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CHAPTER 14:
CENTRAL AND EASTERN AFRICA TO THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
Submitted by: Ayson, Sherrine J.Iv-16 BSE History
Farmers, fishers and hunters of the Congo
forest
Contains Africa’s largest area of tropical rain forest.
Farmers, fishers and hunters of the Congo
forest
The varied environment allowed a range of productive
activity: hunting, fishing, farming
Some people specialist in one or two
Farmers, fishers and hunters of the Congo
forest
Staple crops
replaced by American and
in 17th-18th centuries.
Farmers, fishers and hunters of the Congo
forest Most activities required co-operative labour
Small villages (up to 200 adults) most
common
Gender: women (cultivators) subservient to
men
System of clientage and some captive
labour
Farmers, fishers and hunters of the Congo
forest
River transport – communication and trade: Malebo Pool major
junction
Inter-group relationships based
on marriage
Some larger groupings: under
war leader, common language or
religious cult
Farmers, fishers and hunters of the Congo
forest
A few kingdoms (Kuba, Loango, Tio): they
usually provided link with Atlantic slave trade
Kingdon of Kongo 1480s: arrival of Portuguese:
diplomatic relations with Kongo
King of Kongo wanted: teachers,
craftsmen, weapons, mercenaries
Portuguese initially wanted: trade
in gold, copper, silver, spices
Soon disappointed with lack of
minerals for trade
West-central Africa in the ear of the slave trade
Portuguese presence
stimulated dynastic dispute
Portuguese helped put
Christian convert on throne:
Afonso I (r.1506-42)
Afonso used religion to
strengthen royal authority
Dependant now on
Portuguese rather than local
regional support
Afonso used Portuguese
weapons and mercenaries to
expand kingdom
Kingdon of Kongo
Kingdon of Kongo
Kingdon of Kongo
War-captives sold
for slave export to
São Tomé
São Tomé settlers
promoted wars for
more captives
16th century
development of
trans-Atlantic trade
put more pressure on
Kongo to produce
more slaves
Kingdon of Kongo
Kingdon of Kongo
1568-9 Jaga invasion weakened Kongo, king into
exile
Kingdon of Kongo
West-central Africa in the ear of the slave trade
1574: Alvaro I reinstated
by Portuguese with São
Tomé mercenaries
Royal power now
weakened, collapsed in
17th century: Kongo
disintegrated into rival
regional factions
Slave trade dominant,
Dutch competition,
pombeiros (specialist slave
traders)
Angola and the slave trade
16th century: São Tomé major transit for trans-Atlantic trade
São Tomé traders established trading post at Luanda (independent
of royal Portuguese control
Angola and the slave trade
Purchased captives from Ngola of Ndongo
Ngola expanded kingdom to produce war captives for sale
1580s: Portuguese attempted invasion of Ndongo to find
rumoured silver mines
Angola and the slave trade
São Tomé traders established trading post at Luanda
(independent of royal Portuguese control
Angola and the slave trade
Invasion failed – many soldiers settled as regular slave
traders
Established southern trading post: Benguela
17th-18th centuries: Angolan coast became major export
zone for trans-Atlantic slave trade
Angola and the slave trade
Invasion failed – many soldiers
settled as regular slave traders
Established southern trading
post: Benguela
17th-18th centuries: Angolan
coast became major export
zone for trans-Atlantic slave
trade
Angola and the slave trade
Competition from Dutch, French
and English – selling guns to
stimulate war and captives
Central African empires and the growth of trade
Other imports: Indian cottons and Brazilian rum
1570s-80s Imbangala invasion of coastal lowlands, formed
the raiding/trading state of Kasanje
Central African empires and the growth of trade
The Lunda of Mwata Yamvo
Empire reached its height 2nd half of seventeenth centuryMany Lunda offshoots (e.g. Imbangala)New American crops (maize, cassava) became major staples: drought-resistant cassava enabled regular food surpluses, providing stability within the empire
Central African empires and the growth of trade
The Lunda of Mwata Yamvo
Mwata Yamvo tribute collection stimulated long-distance tradeLocal specialisations (metal manufactures, copper, ivory, pottery) sent to royal court as tributeTribute redistributed or exchanged for luxuriesMajor trade items: ivory and slaves, for cotton cloth and gunsUse of guns spread slave trade networks deep into continent
Central African empires and the growth of trade
The Lunda of Kazembe
Early 18th century tribute state deliberately set up by Mwata Yamvo under authority of Kazembe, with authority to collect tribute from Zambian/Congo ‘copperbelt’ regionKazembe II, c.1740 established eastern state in Luapula ValleyLate 17th century, independent of Mwata Yamvo – only nominal tribute
Central African empires and the growth of trade
The Maravi empire of Kalonga
Rich natural resources (cassava, maize, salt, fish, copper, iron)Wide collection of tribute from the region1800: Kazembe III’s capital: centre of vast trans-African trading network: access to both Atlantic and Indian Ocean systemsExports: iron, copper, ivory, salt and (later) slavesImports: European woollens and guns, Indian cottons, glass beads and court luxuries
Central African empires and the growth of trade
The Lunda of Kazembe
16th century Maravi kingdoms: Kalonga, Lundu and Undi – federations of chiefdomsManufacturers and exporters of iron, hunters of ivory in Zambezi and Shire valleys16th century Portuguese attempts to control ivory trade provoked backlash which temporarily drove Portuguese from Sena and Tete in Zambezi valley (‘wa-Zimba’ invasion)
