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Chapter 16 Streambank andShoreline Protection
United StatesDepartment ofAgriculture
NaturalResourcesConservationService
EngineeringFieldHandbook
(210-vi-EFH, December 1996)16–ii
Chapter 16 Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline Protection
Issued December 1996
Cover: Little Yellow Creek, Cumberland Gap National Park, Kentucky(photograph by Robbin B. Sotir & Associates)
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(210-vi-EFH, December 1996) 16–i
PrefaceChapter 16
Chapter 16, Streambank and Shoreline Protection, is one of 18 chapters ofthe U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Ser-vice, Engineering Field Handbook, previously referred to as the Engineer-ing Field Manual. Other chapters that are pertinent to, and should be refer-enced in use with, Chapter 16 are:
Chapter 1: Engineering SurveysChapter 2: Estimating RunoffChapter 3: HydraulicsChapter 4: Elementary Soils EngineeringChapter 5: Preparation of Engineering PlansChapter 6: StructuresChapter 7: Grassed Waterways and OutletsChapter 8: TerracesChapter 9: DiversionsChapter 10: Gully TreatmentChapter 11: Ponds and ReservoirsChapter 12: Springs and WellsChapter 13: Wetland Restoration, Enhancement, or CreationChapter 14: DrainageChapter 15: IrrigationChapter 17: Construction and Construction MaterialsChapter 18: Soil Bioengineering for Upland Slope Protection and Erosion
Reduction
This is the second edition of chapter 16. Some techniques presented in thistext are rapidly evolving and improving; therefore, additions to and modifi-cations of chapter 16 will be made as necessary.
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Chapter 18 Acknowledgments
This chapter was prepared under the guidance of Ronald W. Tuttle, na-tional landscape architect, United States Department of Agriculture, Natu-ral Resource Conservation Service (NRCS), and Richard D. Wenberg,
national drainage engineer (retired).
Robbin B. Sotir & Associates, Marietta, Georgia, was a major contributorto the inclusion of soil bioengineering and revision of the chapter. In addi-tion to authoring sections of the revised manuscript, they supplied originaldrawings, which were adapted for NRCS use, and photographs.
Walter K. Twitty, drainage engineer (retired), NRCS, Fort Worth, Texas, andRobert T. Escheman, landscape architect, NRCS, Somerset, New Jersey,served a coordination role in the review and revision of the chapter. Carolyn
A. Adams, director, Watershed Science Institute, NRCS, Seattle, Washington;Leland M. Saele, design engineer; Gary E. Formanek, agricultural engi-neer; and Frank F. Reckendorf, sedimentation geologist (retired), NRCS,Portland, Oregon, edited the manuscript to extend its applicability to mostgeographic regions. In addition these authors revised the manuscript toreflect new research on stream classification and design considerations forriprap, dormant post plantings, rootwad/boulder revetments, and streambarbs. H. Wayne Everett, plant materials specialist (retired), NRCS, FortWorth, Texas, supplied the plant species information in the appendix. Mary
R. Mattinson, editor, John D. Massey, visual information specialist, andWendy R. Pierce, illustrator, NRCS, Fort Worth, Texas, provided editingassistance and desktop publishing in preparation for printing.
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Contents:
Chapter 16 Streambank and ShorelineProtection
650.1600 Introduction 16–1
(a) Purpose and scope ................................................................................... 16–1
(b) Categories of protection ......................................................................... 16–1
(c) Selecting streambank and shoreline protection measures ................ 16–1
650.1601 Streambank protection 16–3
(a) General ...................................................................................................... 16–3
(b) Planning and selecting stream-bank protection measures ................. 16–3
(c) Design considerations for streambank protection .............................. 16–6
(d) Protective measures for streambanks ................................................ 16–10
650.1602 Shoreline protection 16–63
(a) General .................................................................................................... 16–63
(b) Design considerations for shoreline protection ................................16–63
(c) Protective measures for shorelines ..................................................... 16–64
650.1603 References 16–81
Appendix A Size Determination for Rock Riprap 16A–1
Appendix B Plants for Soil Bioengineering and Associated Systems 16B–1
Tables Table 16–1 Live fascine spacing 16–16
Table 16–2 Methods for rock riprap protection 16–49
Figures Figure 16–1 Appropriate selection and application of streambank 16–2
or shoreline protection measures should vary in
response to specific objectives and site conditions
Figure 16–2 Vegetative system along streambank 16–9
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Figure 16–3a Eroding bank, Winooski River, Vermont, June 1938 16–12
Figure 16–3b Bank shaping prior to installing soil bioengineering 16–12
practices, Winooski River, Vermont, September 1938
Figure 16–3c Three years after installation of soil bioengineering 16–12
practices, 1941
Figure 16–3d Soil bioengineering system, Winooski River, Vermont, 16–12
June 1993 (55 years after installation)
Figure 16–4 Live stake details 16–13
Figure 16–5 Prepared live stake 16–15
Figure 16–6 Growing live stake 16–15
Figure 16–7 Live fascine details 16–17
Figure 16–8 Preparation of a dead stout stake 16–18
Figure 16–9a Placing live fascines 16–18
Figure 16–9b Installing live stakes in live fascine system 16–18
Figure 16–9c An established 2-year-old live fascine system 16–18
Figure 16–10 Branchpacking details 16–20
Figure 16–11a Live branches installed in criss-cross configuration 16–21
Figure 16–11b Each layer of branches is followed by a layer 16–21
of compacted soil
Figure 16–11c A growing branchpacking system 16–21
Figure 16–12 Vegetated geogrid details 16–23
Figure 16–13a A vegetated geogrid during installation 16–24
Figure 16–13b A vegetated geogrid immediately after installation 16–24
Figure 16–13c Vegetated geogrid 2 years after installation 16–24
Figure 16–14 Live cribwall details 16–26
Figure 16–15a Pre-construction streambank conditions 16–27
Figure 16–15b A live cribwall during installation 16–27
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Figure 16–15c An established live cribwall system 16–27
Figure 16–16 Joint planting details 16–28
Figure 16–17a Live stake tamped into rock joints 16–29
Figure 16–17b An installed joint planting system 16–29
Figure 16–17c An established joint planting system 16–29
Figure 16–18 Brushmattress details 16–31
Figure 16–19a Brushmattress during installation 16–32
Figure 16–19b An installed brushmattress system 16–32
Figure 16–19c Brushmattress system 6 months after installation 16–32
Figure 16–19d Brushmattress system 2 years after installation 16–32
Figure 16–20 Tree revetment details 16–34
Figure 16–21a Tree revetment system with dormant posts 16–35
Figure 16–21b Tree revetment system with dormant posts, 16–35
2 years after installation
Figure 16–22 Log, rootwad, and boulder revetment details 16–36
Figure 16–23 Rootwad, boulder, and willow transplant 16–37
revetment system, Weminuche River, CO
Figure 16-24 Dormant post details 16–38
Figure 16–25a Pre-construction streambank conditions 16–39
Figure 16–25b Installing dormant posts 16–39
Figure 16–25c Established dormant post system 16–39
Figure 16–26 Piling revetment details 16–41
Figure 16–27 Slotted board fence details (double fence option) 16–42
Figure 16–28 Slotted board fence system 16–43
Figure 16–29 Concrete jack details 16–44
Figure 16–30 Wooden jack field 16–45
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Figure 16–31 Concrete jack system several years after installation 16–46
Figure 16–32 Rock riprap details 16–47
Figure 16–33 Rock riprap revetment system 16–48
Figure 16–34 Concrete cellular block details 16–50
Figure 16–35a Concrete cellular block system before backfilling 16–51
Figure 16–35b Concrete cellular block system several years 16–51
after installation
Figure 16–36 Coconut fiber roll details 16–52
Figure 16–37a Coconut fiber roll 16–53
Figure 16–37b Coconut fiber roll system 16–53
Figure 16–38 Stream jetty details 16–55
Figure 16–39a Stream jetty placed to protect railroad bridge 16–56
Figure 16–39b Long-established vegetated stream jetty, with 16–56
deposition in foreground
Figure 16–40 Stream barb details 16–58
Figure 16–41 Stream barb system 16–59
Figure 16–42 Vegetated rock gabion details 16–61
Figure 16–43 Vegetated rock gabion system 16–62
Figure 16–44 Timber groin details 16–65
Figure 16–45 Timber groin system 16–66
Figure 16–46 Timber bulkhead system 16–67
Figure 16–47 Timber bulkhead details 16–68
Figure 16–48 Concrete bulkhead details 16–69
Figure 16–49 Concrete bulkhead system 16–70
Figure 16–50 Concrete revetment (poured in place) 16–71
Figure 16–51 Rock riprap revetment 16–71
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Figure 16–52 Live siltation construction details 16–74
Figure 16–53 Live siltation construction system 16–75
Figure 16–54 Reed clump details 16–77
Figure 16–55a Installing dead stout stakes in reed clump system 16–78
Figure 16–55b Completing installation of reed clump system 16–78
Figure 16–55c Established reed clump system 16–78
Figure 16–56 Coconut fiber roll details 16–79
Figure 16–57 Coconut fiber roll system 16–80
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Chapter 16 Streambank and Shoreline Protection
650.1600 Introduction
(a) Purpose and scope
Streambank and shoreline protection consists ofrestoring and protecting banks of streams, lakes,estuaries, and excavated channels against scour anderosion by using vegetative plantings, soil bioengineer-ing, and structural systems. These systems can be usedalone or in combination. The information in chapter 16does not apply to erosion problems on ocean fronts,large river and lake systems, or other areas of similarscale and complexity.
