sometimes called
“Brahms’ Lullaby”)
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Brahms’ Music
Wrote 4 symphonies--all of which
are masterpieces.
Also wrote a masterpiece Violin
Concerto which compares
favorably with those of Beethoven,
Mendelssohn, and Tchaikovsky.
His two piano concertos were
written for himself to play.
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Brahms’ Music
Orchestral works:
Used an orchestra not much bigger than Beethoven’s, avoiding the huge, showy sounds of Wagner and Liszt.
Used thick orchestral textures, “filling in” the sound between treble and bass with many musical lines and doubling melodies in 3rds and 6ths.
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Brahms’ Music
Orchestral works:
Especially liked middle-range instruments like the clarinet, the viola, and the French horn.
Chamber music:
Wrote several works for piano and strings.
Wrote some excellent string quartets.
Also wrote two string quintets and two string sextets.
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Brahms’ Music
Choral Works
German Requiem--for soprano and baritone soloists, chorus, and orchestra
Used texts from German Bible.
Written for concert performance, not for a religious service.
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Brahms’ Music
Innovative Composer in many ways:
Rhythms are always complex and interesting with syncopation and offbeat accents.
Often used mixed duple and triple meters.
Phrases are often irregular, expanded or contracted from the 4 or 8-bar format.
A master of variation; very little exact repetition in his music.
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Brahms: Fourth Movement from Symphony No. 4 in E Minor
Orchestration: 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, contrabassoon, 4 French horns, 2 trumpets, 3 trombones, timpani, full string section
Tempo: Allegro energico e passionato (“Fast, energetic, and passionate”)
Meter: 3/4
Key: E Minor
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Brahms: Fourth Movement from Symphony No. 4 in E Minor
Based on a regularly repeating 8-measure harmonic progression.
Form is called passacaglia--a Baroque variation form.
Gives movement a clear, accessible form.
Can be followed simply by counting measures.
Progression is not repeated exactly each time, but is a point of departure for variation.
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Brahms: Fourth Movement from Symphony No. 4 in E Minor
Variations range from pure harmonic
chord progressions to various
melodic ideas.
Initial presentation of the theme is
bold, strong, and direct. It is
primarily harmonic in nature but
also has a powerful melodic
element.
Consistently uses an 8-measure
pattern, which holds the movement
together.
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Brahms: Fourth Movement from Symphony No. 4 in E Minor
Overall Form of the movement is ABA’Coda:
A = Theme, and Variations 1-11
B = Variations 12-15
A’ = Variations 16-30
Coda
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10-94
Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924)
Greatest opera composer of the late 19th century
Grew up in Lucca, near the coast of Italy.
Came from a family of musicians.
4 generations of men were composers.
At age 14, became the organist at Lucca, and worked melodies of opera arias into his playing.
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10-95
Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924)
At 18, he heard Verdi’s Aida, and decided to become an opera composer.
Went to Milan to study composition there.
Played and sang portions of one of his own works at a party and was heard by the head of the largest publishing firm in Italy. The firm decided to publish and stage his opera.
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Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924)
After his first two early works, he decided to choose his own librettos.
At 35, he produced the first of his great Romantic operas: Manon Lescaut, based on a French love story. It was an overnight success.
Followed this with the great operas: La Bohème (1896), Tosca (1900), and Madama Butterfly (1904).
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Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924)
All three of these operas are “realist.”
La Bohème tells the story of poor students and artists living in Paris.
Tosca contains scenes of attempted rape, murder, execution, and suicide.
Madama Butterfly describes the death of a devoted Japanese geisha girl.
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Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924)
Last 2 operas:
La fanciulla del West (The Girl of the Golden West, 1910)
Staged at the Metropolitan Opera House in NYC.
This is his “American” opera.
Set in the “Wild West” with saloons, guns, and a manhunt.
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Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924)
Last 2 operas:
Turandot--not quite finished when he died in 1924.
A colleague completed the last 2 scenes.
First performance given in 1926 at La Scala in Milan.
Based on a Chinese folk tale.
Puccini’s death was honored with a national holiday in Italy.
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Puccini’s Music
Stirs the strongest emotions.
Senses of timing, drama, and
poignancy were perfect.
Sets a scene or mood with just a
few phrases of music.
Melodies soar, and vocal lines are
enhanced by the orchestra,
especially the strings.
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10-101
Puccini’s Music
Wrote in fresh, modern
harmonies.
Used strong dissonances and
unexpected chord progressions,
which heightened the drama.
Used unusual scales, such as
pentatonic, to suggest an exotic
locale.
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Puccini’s Music
Action is continuous with short
orchestra phrases woven together
under the sung dialogue.
Little distinction between
recitative and aria most of the
time.
In some operas, however, there
are arias that are unforgettable.
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Puccini: “Un bel di” (“One Fine Day” fromMadama Butterfly
Oriental customs and exotic
scenery set the stage for the
tragic plot of this opera.
Benjamin Franklin Pinkerton (an
American lieutenant) has rented a
Japanese house and with it comes
“betrothal” to Cio-Cio-San
(“Butterfly,” a young Japanese
girl).
