Chapter 13: The Bureaucracy

A More Perfect Union 1/e

The Bureaucracy

• Bureaucrats and Bureaucracy

– Who Are the Bureaucrats?

– Bureaucracy: An Organizational Structure

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The Bureaucracy

• Federal Bureaucrats

– Political Appointees

– Civil Servants

• Open Competition and Competence

• Political Neutrality

• Civil Service Reform Act (1978)

• Unionized Civil Servants

• The Senior Executive Service

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The Bureaucracy

• State, Local, and Shadow Bureaucrats

– Majority of bureaucrats are state and local

– Devolution, contracting-out, and outsourcing

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The Bureaucracy

• The Evolution and Organization of the

Federal Bureaucracy

– Departments

– Independent Administrative Agencies

– Independent Regulatory Commissions

– Government Corporations

– Executive Office of the President (EOP)

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The Bureaucracy

• Federal Bureaucrats’ Roles in Public Policy

– Agenda Setting

– Policy Formulation

– Policy Approval

– Resource Allocation

– Policy Implementation

– Policy Evaluation

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The Bureaucracy

• Federal Bureaucratic Accountability

– Accountability to the People

– Accountability to the Courts

– Accountability to Congress

– Accountability to the President

– Internal Accountability

• Codes of Behavior and the Ethics in Government

Act

• Whistle-Blower Protections and Inspectors General

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The Bureaucracy

• Can Bureaucratic Performance Be

Improved?

– The Best-Performing Bureaucracies

– Does Contracting-Out Improve Performance?

– Citizens’ Role in Bureaucratic Performance

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Chapter EightChapter Eight

Energy and the EnvironmentEnergy and the Environment

Exhibit 8Exhibit 8--11

California's California's

Energy Energy

Supply and Supply and

UseUse

Exhibit 8Exhibit 8--22 California's Electrical Supply California's Electrical Supply

and Load On a Hot Summer Dayand Load On a Hot Summer Day

Exhibit 8Exhibit 8--33 CaliforniaCalifornia’’s s

Restructured Electrical System Restructured Electrical System

Exhibit 8-4 The San Joaquin Valley Air Basin (NASA)

Source: Photo courtesy of NASA/JPL/NIMA/USGS

Exhibit 8Exhibit 8--44 The Fresno EddyThe Fresno Eddy

Exhibit 8Exhibit 8--55 The Principal Components of Air PollutionThe Principal Components of Air Pollution

Global

warming

Adverse

health effects

such as

asthma, heart

disease, and

cancer

Exhibit 8Exhibit 8--66 Days Above State Standard for Days Above State Standard for

Maximum 1Maximum 1--Hour Ozone Level Hour Ozone Level (0.09 parts per million)(0.09 parts per million)

Exhibit 8Exhibit 8--6 6 Days Above State 24Days Above State 24--Hour PM10 Hour PM10

Standard (50 micrograms per cubic meter)Standard (50 micrograms per cubic meter)

Exhibit 8Exhibit 8--7 7

California California

PrecipitationPrecipitation

Exhibit 8Exhibit 8--88 Water Use in CaliforniaWater Use in California