Post on 29-Oct-2014
transcript
Europe in Crisis: The Wars of Religion
Social Crises, War, and Revolution
Response to Crisis: Absolutism
The World of European Culture
Crisis and Absolutism in Europe, 1550-1715
Europe in Crisis: The Wars of Religion
Objectives:
1. Discuss the situation in many European nations in which Protestants and
Catholics fought for political and religious
control
2. Summarize how, during the sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries, many European rulers
extended their power and their borders
The French Wars of Religion
By 1560, Calvinism and Catholicism had become
highly militant (combative) religions
Aggressive wars emerged trying to win converts and in eliminating each other’s
authority
Economic, social, and political forces also played
an important role
French Civil Wars—”French Wars of Religion” (1562-1598)
The French kings persecuted Protestants
*Huguenots were French Protestants influenced by John Calvin
An extreme Catholic party—known as the ultra-Catholics—strongly opposed
the Huguenots
The religious wars, and those who fought in them, sought political and
economic gain
*Henry of Navarre, the political leader of the
Huguenots and member of the Bourbon dynasty,
succeeded to the throne as Henry IV
Converted to Catholicism to solidify his reign
Issued the *Edict of Nantes in 1598—recognized
Catholicism as the official religion but gave
Huguenots the right to worship
Philip II and Militant Catholicism
*King Philip II of Spain, the son and heir of Charles V
He ushered into an age of Spanish greatness, both politically and
culturally
Empire included Spain, the Netherlands, possessions in Italy,
and the Americas
He insisted on a strict conformity to Catholicism
Spain saw itself as a nation of people chosen by God to save Catholic Christianity from the
Protestant heretics
The Spanish Netherlands were the richest parts of the
empire
Philip tried to crush Calvinism in the Netherlands
The Dutch, under leadership of *William the Silent, the prince of Orange, offered
growing resistance
Spain had the most populous empire in the world. Spain controlled
almost all of South America and a number of settlements
in Asia and Africa
Philip II brought Spain to bankruptcy for spending too
much on the war
By the end of the war, real power in Europe had shifted
to England and France
The England of Elizabeth
*Elizabeth Tudor ascended the throne of England
During her reign, England entered a Golden age and laid a foundation for a world empire
She repealed the laws favoring Catholics
Act of Supremacy named Elizabeth “the only supreme
governor” of both church and state
Moderate in her foreign policy, trying to keep out of conflict with Spain and France
If one nation seemed to be gaining in power,
England would support the weaker nation
Philip attempted to overthrown England
with a massive armada
Objectives:
1. Discuss the situation in many European nations in which Protestants and
Catholics fought for political and religious
control
2. Summarize how, during the sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries, many European rulers
extended their power and their borders
Social Crises, War, and Revolution
Objectives:
1. Explain how the Thirty Years’ War ended the
unity of the Holy Roman Empire
2. Relate how democratic ideals were strengthened as a result of the English
and Glorious Revolutions
Economic and Social Crises
One of the greatest issues was *inflation
The great influx of gold and silver from the Americas was
one factor
Spain’s economy grew dependent on imported silver
Population increased from 60 million in 1500 to 85 million
by 1600
The Witchcraft Trials
The religious zeal that led to the Inquisition and the hunt for
heretics was extended to concern about witchcraft
Perhaps more than a hundred thousand people were charged
with witchcraft
More than 75 percent of those accused were women—single or widowed and over 50 years old
Features and accusations
against witches: sworn allegiance
to the devil, black Sabbaths, and evil spells
Witch trials and the witchcraft
hysteria
The Thirty Years’ War
Calvinism had not been recognized by the peace settlement
Religion played an important role in the outbreak of the Thirty Years’ War, called the “last of the religious wars”
All major European powers except England became involved. For 30
years Germany was plundered and destroyed
The Peace of Westphalia officially ended the war in Germany in 1648
The Peace of Westphalia stated that all German states, including
the Calvinist ones, could determine
their own religion
This brought an end to the Holy
Roman Empire as a political entity
Revolutions in England
A series of rebellions and civil wars rocked Europe
in the seventeenth century
The most famous struggle was the English
Revolution, a struggle between king and
Parliament to determine what role each should
play
The Stuarts and Divine Right
The Stuart line of rulers began with the accession to the throne of Elizabeth’s cousin, the king
of Scotland, who became *James I of England
Parliament did not think much of the divine right of kings—something James I believed
fervently
*The Puritans did not like the king’s strong defense of the
Church of England
The Puritan gentry formed an important part
of the House of Commons, the lower house of Parliament
The conflict that began during the reign of James
came to a head during the reign of his son,
*Charles I
Charles also tried to impose more ritual on the
Church of England
Civil War and the CommonwealthCivil war emerged between
supporters of the king (*Cavaliers) and the parliamentary forces
(*Roundheads—because of their short hair)
*Oliver Cromwell, a military genius, took control of the
Parliament and purged members who did not support
him
Charles I was executed in 1649
Parliament abolished the monarchy and the House
of the Lords
After destroying both king and Parliament,
Cromwell set up a military dictatorship
This was one of the first steps toward ending the concept of “Divine Right
of Kingship”
The RestorationCromwell ruled until his
death in 1658
Parliament restored the monarchy in the person of
Charles II, the son of Charles I
The Stuart monarchy gained much of its power back
James II (made king in 1685) and was a devout catholic, an
unsettling issue for the Parliament
A Glorious Revolution
Parliament invited the Dutch leader, William of
Orange—a Protestant leader
With almost no bloodshed, England had undergone a
“Glorious Revolution”
A Bill of Rights was created which helped fashioned
system of government based on the rule of law and a
freely elected Parliament
Objectives:
1. Explain how the Thirty Years’ War ended the
unity of the Holy Roman Empire
2. Relate how democratic ideals were strengthened as a result of the English
and Glorious Revolutions
Response to Crisis: Absolutism
Objectives:
1. Identity and describe Louis XIV, an absolute monarch whose extravagant lifestyle and military campaigns weakened France
2. Discuss how Prussia, Austria, and Russia emerged as great European powers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
France Under Louis XIV
Absolutism is a system in which a ruler holds total
power
The reign of Louis XIV has long been
regarded as the best example of the
practice of absolutism in the
seventeenth century
Richelieu and Mazarin
*Cardinal Richelieu, Louis XIII’s chief
minister, strengthened the power of the
monarchy. Because the Huguenots were seen
as a threat to the king’s power, Richelieu took
away their political and military rights
while preserving their religious rights
Government and ReligionThe royal court that Louis established at Versailles served
three purposes: personal household, chief offices of the state, and powerful subjects
came to find favorsLouis neutralized the power of
high nobles
He had complete authority over foreign policy, the Church, and
taxes
His power was only limited at the local level
The king bribed important people in the
provinces to see that his policies were
carried out
The desire to keep this power led Louis to
pursue an anti-Protestant policy aimed
at converting the Huguenots to Catholicism
The Economy and War
Louis wished to ensure the
domination of his Bourbon dynasty
over European affairs
Louis waged four wars between 1667
and 1713
Legacy of Louis XIV
In 1715, the Sun King
died. He left France with great debts
and surrounded by enemies
Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe
After the Thirty Years’ War, there was no
German state, but over 300 “Germanies.”
