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CHAPTER 12Industrialization and Nationalism

1800-1870

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CONGRESS OF VIENNA 1814 Goals:

1. Undo changes of French Revolution and Napoleon

2. Arrange final peace settlement, 10 years after the war

3. Representatives from countries opposed to Napoleon

4. Wanted to install royals back to throne

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Europe saw economy shift from farming to economy based on manufacturing

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Industrial Revolution Began in Great Britain in 1780s Factors contributed:1. Transportation, weather, new crops

(potato) led to increased food supply at lower prices

2. More food, population grew3. Britain had plenty of capital (money)4. Natural sources (rivers provided water

power, coal, iron ore5. Colonial empire plenty of places to

export

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ENTREPRENEURSInterested in finding new ideas to

invest and make a profit

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COTTONIncreased demand for cotton

goods led British manufacturing to find ways to increase

production

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COTTAGE INDUSTRY18th century two step weaving done

by individuals in their homes. Not efficient

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FLYING SHUTTLE

Made weaving faster and

increased demand for thread to make

more clothes

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JAMES HARGREAVES1764 invented the “spinning jenny,” which produced

thread at a faster pace

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EDMUND CARTWRIGHT

1787 invented a water powered

loom

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Became more efficient to bring people into factories

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JAMES WATTInvented steam powered engines that could spin and weave cotton

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STEAM ENGINE

Crucial to Britain’s Industrial Revolution drove Britain's Industrial Revolution, a

Used coal and increased coal industry and iron ore industry

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PUDDLINGHenry Cart invented a way to produce a high quality iron

Greater demand for iron and increased transportation and industry

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1804 first steam powered train Rocket sped along at 16 miles per

hour Building railroads increased

demand for labor, cheaper goods, more profits reinvested in business

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Rise of Factories Came from rural areas Adjust to regular work schedule Repetitious Brutal conditions Drunk workers Abused kids

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Mid 19th c. great Britain worlds first and richest

industrial nation

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Robert FultonBuilt Clermont, first paddle wheeled steam boat

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RAILROADMost important in the development of American transportation, turning U.S into a single massive market for manufactured goods1830 began with fewer than 100 miles1860 more than 30,000 miles

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Factories advertised for entire families.

Looking for families with children over the age of eight

Widows encouraged to apply

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GREAT BRITAIN HAD ONE MAJOR CITY

London

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Industrial Middle Class

Industrial Revolution saw rise of industrial capitalism.Industrial capitalism economic system based on industrial production, and produced middle class group called industrial middle class.

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Industrial Working Class

The Industrial Revolution created an industrial working class.

Long work hours. Job security and minimum wage not

guaranteed. Mills dangerous, dusty, dangerous, and

unhealthy. Britain, women and children made up 2/3

of the cotton industry’s workforce.

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Wages and Hours

Children worked hard hours for little or no pay. 12-14 hours a day, with min or no break. Reports of

19 hours Horrible conditions. Large, heavy, and dangerous

equipment Accidents occurred injuring or killing children on the

job. Children paid only a fraction of an adult; paid them

nothing. Orphans subject to slave-like labor, factory owners

claimed they gave orphans food, shelter, and clothing.

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Treatment of children cruel and unusual, safety neglected.

Youngest children assistants to textile workers. The people children served beat and verbally abused them.

Common punishment late or not working up to quota: "weighted." Overseer tie a heavy weight to worker's neck, and have them walk up and down the factory aisles so the other children could see them and "take example." This could last up to an hour.

Weighting serious injuries in back and/or neck. Boys sometimes dragged naked from their beds and sent to the factories only holding their clothes, to be put on there. This was to make sure the boys would not be late, even by a few minutes.

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Factory Act of 1833 Number of children declined because of

the act, which set 9 as minimum age for employment.

As the number of children declined, women took their place in textile mills.

Women paid half of men’s pay

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Early Socialism

First half of 19th c, pitiful conditions created by the Industrial Revolution gave rise to socialism.

Socialism -system usually in the form of government, owns and controls some means of production, such as factories and utilities.

Early socialism largely the idea of intellectuals who believed in equality of all people .

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Later socialists, like Karl Marx, believed such ideas were impractical, and labeled earlier socialists as utopian socialists.

Robert Owen, an utopian socialist, believed humans showed natural goodness if lived in a cooperative environment. He turned a neglected factory town into a flourishing community.

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The Congress of Vienna

Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia met in Vienna in September 1814. Prince Klemens von Metternich led congress

and decided to restore the monarchs deposed by Napoleon.

Rearranged territories in Europe to form a new balance of power.

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Prince Klemens von Metternich

Principle of legitimacy.ConservativeSaid to himself at least 20x a day he was right and everyone else wrong.

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The Conservative Order

Rulers, like Metternich, believed in conservatism. Based on tradition and social stability Favored organized religion and obedience to

political authority Opposed revolutions, individual rights, and

representative governments. The great powers adopted a principle of

intervention, which the great powers had the right to send armies into countries where there were revolutions in order to store legitimate monarchs to their throne.

Great Britain refused to accept this principle.

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Liberalism

Based on Enlightenment principles, that people should be free from government restraint.

Believed in right to free speech, assembly, and press. guaranteed by a written document such as Bill of Rights.

Most wanted separation of church and state. Did not believe in a democracy in which

everyone had the right to vote. Only could vote and hold office if a man with property.

Feared mob rule from the lower classes.

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BOURGEOIS Included people in industry and

banking such as lawyers, teachers, doctors, and government officials.

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France Revolution overthrew monarchy.Election to be by universal male suffrage that is, all adult men could vote.Set-up workshops for unemployed, but 120,000 people showed up.Closed shop and workers revolted.

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Second Republic Thousands killed and/or jailed.New Constitution set-up Second Republic.Elected Charles Louis Napoleon, nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte.

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Germany wants unification, but fails.

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ROMANTICISM Emphasizes feelings, emotion,

and imagination.

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OPPOSITE OF ENLIGHTENMENT

Which stressed reason.

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Romantics Valued individualism.Males grew hair long.Revived medieval architecture and built castles, and cathedrals.

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Romantics Valued individualism.Males grew hair long.Revived medieval architecture and built castles, and cathedrals.

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Gothic Literature Examples of romanticismMary Shelley’s Frankenstein, which was a symbol of the danger of science attempt to conquer nature. Edgar Allen Poe

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Poetry Direct expression of the soul.Romantics believed nature served as a mirror into which humans could look to learn about themselves.William Wordsworth, the foremost English romantic poet of nature.

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Eugene Delacroix One of the most famous romantic painters from France.Paintings showed two chief characteristics: a fascination with the exotic and a passion for color.

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Ophelia

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Greece Expiring on the Ruins of Missolonghi

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