Post on 24-Feb-2016
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CHAPTER 12People and Their
Needs
People must be “emancipated from nature”“the negation of nature is the way toward happiness”John Locke
Section 12.1 A Portrait of Earth
The Earth is a series of systems and connections
Ecosystems are affected by many factors:
Climate (the interaction between ocean, air and land)
Circulation (movement of air and water)
Plate Tectonics (movement of the Earth’s land mass)
Section 12.1A portrait of Earth
Earth can also be viewed in terms of matter and energy:
For matter the Earth is a closed system
This means only tiny amounts of matter leave or join the Earth
For energy the Earth is an open system
This means that the Earth gets a huge amount of energy from the sun – some is released as heat
Earth Systems are Interconnected
2004 EARTHQUAKE/TSUNAMI
IN THE INDIAN OCEAN
Plate Tectonics
Earth Systems are Interconnected
Deep Ocean Zone Earthquake and Tsunami - Japan 2011
Plate Tectonics
Section 12.1 The Gaia Hypothesis
Proposed in 1972 by James Lovelock a British scientist
States: The Earth is a single, living organism that regulates itself to maintain life.
Section 12.2Human Societies
Three Types of Human Societies:
Hunter-gatherer – nomadic people that hunt and gather naturally growing food.
Agricultural – grows crops, stay in one place
Industrial – produces food and other products using machines - requires large amounts of energy and resources
12.2 Hunter-Gatherer Society
Nomadic – travel to where food can be found – never stay in one place
Gather naturally growing plants and hunt for whatever animals they can find
Low population numbers Have little or no impact on
the environment Can still be found in
remote areas untouched by modern civilization
12.2 Agricultural Society 10,000 to 20,000 years ago
people in Southeast Asia and Africa began to farm
For the first time, they planted crops and raised animals for food
This caused two main changes:
1. people settled in one place
2. people found work within their society
12.2 Agricultural The most important
invention was the plow The plow helped people plant
more and produce more food, More food meant more
people Human population grew
Modern agriculture caused many environmental problems including:
increase land and chemical use,
soil depletion, water contamination, increase in food
contamination
12.2 Industrial Society The human population
faced change again in the late 1700’s
Production of food and everyday needs switched from skilled individuals to machines
Machines need much more energy and raw materials to produce products
Major damage to the environment began with the use of machines
Industrial SocietyPositive Scientists improved
crops Medical discoveries
allowed people to live longer
More food and medical advances allowed the human population to grow even more
Negative Increased use of energy Increased use of natural
resources Increased population Rapid increase in
environmental damage Air, land and water
pollution Raw materials are
running out
Characteristics of Human Societies
Hunter-Gatherer
Agricultural
Industrial
Lifestyle/Technology
Use page 192 Table 12.1
Resource Use To complete This chartEnvironment knowledgeHuman healthEnvironmental impactEnergy Use
12.3 Sustainable DevelopmentFrontier Ethic
Humans are separate from Nature.
1) Resources are unlimited and here for our use.
2) Humans do not need to obey natural laws.
Our success/failure is measured by our control over the natural world.
Sustainable Development
Meets the current needs of society without limiting the way future generations meet their needs.
1) Resources are limited and not all to be used exclusively by humans.
2) Humans are part of the living Earth and must obey natural laws.
3) Human success means living in harmony with nature.
Sustainable Development Frontier Ethic
1) Earth’s resources is limited by size and content.
2) Humans have carrying capacities and limiting factors that control our population just like any other organism.
3) Each human measures their success differently with respect to their environment.
Indefinite frontier ethic can not be successful.
Sustainable Ethic 1) Materials needed to
build societies are limited. 2) Materials that can
regenerate like wood or livestock are called renewable resources.
3) Materials that can not regenerate like oil and minerals are called non-renewable resources.
Successful societies will concentrate on using conservation and renewable resources.