Post on 25-Dec-2015
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Chapter 12 OverviewChapter 12 Overview
Defining psychological disordersDefining psychological disorders Anxiety disordersAnxiety disorders Mood disordersMood disorders SchizophreniaSchizophrenia Other psychological disordersOther psychological disorders
Defining Psychological Defining Psychological DisordersDisorders Mental processes and/or behavior Mental processes and/or behavior
patterns that cause emotional patterns that cause emotional distress and/or substantial distress and/or substantial impairment in functioningimpairment in functioning
What criteria can be used to What criteria can be used to determine whether behavior is determine whether behavior is abnormal?abnormal?
Behavior may be considered abnormal ifBehavior may be considered abnormal if– It is considered strange within a person’s It is considered strange within a person’s
own cultureown culture– It causes personal distressIt causes personal distress– It is maladaptiveIt is maladaptive– It is a danger to the self or othersIt is a danger to the self or others– A person is not legally responsible for his or A person is not legally responsible for his or
her actsher acts
How do clinicians use the DSM-How do clinicians use the DSM-IV-TR?IV-TR?
The The Diagnostic and Statistical Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR)IV-TR) provides a system for provides a system for diagnosing and classifying diagnosing and classifying psychological disorderspsychological disorders
It describes about 300 specific It describes about 300 specific disorders and organizes them into disorders and organizes them into categoriescategories
How prevalent are How prevalent are psychological disorders?psychological disorders?
Lifetime prevalence of Lifetime prevalence of psychological disorderspsychological disorders
What are the theoretical What are the theoretical approaches that attempt to explain approaches that attempt to explain the causes of psychological the causes of psychological disorders?disorders?
Biological perspectiveBiological perspective– Abnormal behavior arises from a physical causeAbnormal behavior arises from a physical cause– Biological treatments, such as drug therapy, are Biological treatments, such as drug therapy, are
favored favored Biopsychosocial perspectiveBiopsychosocial perspective
– Psychological disorders result from a combination Psychological disorders result from a combination of biological, psychological, and social causesof biological, psychological, and social causes
– Treatments that include drugs and psychotherapy Treatments that include drugs and psychotherapy are employedare employed
Psychodynamic perspectivePsychodynamic perspective– Psychological disorders stem from childhood Psychological disorders stem from childhood
experiences and unresolved, unconscious conflictsexperiences and unresolved, unconscious conflicts– Treatment involves Treatment involves psychoanalysispsychoanalysis
What are the theoretical What are the theoretical approaches that attempt to explain approaches that attempt to explain the causes of psychological the causes of psychological disorders?disorders?
Learning perspectiveLearning perspective– Abnormal thoughts and behaviors are learned and Abnormal thoughts and behaviors are learned and
sustained like any other behaviorssustained like any other behaviors– Treatment uses classical and operant conditioning Treatment uses classical and operant conditioning
and modeling to extinguish maladaptive behavior and modeling to extinguish maladaptive behavior and increase adaptive behaviorand increase adaptive behavior
Cognitive perspectiveCognitive perspective– Faulty thinking and distorted perceptions can Faulty thinking and distorted perceptions can
cause psychological disorderscause psychological disorders– Treatment tries to change faulty, irrational, and/or Treatment tries to change faulty, irrational, and/or
negative thinkingnegative thinking
SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
A severe psychological disorder A severe psychological disorder characterized by loss of contact characterized by loss of contact with reality, hallucinations, with reality, hallucinations, delusions, inappropriate or flat delusions, inappropriate or flat affect, some disturbance in affect, some disturbance in thinking, social withdrawal, and/or thinking, social withdrawal, and/or other bizarre behaviorother bizarre behavior
What are the positive and What are the positive and negative symptoms of negative symptoms of schizophrenia?schizophrenia? Positive symptomsPositive symptoms are abnormal are abnormal
behaviors that are present in people behaviors that are present in people with schizophreniawith schizophrenia– HallucinationsHallucinations– DelusionsDelusions
– Delusion of grandeurDelusion of grandeur– Delusions of persecutionDelusions of persecution
– Disorganized behaviorDisorganized behavior– Inappropriate affectInappropriate affect
What are the positive and What are the positive and negative symptoms of negative symptoms of schizophrenia?schizophrenia? AA Negative symptom Negative symptom is a loss or is a loss or
deficiency in thought or behavior that deficiency in thought or behavior that is characteristic of normal functioningis characteristic of normal functioning– Social withdrawalSocial withdrawal– ApathyApathy– Loss of motivationLoss of motivation– Flat affectFlat affect– Limited speech and slow movementsLimited speech and slow movements– Poor hygiene and grooming Poor hygiene and grooming
What are the four types of What are the four types of schizophrenia?schizophrenia?