(b) Categories of protection
The two basic categories of protection measures arethose that work by reducing the force of water againsta streambank or shoreline and those that increasetheir resistance to erosive forces. These measures canbe combined into a system.
Stormwater reduction or retention methods, gradereduction, and designs that reduce flow velocity fallinto the first category of protection. Examples includepermeable fence design, tree or brush revetments,jacks, groins, stream jetties, barbs, drop structures,increasing channel sinuosity, and log, rootwad, andboulder combinations. The second category includeschannels lined with grass, concrete, riprap, gabions,cellular concrete, and other revetment designs. Thesemeasures can be used alone or in combination. Mostdesigns that employ brushy vegetation, e.g., soilbioengineering, either alone or in combination withstructures, protect from erosion in both ways.
Revetment designs do not reduce the energy of theflow significantly, so using revetments for spot protec-tion may move erosion problems downstream oracross the stream channel.
(c) Selecting streambank andshoreline protection measures
This document recognizes the need for interventioninto stream corridors to affect rehabilitation; however,it is also acknowledged that this should be done on aselective basis. When selecting a site or stream reachfor treatment, it is most effective to select areas withinrelatively healthy systems. Projects planned andinstalled in this context are more likely to be success-ful, and it is often critically important to prevent thedecline of these healthier systems while an opportu-nity remains to preserve their biological diversity.Rehabilitation of highly degraded systems is alsoimportant, but these systems often require substantialinvestment of resources and may be so modified thatpartial success is often a realistic goal.
After deciding rehabilitation is needed, a variety ofremedies are available to minimize the susceptibilityof streambanks or shorelines to disturbance-causederosive processes. They range from vegetation-oriented remedies, such as soil bioengineering, toengineered grade stabilization structures (fig. 16–1). Inthe recent past, many organizations involved in waterresource management have given preference to engi-neered structures. Structures may still be viable op-tions; however, in a growing effort to restore sustain-ability and ensure diversity, preference should begiven to those methods that restore the ecologicalfunctions and values of stream or shoreline systems.
As a first priority consider those measures that• are self sustaining or reduce requirements for
future human support;• use native, living materials for restoration;• restore the physical, biological, and chemical
functions and values of streams or shorelines;• improve water quality through reduction of
temperature and chronic sedimentationproblems;
• provide opportunities to connect fragmentedriparian areas; and
• retain or enhance the stream corridor or shore-line system.
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650.1601 Streambankprotection
(a) General
The principal causes of streambank erosion may beclassed as geologic, climatic, vegetative, and hydraulic.These causes may act independently, but normallywork in an interrelated manner. Direct human activi-ties, such as channel confinement or realignment anddamage to or removal of vegetation, are major factorsin streambank erosion.
Streambank erosion is a natural process that occurswhen the forces exerted by flowing water exceed theresisting forces of bank materials and vegetation.Erosion occurs in many natural streams that havevegetated banks. However, land use changes or natu-ral disturbances can cause the frequency and magni-tude of water forces to increase. Loss of streamsidevegetation can reduce resisting forces, thus stream-banks become more susceptible to erosion. Channelrealignment often increases stream power and maycause streambeds and banks to erode. In many casesstreambed stabilization is a necessary prerequisite tothe placement of streambank protection measures.
(b) Planning and selecting stream-bank protection measures
The list that follows, although not exhaustive, includesdata commonly needed for planning purposes.
(1) Watershed data
When analyzing the source of erosion problems, con-sider the stream as a system that is affected by water-shed conditions and what happens in other streamreaches. An analysis of stream and watershed condi-tions should include historical information on land usechanges, hydrologic conditions, and natural distur-bances that might influence stream behavior. It shouldanticipate the changes most likely to occur or that areplanned for the near future:
• Climatic regime.• Land use/land cover.• History of land use, prior stream modifications,
past stability problems, and previous treatments.
• Projected development over anticipated projectlife.
(2) Causes and extent of erosion problems
• If bank failure problems are the result of wide-spread bed degradation or headcutting, deter-mine what triggered the problem.
• If bank erosion problems are localized, deter-mine the cause of erosion at each site.
(3) Hydrologic/hydraulic data
• Flood frequency data (if not available, estimateusing regional equations or other procedures).
• Estimates of stream-forming flow at 1- to 2-yearrecurrence interval and flow velocities.
• Estimates of width and depth at stream-formingflow conditions.
• Channel slope, width, depth, meander wavelength,and shape (width/depth, wetted perimeter).
• Sediment load (suspended and bedload).• Water quality.
(4) Stream reach characteristics
• Soil and streambank materials at site.• Potential streambank failures.• Vegetative condition of banks.• Channel alignment.• Present stream width, depth, meander amplitude,
belt width, wavelength, and sinuosity to deter-mine stream classification.
• Identification of specific problems arising fromflow deflection caused by sediment buildup,boulders, debris jams, bank irregularities, orconstrictions.
• Bed material d50 based on a pebble count.• Quality, amount, and types of terrestrial and
aquatic habitat.• Suspended load and bedload as needed, to
determine if incoming sediment load can betransported through the restored reach.
• When selecting protective measures, analyze theneeds of the entire watershed, the effects thatstream protection may have on other reaches,surrounding wetlands, the riparian corridor,terrestrial habitat, aquatic habitat, water quality,and aesthetics. Reducing runoff and soil lossfrom the upland portions of the watershed usingsound land treatment and management measuresnormally makes the streambank protectionsolution less expensive and more durable.
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(5) Stream classification
Stream classification has evolved significantly over thepast 100 years. William Davis (1899) first dividedstreams into three stages as youthful, mature and oldage. Streams were later classified by their pattern asstraight, meandering, or braided (Leopold & Wolman,1957) or by stability and mode of sediment transport(Schumm, 1963 and 1977). Although all these systemsserved their intended purposes, they were not particu-larly helpful in establishing useful criteria for stream-bank protection and design. Rosgen (1985) developed astream classification system that categorizes essentiallyall types of stream channels on the basis of measuredmorphological features. This system has been updatedseveral times (Rosgen, 1992) and has broad applicabilityfor communication among users and to predict astream's behavior based on its appearance.
Predicting a stream's behavior based on appearance isalso a feature of the Schumm, Harvey, and Watson(1984) channel evolution model developed forOaklimeter Creek in Mississippi. This model discusseschannel conditions extending from total disequilib-rium to a new state of dynamic equilibrium. Such amodel is useful in stream restoration work becausestreams can be observed in the field and their domi-nant process determined in the reach under consider-ation (i.e., active headcutting and transport of sedi-ment, through aggradation and stabilization of alter-nate bars, and approaching a stage of dynamic equilib-rium).
