Chapter 16 Modes of Travel

transcript

The Tourism System 6th edition Kendall Hunt Publishing Company

Chapter 16

Modes of Travel

Magalhaes.; Photo 4 by Jose Manuel; Photo 5 by Joao Barbosa

Contents Examines the history and current

trends in the major modes of transportation.

Explains how people select their preferred transportation modes.

Purpose Through an understanding of a model of travel mode selection, students will be able to explain how tourists travel.

Learning Objective 1: Transportation Mode Selection Show how knowledge of the criteria people use to select their preferred modes of transportation can be used to influence that choice.

Transportation Mode Selection Decisions Affected by: Characteristics of the mode Destination features Motivation for travel and personal

attitudes and values Characteristics of the trip

Travel Alternatives

Transportation Mode Selection Model Why do people decide one mode over another? Functional utility Aesthetic or emotional reasons Social or organizational utilities Curiosity utility Availability of the mode Impact of unexpected events

Travel Mode Selection Model

Learning Objective 2: Reasons for Changes in Transportation Use Identify the reasons for the changes in passenger use of the various transportation modes.

Travel by Train Popular because:

Safety Ability to look out of trains and see

interesting things en route Ability to get up and walk around Arriving at the destination rested

and relaxed Personal comfort

Travel by Train Negative perceptions of rail travel: Slowness in reaching destination

Relatively inflexible departure times

Lack of quality in food service

Travel by Train Advent of high-speed trains: TGV (France), Bullet (Japan), Gao

Tie (China) Trains as tourism attractions: The Orient Express Palace on Wheels, India Algoma Central Railway, Canada The Ghan, Australia Napa Valley Wine Train, USA

Travel by Ship 1957: peak of transatlantic ship

travel 1958: more passengers on

transatlantic air than ship 1960-75: declining volumes of

scheduled liner passengers 1970-on: growth in cruise ship

passengers

Cruises Cruises have taken the place of

scheduled liner services Negative perceptions of cruises Isolation, storms, seasickness Ships are slow, cramped and

boring, with regimented activities

Cruises: Increasing Concerns with Safety Concerns with the safety of traveling

on cruises have increased, especially with the partial sinking and resultant passenger deaths on the Costa Concordia off of Italy in early 2012.

There have also been several incidences of food-borne illness outbreaks on cruise ships in recent years.

Cruises Positive impact of airline

deregulation in U.S. on cruise travel Importance of incentive travel to

cruise lines Trend to larger cruise ships as well

as niche cruising Developing cruise traffic as a means

of tourism development

Cruises Caribbean: Main cruise destination First destination that was developed

Panama Canal important to cruising Asia fastest-growing market Cruiser segments Restless baby boomers; enthusiastic

baby boomers; luxury seekers, consummate shoppers; explorers; and ship buffs

Special-interest cruises Cruises as tourist attractions

Major Cruise Routes in the World

Travel by Automobile Led to demise of train travel Spread benefits of tourism more

widely More random pattern of travel

movements Attractive attributes of automobile

travel Control over the route and steps en

Travel by Automobile Control of departure time Ability to carry baggage and

equipment easily Low out-of-pocket expense of

traveling with three or more persons Freedom to use automobile at

destination Safe mode of transportation Like of driving as a recreational

experience

Travel by Air 1960s: number of intercity air

passengers greater than train 1978: airline deregulation begins in

U.S. Scheduled and charter air services Advanced purchase excursion fares

(APEX) Popularity of charters in Europe Problems with safety of air travel Hub-and-spoke systems Concerns with airport security

Travel by Air After World War II, air travel

skyrocketed 1970 – introduction of wide-bodied

jets Nonstop flights offer greater fuel

efficiency Lower costs Better use of money and resources

1978 – U.S. airline deregulation Charter flights generally more

profitable

Travel by Air The 555-seat Airbus A380 was

introduced into service in 2007, first by Singapore Airlines.

Boeing 787 Dreamliner was introduced into service in 2011; several problems occurred with this new aircraft in 2012 and 2013.

Great concerns now with carbon emissions of airline industry and impact on the global environment.

Travel by Bus and Motor Coach 1980s: deregulation of bus industries

in U.S. and U.K. Benefits of touring by motor coach Companionship/making friends Convenience Expertise Safety Price

Travel by Bus and Motor Coach Negative images of motor coach tours: Negative perceptions of the bus Regimentation, inflexibility, and

passivity of tours Having to be part of a group Infirm, older, and inexperienced

travelers

Learning Objective 3: Marketing of Passenger Transportation Show how the characteristics of demand and supply affect the marketing of passenger transportation.

Marketing of Passenger Transportation Demand: Past trends cannot always be relied

upon Overcapacity Instantaneous demand Variability of demand

Certain modes offer more than one type of service Business, first-class, etc.

Marketing of Passenger Transportation Demand: Business vs. pleasure travel Business travel may be

constrained by the company Pleasure travelers may be more

choosy

Characteristics of Supply Sunk costs (example: plane): Costs relatively the same to fly it

full or empty Best to sell every seat

High fixed costs, low incremental costs

Labor Restrictions on hours

Demand may be instantaneous, but supply is not

Marketing Strategies Product, promotion, place and price Airlines Long flights are more economic “Hub and spoke” model Extending the network: (a)

franchising; (b) block spacing; (c) code-sharing; (d) Alliances

Frequent-flyer programs Vertical integration Contribution theory

THE TOURISM SYSTEM

Chapter 16

Dolphins, Azores, Photo by Norberto Diver

Developments in transportation impact where tourism is developed and the type of development that occurs.

Destinations have to ensure that access to the destination is made as easy as possible for their visitors.

It is important to know the barriers that inhibit the use of a particular transportation mode to develop programs to overcome them.

Chapter Summary Highlights