Chapter 12“The Conservative Order and the

Challenges of Reform”

AP EUROPEAN HISTORYMR. RICK PURRINGTON

MARSHALL HIGH SCHOOL

In 1830, revolution again erupted in France as well as elsewhere on the Continent. Eugène Delacroix’s Liberty Leading the People was the most famous image recalling

that event. Note how he portrays persons from different social classes and occupations joining the revolution led by the

figure of Liberty.Eugène Delacroix (1798–1863),

Liberty Leading the People, 1830. Oil on canvas, 260 × 325 cm—RF 129. Musée du Louvre,

Paris, France/Scala/Art Resource, NY

I. 19th Century Political Movements

A. Liberal Political Goals:

1. Put Enlightenment ideas into practice

2. Legal equality

3. Religious toleration

4. Freedom of the press

5. Written constitutions

B. Nationalism

1. extreme patriotism, sense of duty for nation or ethnicity

2. people are brought together by common bonds of language, culture, geography, politics, and history

3. ‘us vs. them’ mentality results

4. Ex of Nationalism: South during U.S. Civil War Confederates

C. Conservative Political Goals:

1. maintain rule by legitimate monarchies, powerful aristocracies, and established churches

2. prevent political unrest, maintaining international peace

3. written constitutions unnecessary

4. disliked Enlightenment

5. Metternich of Au – desired “peace and quiet”

- Feared spread of liberalism and nationalism

6. 1819 - The Carlsbad Decrees

- rooted out rebellious ideas w/censorship and press controls in Au and southern G

- Burschenschaften – G student nationalists

- Karl Sand, murdered conservative author and is executed by Au authorities

- Sand becomes a martyr for nationalism

In May 1820, Karl Sand, a German student and a member

of a Burschenschaft, was executed for his murder of the conservative playwright August

von Kotzebue the previous year. In the eyes of many young

German nationalists, Sand was a political martyr.

Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, NY

D. Revolt Against Ottoman Rule

1.1830 - Serbia

- Independence granted by Ot after years revolts and fighting

- Ru supports and protects Serbia due to their common Slavic ethnicity

II. Fr After Napoleon

A. 1830 - Constitutional Monarchy1. Unpopular Charles X abdicates2. Louis-Philippe

- Popular liberal reforms includingFreedom of religion and press

- unpopular with lower classes- worker revolts put down violently

III.1825 – The Decembrist Revolt in RuA. Tsar Nicholas I – stops coup, represses liberalism

ecame Argentina.

Independence Movements in Latin America by 1830

Chapter 13“Economic Advances and Social Unrest”

AP EUROPEAN HISTORYMR. RICK PURRINGTON

MARSHALL HIGH SCHOOL

Map 21–1 EUROPEAN RAILROADS IN 1850 A mid-century Britain had the most

extensive rail network, and the most industrialized economy, in

Europe, but rail lines were expanding rapidly in France, the

German states, and Austria. Southern and eastern Europe

had few railways, and the Ottoman Empire had none.

Image Works/Mary Evans Picture Library Ltd.

The “invisible hand”

“From each according to his ability, to each according to his need."

~ Karl Marx, The Communist Manifesto

I. Marxist Socialism

A. 1848 - Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels write The Communist Manifesto

1. “the bible” of socialism

2. class struggles need to be eliminated

3. industrialization has split classes more than ever:

- bourgeoisie – upper middle class

- proletariat – industrial working class

- bourgeoisie profits = wages stolen from the proletariat

4. Marx predicts a violent Proletarian Revolution

- “The proletariat has nothing to lose but its chains.”

Karl Marx

http://cagle.com/caglecards/main.asp?image=/news/WallStreetBailout/images/breen2.jpg

Ayn Rand

Europe in 1800

IV. The Revolutions of 1848

A. Series of liberal and nationalistic revolutions in:

1. Fr, Au, Italy, G

2. Reasons: IDEAS and DISCONTENT - increased literacy, food

shortages, unemployment, poor working conditions

B. 1848 - Fr

1. class injustice = discontent! Louis-Philippe abdicates the throne

2. The Second Republic reigns

- 1851 Louis Napoleon elected President =

NAPOLEON III

Louis Napoleon

During the February days of the French Revolution of 1848, crowds in Paris burned the

throne of Louis Philippe.Bildarchiv Preussischer

Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, NY

C. 1848 - Austria

- liberal, nationalistic ideas are spreading

- Hungarians, Serbs, Croats, all want independence, protests erupt

- Serfdom is abolished

- Hungarians earn statehood

- Metternich flees in disguise

- Revolutions crushed by Habsburg and Ru military

- 1849 Austria-Hungary

Europe 1900