Rosgen's (1992) stream classification system goesbeyond the channel evolution model as it is based ondetermining hydraulic geometry of stable streamreaches. This geometry is then extrapolated to un-stable stream reaches to derive a template for poten-tial channel design and reconstruction.
The present version of Rosgen's stream classificationhas several types (A, B, C, D, DA, E, F, and G), basedon a hierarchical system. The first level of classifica-tion distinguishes between single or multiple threadchannels. The streams are then separated based ondegrees of entrenchment, width-to-depth ratio, andstream sinuosity. They are further subdivided by sloperange and channel materials. Several stream subtypesare based on other criteria, such as average riparianvegetation, organic debris and channel blockages, flowregimes, stream size, depositional features, and mean-der pattern.
(6) Soils
A particular soil's resistance to erosion depends on itscohesiveness and particle size. Sandy soils have lowcohesion, and their particles are small enough to beentrained by velocity flows of 2 or 3 feet per second.Lenses or layers of erodible material are frequentsources of erosion. Fines are selectively removed fromsoils that are heterogeneous mixtures of sand andgravel, leaving behind a layer of gravel that may pro-tect or armor the streambed against further erosion.However, the hydraulic removal of fines and sandfrom a gravel matrix may cause it to collapse, resultingin sloughing of the streambank and its overlyingmaterial.
The resistance of cohesive soils depends on the physi-cal and chemical properties of the soil as well as thechemical properties of the eroding fluid. Cohesivesoils often contain montmorillonite, bentonite, orother expansive clays. Because unvegetated banksmade up of expansive clays are subject to shrinkageduring dry weather, tension cracks may develop paral-lel to and several feet below the top of the bank. Thesecracks may lead to slab failures on oversteepenedbanks, especially in places where bank support hasbeen reduced by toe erosion. Tension cracks can alsocontribute to piping and related failures.
(7) Hydrologic, climatic, and vegetative
conditions
Stream erosion is largely a function of the magnitudeand frequency of flow events. Flow duration is ofsecondary importance except for flows that exceedstream-forming flow stage for extended periods. Astreambank's position (outside curve or inside) can alsobe a major factor in determining its erosion potential.
Watershed changes that increase magnitude andfrequency of flooding, such as urbanization, deforesta-tion, and increased surface runoff, contribute tostreambank erosion. Associated changes, such as lossof streamside vegetation from human or animal tram-pling, often compound the streambank erosion effect.
In cold climates where streams normally freeze orpartly freeze during winter, erosion caused by ice is anadditional problem. Streambanks are affected by icescour in several ways:
• Streambanks and associated vegetation can beforcibly damaged during freezing or thawingaction.
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• Floating ice can cause gouging of streambanks.• Acceleration of flow around and under ice rafts
can cause damage to streambanks.
Erosion from ice may be minimized or reduced byvegetation for the following reasons:
• Streambank vegetation reduces damaging cyclesof freeze-thaw by maintaining the temperature ofbank materials, thus preventing ice from formingand encouraging faster thawing.
• Vegetation tends to be flexible and absorbs muchof the momentum of drifting ice.
• Vegetation helps protect the bank from icedamage.
• Woody vegetation has deeply embedded rootsthat reinforce soils.
• Deeply rooted, woody vegetation helps to controlerosion by adding strength to streambank materi-als, increasing flow resistance, reducing flowvelocities in the vicinity of the bank, and retard-ing tension crack development.
(8) Hydraulic data
Stream power is a function of velocity, flow depth, andslope. Channelization projects that straighten orenlarge channels often increase one or more of thesefactors enough to cause widespread erosion andassociated problems, especially if soils are easilyerodible.
Headcuts often develop in the modified reach or at thetransition from the modified reach to the unalteredreach. They move upstream, causing bed erosion andbank failure on the main stream and its tributaries.Returning the stream to its former meander geometryis generally the most reliable way to stop headcuts orprevent their development. Installing grade controlstructures that completely cross a stream and act as avery low head dam may initiate other channel instabili-ties by:
• inducing bank erosion around the ends of thestructure;
• raising flood levels and causing out-of-bankflows to erode new channels;
• trapping sediment, thus decreasing channelcapacity, inducing bank erosion and flood plainscour; and
• increasing width-to-depth ratio with subsequentlateral migration, increased bank erosion, andincreased bar deposition or formation.
Grade control structures should be designed to main-tain low channel width-to-depth ratios, maintain thesediment transport capacity of the channel, and pro-vide for passing a wide range of flow velocities with-out creating backwater and causing sediment deposi-tion. Vortex rock weirs, "W" rock weirs, and otherrock/boulder structures that protect the channelwithout creating backwater should be consideredinstead of small rock and log dams.
Local obstructions to flow, channel constrictions, andbank irregularities cause local increases in the energyslope and create secondary currents that produceaccelerations in velocity sufficient to cause localizedstreambank erosion problems. These localized prob-lems often are treated best by eliminating the sourceof the problem and providing remedial bank protec-tion. However, secondary cross currents are also anatural feature around the outside curves of meanders,and structural features may be required to modifythese cross currents.
Streamflows that transport sustained heavy loads ofsediment are less erosive than clear flows. This caneasily be seen where dams are constructed on largesediment-laden streams. Once a dam is operational,the sediment drops out into the reservoir pool, so thewater leaving the structure is clear. Several feet ofdegradation commonly occurs in the reach below thedam before an armor layer develops or hydraulicparameters are sufficiently altered to a stable grade. Inwatersheds that have high sediment yields, conserva-tion treatments that significantly reduce sedimentloads can trigger stream erosion problems unlessrunoff is also reduced.
(9) Habitat characteristics
The least-understood aspect of designing and analyz-ing streambank protection measures is often theimpact of the protective measures on instream andriparian habitats. Commonly, each stage of the lifecycle of aquatic species requires different habitats,each having specific characteristics. These diversehabitats are needed to meet the unique demandsimposed by spawning and incubation, summer rearing,and overwintering. The productivity of most aquaticsystems is directly related to the diversity and com-plexity of available habitats.
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Fish habitat structures are commonly an integral partof stream protection measures, but applicability ofhabitat structures varies by classified stream type.Work by Rosgen and Fittante (1992) resulted in aguide for evaluating suitability of various proposedfish habitat structures for a wide range of morphologi-cal stream types. They divide structures into those forrearing habitat enhancement and those for spawninghabitat enhancement. The structures for rearing habi-tat enhancement include low stage check dam, me-dium stage check dam, boulder placement, bank-placed materials, single wing deflector, channel con-strictor, bank cover, floating log cover, submergedshelter, half log cover, and migration barrier. U-shapedgravel traps, log sill gravel traps, and gravel placementare for spawning habitat enhancement.
Since a multitude of interrelated factors influence theproductivity of streams, the response of fish andwildlife populations to changes in habitat is oftendifficult to predict with confidence.
(10)Environmental data
Environmental goals should be set early in the plan-ning process to ensure that full consideration is givento ecological stability and productivity during theselection and design of streambank protection mea-sures. Special care should be given to consideration ofterrestrial and aquatic habitat benefits of alternativetypes of protection and to maintenance needs on a sitespecific basis.
In general, the least disturbance to the existing streamsystem during construction and maintenance producesthe greatest environmental benefits. Damages to theenvironment can be limited by:
• Using small equipment and hand labor.• Limiting access.• Locating staging areas outside work area
boundaries.• Avoiding or altering construction procedures
during critical times, such as fish spawning orbird nesting periods.
• Coordinating construction on a stream thatinvolves more than one job or ownership.
• Adopting maintenance plans that maximizeriparian vegetation and allow wide, woodyvegetative buffers.
• Scheduling construction activities to avoidexpected peak flood season(s).
(11)Social and economic factors
Initial installation cost and long-term maintenance arefactors to be considered when planning streambankand shoreline protection. Other factors include thesuitability of construction material for the use in-tended, the cost of labor and machinery, access forequipment and crews at the site, and adaptationsneeded to adjust designs to special conditions and thelocal environment.
Some protection measures seem to have apparentadvantages, such as low cost or ease of construction,but a more expensive alternative might best meetplanned objectives when maintenance, durability ofmaterial, and replacement costs are considered. Effectupon resources and environmental values, such asaesthetics, wildlife habitat, and aquatic requirements,are also integral factors.