Paranoid schizophreniaParanoid schizophrenia– Characterized by Characterized by delusions of grandeurdelusions of grandeur
and and delusions of persecutiondelusions of persecution Disorganized schizophreniaDisorganized schizophrenia
– Characterized by extreme social Characterized by extreme social withdrawal, hallucinations, delusions, and withdrawal, hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre behaviorbizarre behavior
Catatonic schizophreniaCatatonic schizophrenia– Characterized by complete stillness or Characterized by complete stillness or
great excitement and agitationgreat excitement and agitation Undifferentiated schizophreniaUndifferentiated schizophrenia
– Term used when schizophrenic symptoms Term used when schizophrenic symptoms are present, but do not conform to the are present, but do not conform to the criteria of any one typecriteria of any one type
What factors increase the risk What factors increase the risk of developing schizophrenia?of developing schizophrenia?
There is probably no single cause of There is probably no single cause of schizophreniaschizophrenia
Instead, several factors interact to Instead, several factors interact to produce schizophrenia, including:produce schizophrenia, including:– Constitutional vulnerabilityConstitutional vulnerability– StressStress– Neuromaturational processesNeuromaturational processes
Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders
Psychological disorders Psychological disorders characterized by frequent fearful characterized by frequent fearful thoughts about what might happen thoughts about what might happen in the futurein the future
The most common category of The most common category of psychological disorderspsychological disorders– Accounting for more than 4 million Accounting for more than 4 million
visits to doctor’s offices in the US each visits to doctor’s offices in the US each yearyear
What are the characteristics of What are the characteristics of panic attacks and agoraphobia?panic attacks and agoraphobia? Panic attackPanic attack
– An episode of overwhelming anxiety, fear, or An episode of overwhelming anxiety, fear, or terrorterror
– The brains of panic-attack sufferers respond to The brains of panic-attack sufferers respond to normal changes in the body as if they were normal changes in the body as if they were life threateninglife threatening
AgoraphobiaAgoraphobia– Intense fear of being in a situation from which Intense fear of being in a situation from which
escape is not possible if one experiences escape is not possible if one experiences overwhelming anxiety or a panic attackoverwhelming anxiety or a panic attack
– Often begins with repeated panic attacksOften begins with repeated panic attacks– People with agoraphobia sometimes plan their People with agoraphobia sometimes plan their
entire lives around avoiding feared situationsentire lives around avoiding feared situations
How do the symptoms of four How do the symptoms of four common anxiety disorders common anxiety disorders differ?differ?
Generalized anxiety disorderGeneralized anxiety disorder– Disorder involving chronic, excessive Disorder involving chronic, excessive
worry for six months or moreworry for six months or more Panic disorderPanic disorder
– Disorder in which a person experiences Disorder in which a person experiences recurring, unpredictable episodes of recurring, unpredictable episodes of overwhelming anxiety, fear, or terroroverwhelming anxiety, fear, or terror
How do the symptoms of four How do the symptoms of four common anxiety disorders common anxiety disorders differ?differ? AA phobia phobia is a persistent, irrational fear of is a persistent, irrational fear of
some object, situation, or activity that poses some object, situation, or activity that poses little or no real dangerlittle or no real danger– Social phobiaSocial phobia
Fear and avoidance of any social or performance Fear and avoidance of any social or performance situation in which one might embarrass or humiliate situation in which one might embarrass or humiliate oneself in front of othersoneself in front of others
– Specific phobia Specific phobia is a fear of a specific object or is a fear of a specific object or situation, a general label for any phobia other than situation, a general label for any phobia other than agoraphobiaagoraphobia or or social phobiasocial phobia
Categories of specific phobiasCategories of specific phobias– Situational phobiasSituational phobias– Fear of the natural environmentFear of the natural environment– Animal phobiasAnimal phobias– Blood, injection, injury phobiasBlood, injection, injury phobias
What thought and behavior What thought and behavior patterns are associated with patterns are associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder?obsessive-compulsive disorder? Disorder in which a person suffers Disorder in which a person suffers
from recurrent obsessions and/or from recurrent obsessions and/or compulsionscompulsions
ObsessionObsession– A persistent, involuntary thought, image, A persistent, involuntary thought, image,
or impulse that causes great distressor impulse that causes great distress CompulsionCompulsion
– A persistent, irresistible, and irrational A persistent, irresistible, and irrational urge to perform an act or ritual repeatedlyurge to perform an act or ritual repeatedly
– Compulsions often involve cleaning and Compulsions often involve cleaning and washing, counting, checking, touching washing, counting, checking, touching objects, hoarding, or excessive organizingobjects, hoarding, or excessive organizing
Mood DisordersMood Disorders
Disorders characterized by Disorders characterized by extreme and unwarranted extreme and unwarranted disturbances in emotion or mooddisturbances in emotion or mood
What are the symptoms of What are the symptoms of major depressive disorder?major depressive disorder?