Central African empires and the growth of trade
The Lunda of Kazembe
c.1600-1650: Kalonga Masula re-established peaceful ivory trading with Portuguese, and absorbed Lundu and Undi into Maravi empire from Shire valley to Mozambique island on the coast (Map 14.2)1623 Kalonga attacked Mutapa, south of Zambezi Kalonga empire declined after Masula’s death in 1650: too much reliance on personal leadership, lack of central administrationChiefdoms asserted independence, Yao took over ivory-trading routesLack of central authority left way open for violent slaving caravans of early 19th century
Central African empires and the growth of trade
The Changamire Rozvi of the
Zimbabwe plateau
Central African empires and the growth of trade
The Changamire Rozvi of the
Zimbabwe plateau
17th century: Portuguese increasing interference in Mutapa kingdom: provoking civil conflict and using violence to try and force people to mine for goldDefensive private armies formed, mostly by wealthy cattle-owners: poor seeking protection of rich, offered themselves for military service By 1670s Dombo (wealthy cattle-owner with powerful private army), title: Changamire. Army: Rozvi (‘destroyers’)Invaded and took over south-western kingdom of Guruuswa (or Butua)
Central African empires and the growth of trade
The Changamire Rozvi of the
Zimbabwe plateau
From 1684, expelled Portuguese from Mutapa and Manyika Rozvi empire became dominant power on Zimbabwe plateauPortuguese of Sena and Tete only saved by death of Changamire Dombo in 1696Succession dispute: Rozvi withdrew onto plateau, where they remained dominant over Shona chiefdoms throughout 18th century: military collection of tribute and approval of chiefly successionMining and trading of gold under royal control
Central African empires and the growth of trade
The Changamire Rozvi of the
Zimbabwe plateau
Portuguese confined to trading posts in Zambezi valleyGold trade not allowed to become economically dominant: most gold crafted into ornaments for local useBasis of economy remained; cattle, hunting and small-scale farming
The east African interior west of the Victoria Nyanza
Bunyoro (mixed farming, hunting, herding) dominant power from 16th
century: loose confederation of chiefdoms
Bunyoro cattle raids conducted south and east
The east African interior west of the Victoria Nyanza
The rise of Buganda
17th century: small compact centralised state, based on agriculture
Banana cultivation on north-west shores of Victoria Nyanza: agricultural stability – no need for
shifting cultivation: hence, compact state, dense population, centralised government (possibly
as defence from Bunyoro raids)
Kabaka Mawanga (early 18th century) formed strong centralised kingdom at expense of
traditional clan chiefs
Kabaka controlled land allocation to regional territorial chiefs
Peasantry provided wealth through taxation, passed as tribute through hierarchy
Banana cultivation did not require fulltime labour: peasantry available for public works:
Roads radiating from capital enabled kabaka to maintain his authority over local clans
Territorial chieftaincies kept out of hands of royal clan, to prevent alternative power bases
18th century Buganda expansion, surpassed Bunyoro in strength by 1800
The east African interior west of the Victoria Nyanza
Pastoralist kingdoms of the south-western
highlands
Nkore, Rwanda, Burundi: in densely-populated fertile highlands
Ba-Hima in Nkore, Ba-Tutsi in Rwanda and Burundi: started as cattle-keepers in upland
grasslands
They gradually established dominance over valley cultivators, converting trading relationship
into clientship: lending cattle and demanding herding services and food tribute
Cattle-owners became aristocratic ‘warrior’ class of rulers who offered ‘protection’ from raids
by rival clans
By 18th century the Tutsi clans had merged into two kingdoms: Rwanda and Burundi
Developed elaborate rituals and myths of ancient origin to justify their dominance over
subservient ‘Ba-Hutu’ peasantry
Tutsi/Hutu: class distinction based upon wealth and power consolidated into a caste system,
that was to develop into ethnic antagonism from late-19th century
The east African interior east of the Victoria Nyanza
Pastoralist kingdoms of the south-western
highlands
Nilotic-speaking pastoralists pushed south into region in 16th-17th centuries:
Ateker and Teso (north-eastern Uganda), Turkana and Samburu (north-western
Kenya), Maasai (central Kenya, northern Tanzania)
Maasai found central rift valley already occupied (e.g. Kalenjin), so seized grazing
land by force, with myth that all cattle belonged to Maasai
Maasai: age-set system, along military lines (similar to Oromo, pp.170-1)
No single coherent group – related groups governed by councils of elders (3rd age-
set)
Developed peaceable relations with Bantu-speaking farmers, trading with Kikuyu
and Kamba
Kikuyu developed age-sets and initiation based on Maasia practices
Most Bantu-speaking farmers in small chiefdoms
The east African interior east of the Victoria Nyanza
Pastoralist kingdoms of the south-western
highlands
In higher rainfall regions (Kilimanjaro, Usambara and Pare mts) sizeable
states emerged among Chagga, Pare and Shambaa
Their age-sets and initiations ceremonies possibly from earlier Chushitic
neighbours
Tanzanian plateau: rich in iron ore and salt – long-distance trading
networks
18th century, Nyamwezi became professional traders and ivory-porters
They developed trading links between Lakeland kingdoms and Swahili
coast (important for ivory and slave trade of 19th century)
Bibliography
• Shillingtonton, K. History of Africa (2012). Retrieved on march 1, 2014.