The need for access to the stream or shoreline and theeffects of protection measures upon adjacent propertyand land uses should be analyzed.
Minor protective measures can be installed withoutusing contract labor or heavy equipment. However,many of the protective measures presented in thischapter require evaluation, design, and implementa-tion to be done by a knowledgeable interdisciplinaryteam because precise construction techniques andcostly construction materials may be required.
(c) Design considerations forstreambank protection
(1) Channel grade
The channel grade may need to be controlled beforeany permanent type of bank protection can be consid-ered feasible unless the protection can be safely andeconomically constructed to a depth well below theanticipated lowest depth of bed scour. Control can beby natural or artificial means. Reconstructing streamchannels to their historical stream type (i.e., streamgeometry) has been successfully used to achieve gradecontrol. Artificial measures typically include rock,gabions and reinforced concrete grade control struc-tures.
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(4) Freeboard
Freeboard should be provided to prevent overtoppingof the revetment at curves and other points where highvelocity flow contacts the revetment. In these areas apotential supercritical velocity can set up waves, andthe climb on sloping revetments may be appreciable.Because an accurate method to determine freeboardrequirements is not available for sloping revetments incritical zones, the allowance for freeboard should bebased on sound judgment and experience. Undersimilar conditions, the freeboard required for a slopingrevetment is always greater than that for a verticalrevetment.
(5) Alignment
Changes in channel alignment affect the flow charac-teristics through, above, and below the changed reach.Straightening without extensive channel hardeningdoes not eliminate a stream's tendency to meander. Anerosion hazard may often develop at both ends of thechannel because of velocity increases, bar formations,and current direction changes. Changes in channelalignment are not recommended unless the change isto reconstruct the channel to its former meandergeometry.
Alignment of the reach must also be carefully consid-ered in designing protective measures. Because ofmajor changes in hydraulic characteristics, stream-banks for channels having straight alignment generallyrequire a continuous scour-resistant lining or revet-ment. To prevent scour by streamflow as the streamattempts to recreate its natural meander pattern, mostbanks must be sloped to a stable grade before thelining is applied. For nonrigid lining, the slope must beflat enough to prevent the lining material from sliding.
Curved revetments are subjected to increased forcesbecause of the secondary currents acting against them.More substantial and permanent types of constructionmay be needed on curved channel sections becausestreambank failures at these vulnerable points couldresult in much greater damage than that along unob-structed straight reaches of channel.
(2) Discharge frequency
Maximum floods are rarely used for design of stream-bank protection measures. The design flood frequencyshould be compatible with the value or safety of theproperty or improvements being protected, the repaircost of the streambank protection, and the sensitivityand value of ecological systems within the planningunit. Bankfull discharge (stream-forming flow) ofnatural streams tends to have a recurrence interval of1 to 2 years based on the annual flood series (Leopoldand Rosgen, 1991). The discharge at this frequency iscommonly used as a design discharge for streamrestoration (Rosgen, 1992). For modified streams, the 1-to 2-year frequency discharge is also useful for designdischarge because it is the flow that has the most impactupon the stability of the stream channel.
(3) Discharge velocities
Where the flow entering the section to be protectedcarries only clay, silt, and fine sand in suspension, themaximum velocity should be limited to that which isnonscouring on the least resistant material occurringin any appreciable quantity in the streambed and bank.The minimum velocity should be that required totransport the suspended material. The depth-area-velocity relationship of the upstream channel shouldbe maintained through the protected reach. Where theflow entering the section is transporting bedload, theminimum velocity should be that which will transportthe entering bedload material through the section.
The minimum design velocity should also be compat-ible with the needs of the various fish species presentor those targeted for recovery. Velocity changes canreduce available habitat or create physical barriersthat restrict fish passage. Further information on fishhabitat is available in publications cited in the refer-ence section.
Streambank protection measures on large, wide chan-nels most likely will not significantly change stream-flow velocity. On smaller streams, however, the pro-tective measures can influence the velocity throughoutthe reach.
In calculating these velocities, the Manning’s n valuesselected should represent the stream condition afterthe channel has matured, which normally requiresseveral years. Erosion or sedimentation may occur ifthis is not anticipated.
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(6) Stream type and hydraulic geometry
Stream rehabilitation should be considered in thecontext of the historically stable stream type and itsgeometry. If stream modification has caused short-ened meander wavelength, amplitude, and radius ofcurvature, the stream being treated might be beststabilized by restoring the historical geometry. Thewidth-to-depth ratio of the stream being treated maybe too high to transport the sediment load, and a lowerratio may be needed in the design channel.
(7) Sediment load and bed material
To determine the potential for stream aggradation, thesediment load (bedload and suspended) for storm andsnowmelt runoff periods must frequently be deter-mined before reconstruction. The size distribution ofthe streambed and bar material also should be deter-mined. These measurements are important above andbelow the reconstruction reach under consideration aswell as in the main tributary streams above the reach.This information is used with appropriate shear stressequations to determine the size of material that wouldbe entrained at bankfull discharge (stream-formingflow) for both the tributary streams and in the re-stored reach. The sediment transport rate must besufficient to prevent aggradation of the newly restoredchannel. As shown by studies in Colorado (Andrews,1983) on gravelbed rivers, it is anticipated that par-ticles as large as the median diameter of the bedsurface will be entrained by discharge equal to thebankfull stage (stream-forming flow) or less.
(8) Protection against failure
Measures should be designed to provide against loss ofsupport at the revetment’s boundaries. This includesupstream and downstream ends, its base or toe, andthe crest or top.
(9) Undermining
Undermining or scouring of the foundation material byhigh velocity currents is a major cause of bank protec-tion failure. In addition to protecting the lowest ex-pected stable grade, additional depth must be providedto reach a footing that most likely will not be scouredout during floods or lose its stability through satura-tion. Deep scour can be expected where constructionis on an erodible streambed and high velocity currentsflow adjacent to it.
Methods used to provide protection against undermin-ing at the toe are:
• Extending the toe trench down to a depth belowthe anticipated scour and backfilling with heavyrock.
• Anchoring a heavy, flexible mattress to thebottom of the revetment, which at the time ofinstallation will extend some distance out intothe channel. This mattress will settle progres-sively as scour takes place, protecting the revet-ment foundation.
• Installing a massive toe of heavy rock whereexcavation for a deep toe is not practical. Thisallows the rock forming the toe to settle in placeif scour occurs. However, because of the forcesof flow, the settlement direction of the rock isnot always straight down.
• Driving sheet piling to form a continuous protec-tion for the revetment foundation. Such pilingshould be securely anchored against lateralpressures. To provide for a remaining embed-ment after scour, piling should be driven to adepth equal to about twice the exposed height.
• Installing toe deflector groins to deflect highvelocity currents away from the toe of therevetment.
• Installing submerged vanes to control secondarycurrents.
Since most of these measures have direct impacts onaquatic habitat and other stream functions and values,their use should be considered carefully when plan-ning a streambank protection project.
(10)Ends of revetment
The location of the upstream and downstream ends ofrevetments must be selected carefully to avoid flank-ing by erosion. Wherever possible, the revetmentshould tie into stable anchorage points, such as bridgeabutments, rock outcrops, or well-vegetated stablesections. If this is not practical, the upstream anddownstream ends of the revetment must be positionedwell into a slack water area along the bank wherebank erosion is not a problem.
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Sediment bars, snags, trees, and other debris driftsthat create secondary currents or deflect flow towardthe banks may require selective removal or relocationin the stream channel. The entire plant structure doesnot always need to be dislodged when considering theremoval of trees and snags; rooted stumps should beleft in place to prevent erosion. Isolated or single logsthat are embedded, lodged, or rooted in the channeland not causing flow problems should not be dis-turbed. Fallen trees may be used to construct bankprotection systems. Trees and other large vegetationare important to aquatic, aesthetic and riparian habitatsystems, and removal should be done judiciously andwith great care.