A mood disorder marked by feelings of A mood disorder marked by feelings of great sadness, despair, and great sadness, despair, and hopelessness as well as loss of the hopelessness as well as loss of the ability to feel pleasureability to feel pleasure– Symptoms also include changes in Symptoms also include changes in
appetite, weight, and sleep patterns, and appetite, weight, and sleep patterns, and difficulty thinking or concentratingdifficulty thinking or concentrating
What are the extremes of mood What are the extremes of mood suffered by those with bipolar suffered by those with bipolar disorder?disorder?
A mood disorder in which A mood disorder in which manic manic episodesepisodes alternate with periods of alternate with periods of depression, usually with relatively depression, usually with relatively normal periods in betweennormal periods in between– Manic episodesManic episodes are periods of excessive are periods of excessive
euphoria, inflated self-esteem, wild euphoria, inflated self-esteem, wild optimism, and hyperactivity, often optimism, and hyperactivity, often accompanied by delusions of grandeur and accompanied by delusions of grandeur and by hostility if activity is blockedby hostility if activity is blocked
What are some risk factors for What are some risk factors for mood disorders?mood disorders?
A small area in the prefrontal cortex, A small area in the prefrontal cortex, that plays a role in controlling that plays a role in controlling emotions, is smaller than normal in emotions, is smaller than normal in people with major depressionpeople with major depression
Abnormal levels of serotonin are Abnormal levels of serotonin are strongly linked to depressionstrongly linked to depression
People suffering from mood disorders People suffering from mood disorders have abnormal production, transport, have abnormal production, transport, and reuptake patterns for dopamine, and reuptake patterns for dopamine, GABA, and norepinephrineGABA, and norepinephrine
What are some risk factors for What are some risk factors for mood disorders?mood disorders?
Heredity plays a role in mood disordersHeredity plays a role in mood disorders– Twin studies indicate a genetic bases for Twin studies indicate a genetic bases for
bipolar disorder and major depressionbipolar disorder and major depression Life stresses are also associated with Life stresses are also associated with
depressiondepression– The majority of first episodes of depression The majority of first episodes of depression
strike after major life stressstrike after major life stress
What are some risk factors for What are some risk factors for mood disorders?mood disorders?
Prevalence of Prevalence of depression varies depression varies greatly across greatly across culturescultures
Prevalence rates Prevalence rates also differ between also differ between men and womenmen and women– In most countries, In most countries,
rate of depression rate of depression in females is about in females is about twice that for malestwice that for males
Lifetime Risk for Lifetime Risk for developing depression in developing depression in 10 countries10 countries
What are some of the risk What are some of the risk factors for suicide?factors for suicide?