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Puccini: “Un bel di” (“One Fine Day” fromMadama Butterfly
Pinkerton treats the marriage as a
casual affair, returns to America,
and marries an American woman.
When he brings his American
wife to Japan 3 years later, the
grief-stricken Cio-Cio-San
commits suicide.
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Puccini: “Un bel di” (“One Fine Day” fromMadama Butterfly
“Un bel di” comes at a time when Cio-Cio-San is trying to convince herself that her husband will return to her.
It contains soaring melodies and “Oriental” sounds.
Its form is Da Capo Aria: ABA.
It contains doubling and tripling of the vocal line in the orchestra.
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Gustav Mahler (1860-1911)
The last of the great Romantic composers
Combines Romantic song and Romantic symphony in a style of late Romanticism.
Born in Bohemia of Jewish parents.
Made his career in Germany.
Gave his first public piano concert at age 10.
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Gustav Mahler (1860-1911)
Lived near a military base, and loved to hear the marching bands.
Band music and marches are included in much of his music.
Attracted to folk poetry and songs.
As a student in Vienna he studied composition, history, and philosophy.
For 20 years he made his living as a conductor, specializing in the works of Mozart, Beethoven, and Wagner.
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Gustav Mahler (1860-1911)
Composed during the summers when the concert season was over. Wrote his first 3 symphonies in this way.
Wanted the prestigious position of music director of the Vienna Opera House, but he was Jewish and couldn’t get it for that reason. So he had himself baptized a Catholic and was hired in 1897.
Completed several large-scale compositions while he was there.
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Gustav Mahler (1860-1911)
1902--fell in love with Alma Schindler and married her, but it was a troubled marriage because he was very autocratic.
Had troubles at the Vienna Opera House because of his domineering ways, and in 1907 he resigned from his job.
1907--daughter also died of scarlet fever.
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Gustav Mahler (1860-1911)
1907--Mahler’s heart condition was discovered.
1908--he accepted two positions in New York:
Music director of the Metropolitan Opera, and
Conductor of the New York Philharmonic.
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Gustav Mahler (1860-1911)
He was superstitious and afraid to finish his 9th symphony because both Beethoven and Schubert died after completing 9 symphonies.
Sure enough, he finished it and started working on the 10th when he died at the age of 50.
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Mahler’s Music
Tried to capture the whole world of nature, God, love and death, exaltation and despair.
Had to invent new musical genres and forms.
Most of his work is closely connected to song.
4 of his symphonies use voices and instruments.
Song melodies find their way into instrumental compositions.
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Mahler’s Music
Wrote some important orchestral song cycles--in the place of piano accompaniment, Mahler uses the orchestra, hugely expanding the range of expressive possibilities.
Used quite unorthodox harmony, with compositions that end in a different key from the one in which they began.
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Mahler’s Music
Some of his symphonies are longer than any previous ones, lasting 90 minutes or more.
A brilliant and subtle orchestrator, he knew exactly the sound he wanted.
Used enormous orchestras to achieve the widest possible range of tone colors.
In the 3rd symphony he wrote a solo for the posthorn, an instrument used on mail coaches.
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Mahler’s Music
Most of his music is programmatic in some way.
A sense of yearning fills his work--feelings of impossible aims, losses, and the tragic undercurrent of human existence.
His music is full of quotations from Wagner, Brahms, Mendelssohn, and Beethoven.
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Mahler: Fourth Movement “Primeval Light” in C Minor
This symphony is called
“Resurrection.”
It is through-composed.
Orchestration: alto voice, 2
piccolos, 3 flutes, 2 oboes, English
horn, 3 clarinets, 2 bassoons,
contrabassoon, 4 horns, 3
trumpets, glockenspiel, 2 harps,
and strings
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Mahler: Fourth Movement “Primeval Light” in C Minor
Tempo: Sehr feierlich, aber
schlicht (“Very ceremonial, but
straightforward”)
Meter: 4/4
Key: D# Major
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Mahler: Fourth Movement “Primeval Light” in C Minor
This symphony is huge, lasting
nearly 90 minutes.
It is in 5 movements.
It traces a spiritual journey from
death to resurrection, reminiscent
of Beethoven’s 5th Symphony.
Idea is highlighted by his use of
the same key (c minor) and
ending in C Major.
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10-119
Mahler: Fourth Movement “Primeval Light” in C Minor
Movement is an example of the blending of symphony and song.
The setting of a song text, sung by a solo alto voice with the orchestra.
Text’s central message is, “I am made by God and will return to God.”
Melodic phrase ascends and then descends.
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10-120
Mahler: Fourth Movement “Primeval Light” in C Minor
Movement is an example of the blending of symphony and song.
Instrumental music is quiet, stately, and richly orchestrated with striking key changes.
Music gives words new and profound meaning beyond their own power of expression.
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Mid- to Late-Romantic Music: Summary New genres, such as the
programmatic symphonic poem, became popular.
Older genres, such as the symphony, were used for programmatic purposes.
Operas used more continuous music with less distinction between recitative and aria--called arioso style.