(12)Vegetative systems
Vegetative systems provide many benefits to fish andwildlife populations as well as increasing the stream-bank's resistance to erosive forces. Vegetation nearthe channel provides shade to help maintain suitablewater temperature for fish, provides habitat for wild-life and protection from predators, and contributes toaesthetic quality. Leaves, twigs, and insects drop intothe stream, providing nutrients for aquatic life(fig. 16–2).
(11)Debris removal
Streambank protection may require the selectiveremoval or repositioning of debris, such as fallen trees,sediment bars, or other obstructions. Because logs andother woody debris are the major habitat-formingcomponents in many stream systems, a plan for debrisremoval should be developed in consultation withqualified fish and wildlife specialists. Small accumula-tions of debris and sediment generally do not causeproblems and should be left undisturbed.
When planning streambank stabilization work, selectaccess routes for equipment that minimize disturbanceto the flood plain and riparian areas. All debris re-moval, grading, and material delivery and placementshould be accomplished in a manner that uses thesmallest equipment feasible and minimizes distur-bance of riparian vegetation. Excavated materialshould be disposed of in such a way that it does notinterfere with overbank flooding, flood plain drainage,or associated wetland hydrology. In high velocitystreams it may be necessary to remove floating debrisselectively from flood-prone areas or anchor it so thatit will not float back into the channel.
Figure 16–2 Vegetative system along streambank
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Although woody brush is preferable for habitat rea-sons, suitable herbaceous ground cover can providedesirable bank protection in areas of marginal erosion.Perennial grasses and forbes, preferably those nativeto the area, should be used rather than annual grasses.Woody vegetation may also be used to control undesir-able access to the stream.
Associated emergent aquatic plants serve multiplefunctions, including the protection of woody stream-bank or shoreline vegetation from wave or currentwave action, which tend to undercut them.
Vegetation protects streambanks in several ways:• Root systems help hold the soil particles together
increasing bank stability.• Vegetation may increase the hydraulic resistance
to flow and reduce local velocities in smallchannels.
• Vegetation acts as a buffer against the hydraulicforces and abrasive effect of transported materials.
• Dense vegetation on streambanks can inducesediment deposition.
• Vegetation can redirect flow away from the bank.
(d) Protective measures forstreambanks
Protective measures for streambanks can be groupedinto three categories: vegetative plantings, soil bioengi-neering systems, and structural measures. They areoften used in combination.
(1) Vegetative plantings
Conventional plantings of vegetation may be usedalone for bank protection on small streams and onlocations having only marginal erosion, or it may beused in combination with structural measures in othersituations. Considerations in using vegetation alonefor protection include:
• Conventional plantings require establishmenttime, and bank protection is not immediate.
• Maintenance may be needed to replace deadplants, control disease, or otherwise ensure thatmaterials become established and self-sustaining.
• Establishing plants to prevent undercutting andbank sloughing in a section of bank belowbaseflow is often difficult.
• Establishing plants in coarse gravely materialmay be difficult.
• Protection and maintenance requirements areoften high during plant establishment.
Woody vegetation, which is seeded or planted asrooted stock, is used most successfully above base-flow on properly sloped banks and on the flood plainadjacent to the banks. Vegetation should always beused behind revetments and jetties in the area wheresediment deposition occurs, on the banks above base-flow, and on slopes protected by cellular blocks orsimilar type materials.
Many species of plants are suitable for streambankprotection (see appendix 16B). Use locally collectednative species as a first priority. Exotic or introducedspecies should be used only if there is no alternative.They should never be invasive species. Locally avail-able erosion-resistant species that are suited to thesoil, moisture, and climatic conditions of a particularsite are desirable. Aesthetics may also play an impor-tant role in selecting plants for certain areas.
In many instances streambank erosion is acceleratedby overgrazing, cultivating too close to the banks, orby overuse. In either case the treated area should beprotected by adequate streamside buffers and appro-priate management practices. If the stream is thesource of livestock drinking water, access can beprovided by establishing a ramp down to the water.Such ramps should be located where the bank is notsteep and, preferably, in straighter sections or at theinside of curves in the channel where velocities arelow. Providing watering facilities out of the channel(i.e., on the flood plain or terrace) for the livestock isoften a preferred alternative to using ramps.
The visual impact, habitat value, and other environ-mental effects of material removal or relocation mustalso be considered before performing any work.
Protective measures reduce streambank erosion andprevent land losses and sediment damages, but do notdirectly stabilize the channel grade. However, if thechannel is restored to a stable stream type, vegetativeprotective measures, such as soil bioengineering, canbe used to stabilize the streambanks. Vegetationassists in bank stabilization by trapping sediment,reducing tractive stresses acting on the bank, redirect-ing the flow, and holding soil. The boundary shearstress provided by vegetation, however, is much lessthan that provided by structural elements.
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(2) Soil bioengineering systems
Properly designed and constructed soil bioengineeringsystems have been used successfully to stabilizestreambanks (figs. 16–3a, 16–3b, 16–3c, and 16–3d).
Soil bioengineering is a system of living plant materialsused as structural components. Adapted types ofwoody vegetation (shrubs and trees) are initiallyinstalled in specified configurations that offer immedi-ate soil protection and reinforcement. In addition, soilbioengineering systems create resistance to sliding orshear displacement in a streambank as they developroots or fibrous inclusions. Environmental benefitsderived from woody vegetation include diverse andproductive riparian habitats, shade, organic additionsto the stream, cover for fish, and improvements inaesthetic value and water quality.
Under certain conditions, soil bioengineering installa-tions work well in conjunction with structures toprovide more permanent protection and healthy func-tion, enhance aesthetics, and create a more environ-mentally acceptable product. Soil bioengineeringsystems normally use unrooted plant parts in the formof cut branches and rooted plants. For streambanks,living systems include brushmattresses, live stakes,joint plantings, vegetated geogrids, branchpacking,and live fascines.
Major attractions of soil bioengineering systems aretheir natural appearance and function and theeconomy with which they can often be constructed. Asdiscussed in chapter 18 of this Engineering FieldHandbook, the work is normally done in the dormantmonths, generally September to March, which is theoff season for many laborers. The main constructionmaterials are live cuttings from suitable plant species.Species must be appropriate for the intended use andadapted to the site's climate and soil conditions.
Consult a plant materials specialist for guidance onplant selection. Ideally plant materials should comefrom local ecotypes and genetic stock similar to thatwithin the vicinity of the stream. Species that rooteasily, such as willow, are required for measures, suchas live fascines and live staking, or where unrootedcuttings are used with structural measures. Suitableplant materials are listed in appendix 16B. They mayalso be identified in Field Office Technical Guides forspecific site conditions or by contacting Plant Materi-als Centers.
Many sites require some earthwork before soil bio-engineering systems are installed. A steep undercut orslumping bank, for example, may require grading to a3:1 or flatter slope. Although soil bioengineeringsystems are suitable for most sites, they are mostsuccessful where installed in sunny locations andconstructed during the dormant season.
Rooted seedlings and rooted cuttings are excellentadditions to soil bioengineering projects. They shouldbe installed for species diversification and to providehabitat cover and food for fish and wildlife. Optimumestablishment is usually achieved shortly after earthwork, preferably in the spring.
Some of the most common and useful soil bioengineer-ing structures for restoration and protection of stream-banks are described in the following sections.
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Figure 16–3a Eroding bank, Winooski River, Vermont,June 1938
Figure 16–3b Bank shaping prior to installing soilbioengineering practices, Winooski River,Vermont, September 1938
Figure 16–3c Three years after installation of soilbioengineering practices, 1941
Figure 16–3d Soil bioengineering system, WinooskiRiver, Vermont, June 1993 (55 years afterinstallation)
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(i) Live stakes—Live staking involves the insertionand tamping of live, rootable vegetative cuttings intothe ground (figs. 16–4 and 16–5). If correctly prepared,handled, and placed, the live stake will root and grow(fig. 16–6).
A system of stakes creates a living root mat that stabi-lizes the soil by reinforcing and binding soil particlestogether and by extracting excess soil moisture. Mostwillow species root rapidly and begin to dry out abank soon after installation.
Applications and effectiveness
• Effective streambank protection techniquewhere site conditions are uncomplicated, con-struction time is limited, and an inexpensivemethod is needed.
• Appropriate technique for repair of small earthslips and slumps that frequently are wet.