Depression, schizophrenia, substance Depression, schizophrenia, substance abuse, and a family history of suicideabuse, and a family history of suicide
Risk of suicide also increases when Risk of suicide also increases when people are exposed to major life people are exposed to major life stressorsstressors
Older white males commit suicide Older white males commit suicide more often than members of other more often than members of other race or age groupsrace or age groups
Women are more likely to attempt Women are more likely to attempt suicide, but men are more likely to suicide, but men are more likely to succeedsucceed
Differences in suicide rates Differences in suicide rates according to race, gender, and according to race, gender, and ageage
Other Psychological Other Psychological DisordersDisorders
Somatoform disordersSomatoform disorders Dissociative disordersDissociative disorders Sexual disordersSexual disorders Personality disordersPersonality disorders
What are two somatoform What are two somatoform disorders, and what symptoms disorders, and what symptoms do they share?do they share? Disorders in which physical symptoms Disorders in which physical symptoms
are present that are due to are present that are due to psychological causes rather than any psychological causes rather than any known medical conditionknown medical condition
HypochondriasisHypochondriasis– Characterized by excessive concern about Characterized by excessive concern about
one’s health and fear that normal physical one’s health and fear that normal physical symptoms are signs of serious diseasesymptoms are signs of serious disease
Conversion disorderConversion disorder– Disorder in which one suffers a loss of Disorder in which one suffers a loss of
sensory or motor functioning which has no sensory or motor functioning which has no physical causephysical cause
How do the various dissociative How do the various dissociative disorders affect behavior?disorders affect behavior?
Disorders in which consciousness Disorders in which consciousness becomes dissociated from a person’s becomes dissociated from a person’s identity and/or his or her memoriesidentity and/or his or her memories
Dissociative amnesiaDissociative amnesia– A complete or partial loss of the ability to A complete or partial loss of the ability to
recall personal information and/or past recall personal information and/or past experiencesexperiences
Dissociative fugueDissociative fugue– Complete loss of memory of one’s entire Complete loss of memory of one’s entire
identity and traveling away from homeidentity and traveling away from home Often involves assuming a new identityOften involves assuming a new identity
How do the various dissociative How do the various dissociative disorders affect behavior?disorders affect behavior?
Dissociative identity disorder (DID) Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is is a disorder in which two or more distinct a disorder in which two or more distinct personalities occur in the same personpersonalities occur in the same person– A A host personalityhost personality– Alter personalitiesAlter personalities
DIDDID, like other dissociative disorders, , like other dissociative disorders, seems to be a response to unbearable seems to be a response to unbearable stressstress– Among Among DIDDID patients, at least 95% have patients, at least 95% have
history of severe physical and/or sexual abusehistory of severe physical and/or sexual abuse
What are the main What are the main characteristics of the various characteristics of the various sexual disorders?sexual disorders?
Sexual disordersSexual disorders are disorders with a are disorders with a sexual basis that are destructive, guilt- sexual basis that are destructive, guilt- or anxiety-producing, compulsive, or a or anxiety-producing, compulsive, or a cause of discomfort or harm to one or cause of discomfort or harm to one or both parties involvedboth parties involved
Sexual dysfunctionsSexual dysfunctions– Persistent and distressing problems Persistent and distressing problems
involving sexual desire, sexual arousal, or involving sexual desire, sexual arousal, or the pleasure associated with sex or the pleasure associated with sex or orgasmorgasm
What are the main What are the main characteristics of the various characteristics of the various sexual disorders?sexual disorders?
ParaphiliasParaphilias– Recurrent sexual urges, fantasies, or Recurrent sexual urges, fantasies, or
behavior involving nonhuman objects, behavior involving nonhuman objects, children, other nonconsenting persons, or children, other nonconsenting persons, or the suffering or humiliation of the person the suffering or humiliation of the person or his or her partneror his or her partner
Gender identity disorderGender identity disorder– A problem accepting one’s identity as A problem accepting one’s identity as
male or femalemale or female
What behaviors are associated What behaviors are associated with personality disorders in with personality disorders in Clusters A, B and C?Clusters A, B and C? A A personality disorder personality disorder is a long-standing, is a long-standing,
inflexible, maladaptive pattern of behavior inflexible, maladaptive pattern of behavior and relating to others, which usually begins and relating to others, which usually begins in early childhood or adolescencein early childhood or adolescence
The DSM-IV-TR groups personality disorders The DSM-IV-TR groups personality disorders into into clustersclusters– Cluster ACluster A
Characterized by odd behavior, such as extreme Characterized by odd behavior, such as extreme suspiciousnesssuspiciousness
– Cluster BCluster B Characterized by erratic, overly dramatic behaviorCharacterized by erratic, overly dramatic behavior
– Cluster CCluster C Characterized by intense feelings of anxietyCharacterized by intense feelings of anxiety