Prussia and Austria are the only states to
emerge
The Emergence of Prussia
*Frederick William the Great Elector laid the foundation
for the Prussian state
He built a large and efficient standing army—the fourth-
largest in Europe
Many of its officials were members of the Prussian
landed aristocracy, known as the Junkers
The New Austrian Empire
The Hapsburg made a difficult transition in the
seventeenth century. They had lost the German Empire, but now they created a new
empire in eastern and southeastern Europe
After the defeat of the Turks in 1687, Austria took control
of all of Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and
Slavonia
The Austrian monarchy, however,
never became a highly centralized,
absolutist state, chiefly because it
was made up of so many different national groups
Russia Under Peter the Great
In the sixteenth century, Ivan IV became the first ruler to take the title of czar, the Russian word for
caesar
Ivan expanded the territories of Russia eastward
*Peter the Great claimed the divine right to rule
He was determined to westernize, or Europeanize, Russia and eager to Borrow European technology
Military and Governmental and Cultural Changes
He employed both Russians and Europeans as officers,
forming the first Russian navy
Peter introduced Western customs, practices, and
manners into Russia
The cutting of beards, the cut cloaks, and the removal of veils
Construction of St. Petersburg
Objectives:
1. Identity and describe Louis XIV, an absolute monarch whose extravagant lifestyle and military campaigns weakened France
2. Discuss how Prussia, Austria, and Russia emerged as great European powers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
The World of European Culture
Objectives:
1. Describe the artistic movements of Mannerism
and the baroque, which began in Italy and reflected the spiritual perceptions of
the time
2. Identify Shakespeare and Lope de Vega, prolific writers of dramas and
comedies that reflected the human condition
Mannerism
Emerged in Italy in the 1520s and 1530s
The worldly enthusiasm of the Renaissance declined as people grew anxious and uncertain and wished for spiritual experience
The rules of proportion were deliberately ignored as
elongated figures were used to show suffering, heightened
emotions, and religious ecstasy
High point in the work of *El Greco
elongated and contorted figures,
portraying them in unusual shades of yellow and green against an eerie background of stormy grays
The Baroque Period
Baroque artists tried to bring together the classical ideals of
Renaissance art with the spiritual feelings of the 16th century
religious revival
Dramatic effects to arouse the emotions
Reflected the search for power
*Gian Lorenzo Bernini, who
completed Saint Peter’s Basilica in
Rome
Bernini’s Throne of Saint Peter is a highly decorated cover for the pope;s medieval
wooden throne
Artemisia Gentileschi—famous for her
pictures of heroines from the Old
Testament (Judith Beheading
Holofernes)
A Golden Age of Literature
England’s ShakespeareOf all the forms of
Elizabethan literature, none expressed the energy of the
era better than drama
Although best known for writing plays, he was also
an actor and shareholder in the chief theater company
of the time, the lord Chamberlain’s Men
Spanish LiteratureTouring companies brought the latest Spanish plays to
all parts of the Spanish Empire
*Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quixote, one of the greatest literary works of all time
The Knight and Sancho Panza, an image of both the dreamer and the hard work of reality are necessary to
the human condition
Political Thought
The English revolutions of the
17th century prompted very
different responses from two English political thinkers, Thomas Hobbes and John Locke
Hobbes
humans were guided not by reason and
moral ideals but by a ruthless struggle for
self-preservation
Rebellion must be suppressed. To
Hobbes, such absolute power was needed to
preserve order in society
John Locke—Two Treatises of Government
He argued against the absolute rule of one person
Locke believed that before society was organized,
humans lived in a state of equality and freedom
rather than a state of war
natural rights—life, liberty, and property
People found it difficult to protect their natural rights. For that reason, they agreed to establish a government to
ensure the protection of their rights
Locke was not an advocate of democracy, but his ideas proved important to both America and the French in
the eighteenth century
Objectives:
1. Describe the artistic movements of Mannerism
and the baroque, which began in Italy and reflected the spiritual perceptions of
the time
2. Identify Shakespeare and Lope de Vega, prolific writers of dramas and
comedies that reflected the human condition