• Can be used to peg down and enhance the per-formance of surface erosion control materials.
• Enhance conditions for natural colonization ofvegetation from the surrounding plant commu-nity.
• Stabilize intervening areas between other soilbioengineering techniques, such as live fascines.
• Produce streamside habitat.
Figure 16–4 Live stake details
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Streambank
2 to 3 feet
Cross sectionNot to scale
Note:Rooted/leafed condition of the livingplant material is not representative of the time of installation.
Stream-forming flow
Baseflow
Streambed
Erosioncontrolfabric
Dead stoutstake
Toe protection
Geotextile fabric
2 to 3 feet(triangular spacing)
Live cutting1/2 to 1 1/2 inches in diameter
90°
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Construction guidelines
Live material sizes—The stakes generally are 0.5 to 1.5inches in diameter and 2 to 3 feet long. The specificsite requirements and available cutting source deter-mine sizes.
Live material preparation
• The materials must have side branches cleanlyremoved with the bark intact.
• The basal ends should be cut at an angle or pointfor easy insertion into the soil. The top should becut square.
• Materials should be installed the same day thatthey are prepared.
Installation
• Erosion control fabric should be placed onslopes subject to erosive inundation.
• Tamp the live stake into the ground at rightangles to the slope and diverted downstream.The installation may be started at any point onthe slope face.
• The live stakes should be installed 2 to 3 feetapart using triangular spacing. The density of theinstallation will range from 2 to 4 stakes persquare yard. Site variations may require slightlydifferent spacing.
• Placement may vary by species. For example,along many western streams, tree-type willowspecies are placed on the inside curves of pointbars where more inundation occurs, while shrubwillow species are planted on outside curveswhere the inundation period is minimal.
• The buds should be oriented up.• Four-fifths of the length of the live stake should
be installed into the ground, and soil should befirmly packed around it after installation.
• Do not split the stakes during installation. Stakesthat split should be removed and replaced.
• An iron bar can be used to make a pilot hole infirm soil.
• Tamp the stake into the ground with a dead blowhammer (hammer head filled with shot or sand).
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Figure 16–5 Prepared live stake (Robbin B. Sotir & Associates photo)
Figure 16–6 Growing live stake
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(ii) Live fascines—Live fascines are long bundles ofbranch cuttings bound together in cylindrical struc-tures (fig. 16–7). They should be placed in shallowcontour trenches on dry slopes and at an angle on wetslopes to reduce erosion and shallow sliding.
Applications and effectiveness
• Apply typically above bankfull discharge(stream-forming flow) except on very smalldrainage area sites (generally less than 2,000acres).
• Effective stabilization technique for stream-banks. When properly installed, this system doesnot cause much site disturbance.
• Protect slopes from shallow slides (1 to 2 footdepth).
• Offer immediate protection from surfaceerosion.
• Capable of trapping and holding soil on a stream-bank by creating small dam-like structures, thusreducing the slope length into a series of shorterslopes.
• Serve to facilitate drainage where installed at anangle on the slope.
• Enhance conditions for colonization of nativevegetation by creating surface stabilization and amicroclimate conducive to plant growth.
Construction guidelines
Live materials—Cuttings must be from species, suchas young willows or shrub dogwoods, that root easilyand have long, straight branches.
Live material sizes and preparation• Cuttings tied together to form live fascine
bundles normally vary in length from 5 to 10 feetor longer, depending on site conditions andlimitations in handling.
• The completed bundles should be 6 to 8 inches indiameter, with all of the growing tips oriented inthe same direction. Stagger the cuttings in thebundles so that tops are evenly distributedthroughout the length of the uniformly sized livefascine.
• Live stakes should be 2.5 feet long.
Inert materials—String used for bundling should beuntreated twine.
Dead stout stakes used to secure the live fascinesshould be 2.5-foot long, untreated, 2 by 4 lumber. Eachlength should be cut again diagonally across the 4-inchface to make two stakes from each length (fig 16–8).Only new, sound lumber should be used, and any stakesthat shatter upon installation should be discarded.
Installation
• Prepare the live fascine bundle and live stakesimmediately before installation.
• Beginning at the base of the slope, dig a trenchon the contour approximately 10 inches wide anddeep.
• Excavate trenches up the slope at intervalsspecified in table 16–1. Where possible, place oneor two rows over the top of the slope.
• Place long straw and annual grasses betweenrows.
• Install jute mesh, coconut netting, or otheracceptable erosion control fabric. Secure thefabric.
• Place the live fascine into the trench (fig. 16–9a).• Drive the dead stout stakes directly through the
live fascine. Extra stakes should be used at con-nections or bundle overlaps. Leave the top of thedead stout stakes flush with the installed bundle.
• Live stakes are generally installed on thedownslope side of the bundle. Tamp the livestakes below and against the bundle between thepreviously installed dead stout stakes, leaving 3inches to protrude above the top of the ground(fig. 16–9b). Place moist soil along the sides ofthe bundles. The top of the live fascine shouldbe slightly visible when the installation iscompleted. Figure 16–9c shows an establishedlive fascine system 2 years after installation iscompleted.
Table 16–1 Live fascine spacing
Slope steepness - - - - - - - - - - - - Soils - - - - - - - - - - - -Erosive Non-erosive Fill
(feet) (feet) (feet)
3:1 or flatter 3 – 5 5 – 7 3 – 5 1/
Steeper than 3:1 3 1/ 3 – 5 2/
(up to 1:1)
1/ Not recommended alone.2/ Not a recommended system.
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Figure 16–7 Live fascine details
Moist soil backfill
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Baseflow
Stream-forming flow
Cross section Not to scale
Top of live fascineslightly exposedafter installation
Live fascine bundle
Prepared trench
Live stake(2- to 3-foot spacing betweendead stout stakes)
Dead stout stake(2- to 3-foot spacing along bundle)
Note:Rooted/leafed condition of the livingplant material is not representative ofthe time of installation.
Bundle(6 to 8 inches in diameter)
Live branches(stagger throughoutbundle)
Twine
Toe protection
Streambed
Geotextile fabric
Erosion controlfabric & seeding
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Figure 16–9c An established 2-year-old live fascinesystem (Robbin B. Sotir & Associates photo)
Figure 16–9a Placing live fascines (Robbin B. Sotir &Associates photo)
Figure 16–9b Installing live stakes in live fascine system(Robbin B. Sotir & Associates photo)
Figure 16–8 Preparation of a dead stout stake
2" by 4" lumber Saw a 2" by 4" diagonally toproduce two dead stout stakes
Not to scale
2 1/2'
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(iii) Branchpacking—Branchpacking consists ofalternating layers of live branches and compactedbackfill to repair small localized slumps and holes instreambanks (figs. 16–10, 16–11a, 16–11b, and 16–11c).
Applications and effectiveness
• Effective and inexpensive method to repair holesin streambanks that range from 2 to 4 feet inheight and depth.
• Produces a filter barrier that prevents erosionand scouring from streambank or overbank flow.
• Rapidly establishes a vegetated streambank.• Enhances conditions for colonization of native
vegetation.• Provides immediate soil reinforcement.• Live branches serve as tensile inclusions for
reinforcement once installed. As plant tops beginto grow, the branchpacking system becomesincreasingly effective in retarding runoff andreducing surface erosion. Trapped sedimentrefills the localized slumps or hole, while rootsspread throughout the backfill and surroundingearth to form a unified mass.
• Typically branchpacking is not effective in slumpareas greater than 4 feet deep or 4 feet wide.
Construction guidelines
Live materials—Live branches may range from 0.5 to 2inches in diameter. They should be long enough totouch the undisturbed soil of the back of the trenchand extend slightly from the rebuilt streambank.
Inert materials—Wooden stakes should be 5 to 8 feetlong and made from 3- to 4-inch diameter poles or 2 by4 lumber, depending upon the depth of the particularslump or hole being repaired.
Installation
• Starting at the lowest point, drive the woodenstakes vertically 3 to 4 feet into the ground. Setthem 1 to 1.5 feet apart.
• Place an initial layer of living branches 4 to 6inches thick in the bottom of the hole betweenthe vertical stakes, and perpendicular to theslope face (fig. 16–10). They should be placed ina criss-cross configuration with the growing tipsgenerally oriented toward the slope face. Someof the basal ends of the branches should touchthe undisturbed soil at the back of the hole.
• Subsequent layers of branches are installed withthe basal ends lower than the growing tips of thebranches.
• Each layer of branches must be followed by alayer of compacted soil to ensure soil contactwith the branches.
• The final installation should conform to theexisting slope. Branches should protrude onlyslightly from the filled installation.
• Water must be controlled or diverted if theoriginal streambank damage was caused bywater flowing over the bank. If this is not done,erosion will most likely occur on either or bothsides of the new branchpacking installation.
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Figure 16–10 Branchpacking details
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Cross section Not to scale
Note:Root/leafed condition of the livingplant material is not representative ofthe time of installation.
1 to 1 1/2 feet
Compacted fill material
Live branches(1/2- to 2-inch diameter)
Streambank after scour
Max. depth 4'
Max. depth 4'
Wooden stakes (5- to 8-foot long,2 by 4 lumber, driven 3 to 4 feetinto undisturbed soil)
Stream-forming flow
Baseflow
Streambed
Toe protection
Geotextile fabric
Existing vegetation, plantings or soil bioengineeringsystems
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Figure 16–11a Live branches installed in criss-crossconfiguration (Robbin B. Sotir & Associatesphoto)
Figure 16–11b Each layer of branches is followed by alayer of compacted soil (Robbin B. Sotir &Associates photo)
Figure 16–11c A growing branchpacking system (Robbin B. Sotir & Associates photo)
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(iv) Vegetated geogrids—Vegetated geogrids aresimilar to branchpacking except that natural or syn-thetic geotextile materials are wrapped around eachsoil lift between the layers of live branch cuttings(figs. 16–12, 16–13a, 16–13b, and 16–13c).
Applications and effectiveness
• Used above and below stream-forming flowconditions.
• Drainage areas should be relatively small(generally less than 2,000 acres) with stablestreambeds.
• The system must be built during low flowconditions.
• Can be complex and expensive.• Produce a newly constructed, well-reinforced
streambank.• Useful in restoring outside bends where erosion
is a problem.• Capture sediment, which rapidly rebuilds to
further stabilize the toe of the streambank.• Function immediately after high water to
rebuild the bank.• Produce rapid vegetative growth.• Enhance conditions for colonization of native
vegetation.• Benefits are similar to those of branchpacking,
but a vegetated geogrid can be placed on a 1:1 orsteeper slope.
Construction guidelines
Live materials—Live branch cuttings that are brushyand root readily are required. They should be 4 to 6feet long.
Inert materials—Natural or synthetic geotextilematerial is required.
Installation
• Excavate a trench that is 2 to 3 feet belowstreambed elevation and 3 to 4 feet wide. Placethe geotextile in the trench, leaving a foot or twooverhanging on the streamside face. Fill this areawith rocks 2 to 3 inches in diameter.
• Beginning at the stream-forming flow level, placea 6- to 8-inch layer of live branch cuttings on topof the rock-filled geogrid with the growing tips atright angles to the streamflow. The basal ends ofbranch cuttings should touch the back of theexcavated slope.
• Cover this layer of cuttings with geotextile leav-ing an overhang. Place a 12-inch layer of soilsuitable for plant growth on top of the geotextilebefore compacting it to ensure good soil contactwith the branches. Wrap the overhanging portionof the geotextile over the compacted soil to formthe completed geotextile wrap.
• Continue this process of excavated trenches withalternating layers of cuttings and geotextilewraps until the bank is restored to its originalheight.
• This system should be limited to a maximum of 8feet in total height, including the 2 to 3 feetbelow the bed. The length should not exceed 20feet for any one unit along the stream. An engi-neering analysis should determine appropriatedimensions of the system.
• The final installation should match the existingslope. Branch cuttings should protrude onlyslightly from the geotextile wraps.
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Figure 16–12 Vegetated geogrid details
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Geotextile fabric
Baseflow
Streambed
2 to 3 feet
Compacted soil approximately 1-foot thick
Eroded streambank
Install additional vegetation such as live stakes, rooted seedlings, etc.
Dead stout stake used to secure geotextile fabric
Note: Rooted/leafed condition of the living plant material is not representative of the time of installation.
Stream-forming flow
Live cuttings
3 to 4 feet
Cross section Not to scale
Rock fill
Height varies8 foot maximum
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Figure 16–13a A vegetated geogrid during installation(Robbin B. Sotir & Associates photo)
Figure 16–13b A vegetated geogrid immediately afterinstallation (Robbin B. Sotir & Associatesphoto)
Figure 16–13c Vegetated geogrid 2 years after installation (Robbin B. Sotir & Associates photo)
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(v) Live cribwall—A live cribwall consists of a box-like interlocking arrangement of untreated log ortimber members. The structure is filled with suitablebackfill material and layers of live branch cuttings thatroot inside the crib structure and extend into theslope. Once the live cuttings root and become estab-lished, the subsequent vegetation gradually takes overthe structural functions of the wood members (fig.16–14).
Applications and effectiveness
• Effective on outside bends of streams wherestrong currents are present.
• Appropriate at the base of a slope where a lowwall may be required to stabilize the toe of theslope and reduce its steepness.
• Appropriate above and below water level wherestable streambeds exist.
• Useful where space is limited and a more verticalstructure is required.
• Effective in locations where an eroding bankmay eventually form a split channel.
• Maintains a natural streambank appearance.• Provides excellent habitat.• Provides immediate protection from erosion,
while established vegetation provides long-termstability.
• Supplies effective bank erosion control on fastflowing streams.
• Should be tilted back or battered if the system isbuilt on a smooth, evenly sloped surface.
• Can be complex and expensive.
Construction guidelines
Live materials—Live branch cuttings should be 0.5 to2.5 inches in diameter and long enough to reach theback of the wooden crib structure.
Inert materials—Logs or timbers should range from 4to 6 inches in diameter or dimension. The lengths willvary with the size of the crib structure.
Large nails or rebar are required to secure the logs ortimbers together.
Installation
• Starting at the base of the streambank to betreated, excavate 2 to 3 feet below the existingstreambed until a stable foundation 5 to 6 feetwide is reached.
• Excavate the back of the stable foundation(closest to the slope) 6 to 12 inches lower thanthe front to add stability to the structure.
• Place the first course of logs or timbers at thefront and back of the excavated foundation,approximately 4 to 5 feet apart and parallel to theslope contour.
• Place the next course of logs or timbers at rightangles (perpendicular to the slope) on top of theprevious course to overhang the front and backof the previous course by 3 to 6 inches. Eachcourse of the live cribwall is placed in the samemanner and secured to the preceding coursewith nails or reinforcement bars.
• Place rock fill in the openings in the bottom ofthe crib structure until it reaches the approxi-mate existing elevation of the streambed. Insome cases it is necessary to place rocks in frontof the structure for added toe support, especiallyin outside stream meanders.
• Place the first layer of cuttings on top of the rockmaterial at the baseflow water level, and changethe rock fill to soil fill capable of supportingplant growth at this point. Ensure that the basalends of some of the cuttings contact undisturbedsoil at the back of the cribwall.
• When the cribwall structure reaches the existingground elevation, place live branch cuttings onthe backfill perpendicular to the slope; thencover the cuttings with backfill and compact.
• Live branch cuttings should be placed at eachcourse to the top of the cribwall structure withgrowing tips oriented toward the slope face.Follow each layer of branches with a layer ofcompacted soil. Place the basal ends of the re-maining live branch cuttings so that they reach toundisturbed soil at the back of the cribwall withgrowing tips protruding slightly beyond the frontof the cribwall (figs. 16–15a, 16–15b, and 16–15c).
• The live cribwall structure, including the sectionbelow the streambed, should not exceed a maxi-mum height of 7 feet. An engineering analysisshould determine appropriate dimensions of thesystem.
• The length of any single constructed unit shouldnot exceed 20 feet.
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Figure 16–14 Live cribwall details
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Cross section Not to scale
Note:Rooted/leafed condition of the livingplant material is not representative ofthe time of installation.
Baseflow
Streambed
Stream-forming flow
2 to 3 feet
3 to 4 feetLive branchcuttings
Rock fill
Compactedfill material
Erosion controlfabric
4 to 5 feet
Existing vegetation, plantings or soil bioengineering systems
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Figure 16–15a Pre-construction streambank conditions Figure 16–15b A live cribwall during installation
Figure 16–15c An established live cribwall system
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(vi) Joint planting—Joint planting or vegetatedriprap involves tamping live stakes into joints or openspaces in rocks that have been previously placed on aslope (fig 16–16). Alternatively, the stakes can betamped into place at the same time that rock is beingplaced on the slope face.
Applications and effectiveness
• Useful where rock riprap is required or alreadyin place.
• Roots improve drainage by removing soil moisture.• Over time, joint plantings create a living root mat
in the soil base upon which the rock has beenplaced. These root systems bind or reinforce thesoil and prevent washout of fines between andbelow the rock.
• Provides immediate protection and is effective inreducing erosion on actively eroding banks.
• Dissipates some of the energy along thestreambank.
Construction guidelines
Live material sizes—The stakes must have sidebranches removed and bark intact. They should be 1.5inches or larger in diameter and sufficiently long toextend well into soil below the rock surface.
Installation
• Tamp live stakes into the openings of the rockduring or after placement of riprap. The basalends of the material must extend into the backfillor undisturbed soil behind the riprap. A steel rodor hydraulic probe may be used to prepare a holethrough the riprap.
• Orient the live stakes perpendicular to the slopewith growing tips protruding slightly from thefinished face of the rock (figs. 16–17a, 16–17b,and 16–17c).
• Place the stakes in a random configuration.
Figure 16–16 Joint planting details
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Stream-forming flow
Streambed
Dead stout stakeused to securegeotextile fabric
Live stake
Cross sectionNot to scale
Baseflow
Riprap
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Figure 16–17a Live stake tamped into rock joints (jointplanting) (Robbin B. Sotir & Associates photo)
Figure 16–17b An installed joint planting system(Robbin B. Sotir & Associates photo)
Figure 16–17c An established joint planting system (Robbin B. Sotir & Associates photo)
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(vii) Brushmattress—A brushmattress is a combi-nation of live stakes, live fascines, and branch cuttingsinstalled to cover and stabilize streambanks (figs.16–18, 16–19a through 16–19d). Application typicallystarts above stream-forming flow conditions andmoves up the slope.
Applications and effectiveness
• Forms an immediate, protective cover over thestreambank.
• Useful on steep, fast-flowing streams.• Captures sediment during flood conditions.• Rapidly restores riparian vegetation and stream-
side habitat.• Enhances conditions for colonization of native
vegetation.
Construction guidelines
Live materials—Branches 6 to 9 feet long and approxi-mately 1 inch in diameter are required. They must beflexible to enable installations that conform to varia-tions in the slope face. Live stakes and live fascinesare previously described in this chapter.
Inert materials—Untreated twine for bundling the livefascines and number 16 smooth wire are needed to tiedown the branch mattress. Dead stout stakes to securethe live fascines and brushmattress in place.
Installation
• Grade the unstable area of the streambankuniformly to a maximum steepness of 3:1.
• Prepare live stakes and live fascine bundlesimmediately before installation, as previouslydescribed in this chapter.
• Beginning at the base of slope, near the stream-forming flow stage, excavate a trench on thecontour large enough to accommodate a livefascine and the basal ends of the branches.
• Install an even mix of live and dead stout stakesat 1-foot depth over the face of the graded areausing 2-foot square spacing.
• Place branches in a layer 1 to 2 branches thickvertically on the prepared slope with basal endslocated in the previously excavated trench.
• Stretch No. 16 smooth wire diagonally from onedead stout stake to another by tightly wrappingwire around each stake no closer than 6 inchesfrom its top.
• Tamp and drive the live and dead stout stakesinto the ground until branches are tightly securedto the slope.
• Place live fascines in the prepared trench overthe basal ends of the branches.
• Drive dead stout stakes directly through into soilbelow the live fascine every 2 feet along itslength.
• Fill voids between brushmattress and live fascinecuttings with thin layers of soil to promote root-ing, but leave the top surface of the brush-mattress and live fascine installation slightlyexposed.
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Figure 16–18 Brushmattress details
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Note:Rooted/leafed condition of the livingplant material is not representativeat the time of installation.
Livefascinebundle
Live stake
Dead stout stakedriven on 2-footcenters each way.Minimum length2 1/2 feet.
Branchcuttings
Live and dead stout stake spacing2 feet o.c.
16 gaugewire
Baseflow
Streambed
Stream-forming flow
Cross sectionNot to scale
Live stake
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2 ft
Brush mattress
Wire securedto stakes
Dead stout stake
Geotextile fabric
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Figure 16–19b An installed brushmattress system(Robbin B. Sotir & Associates photo)
Figure 16–19c Brushmattress system 6 months afterinstallation (Robbin B. Sotir & Associatesphoto)
Figure 16–19d Brushmattress system 2 years afterinstallation (Robbin B. Sotir & Associatesphoto)
Figure 16–19a Brushmattress during installation(Robbin B. Sotir & Associates photo)
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(4) Structural measures
Structural measures include tree revetments; log,rootwad and boulder revetments; dormant postplantings; piling revetments with wire or geotextilefencing; piling revetments with slotted fencing; jacksor jack fields; rock riprap; stream jetties; stream barbs;and gabions.
(i) Tree revetment—A tree revetment is constructedfrom whole trees (except rootwads) that are usuallycabled together and anchored by earth anchors, whichare buried in the bank (figs. 16–20, 16–21a, and16–21b).
Applications and effectiveness
• Uses inexpensive, readily available materials toform semi-permanent protection.
• Captures sediment and enhances conditions forcolonization of native species.
• Has self-repairing abilities following damageafter flood events if used in combination withsoil bioengineering techniques.
• Not appropriate near bridges or other structureswhere there is high potential for downstreamdamage if the revetment dislodges during floodevents.
• Has a limited life and may need to be replacedperiodically, depending on the climate and dura-bility of tree species used.
• May be damaged in streams where heavy iceflows occur.
• May require periodic maintenance to replacedamaged or deteriorating trees.
Construction guidelines
• Lay the cabled trees along the bank with thebasal ends oriented upstream.
• Overlap the trees to ensure continuous protec-tion to the bank.
• Attach the trunks by cables to anchors set in thebank. Pilings can be used in lieu of earth anchorsin the bank if they can be driven well below thepoint of maximum bed scour. The required cablesize and anchorage design are dependent uponmany variables and should be custom designedto fit specific site conditions.
• Use trees that have a trunk diameter of 12 inchesor larger. The best type are those that have abrushy top and durable wood, such as douglasfir, oak, hard maple, or beech.
• Use vegetative plantings or soil bioengineeringsystems within and above structures to restorestability and establish a vegetative community.Tree species that will withstand inundationshould be staked in openings in the revetmentbelow stream-forming flow stage.
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Figure 16–20 Tree revetment details
Piling may be substituted for earth anchors
Earth anchors (8-inch dia. by 4-foot min.)
Stabilize streambank to top of slope where appropriate
Flow
Plan viewNot to scale
������������������Two-thirds of bank height covered
Baseflow
Earth anchors6 feet deep
Second row applied
Cross sectionNot to scale
���
Stream-forming flow
Existing vegetation,plantings or soil
bioengineering systems
Bank toe
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Figure 16–21a Tree revetment system with dormant posts
Figure 16–21b Tree revetment system with dormant posts, 2 years after installation
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(ii) Log, rootwad and boulder revetments—
These revetments are systems composed of logs,rootwads, and boulders selectively placed in and onstreambanks (figs. 16–22 and 16–23). These revet-ments can provide excellent overhead cover, restingareas, shelters for insects and other fish food organ-isms, substrate for aquatic organisms, and increasedstream velocity that results in sediment flushing anddeeper scour pools. Several of these combinations aredescribed in Flosi and Reynolds (1991), Rosgen (1992)and Berger (1991).
Applications and effectiveness
• Used for stabilization and to create instreamstructures for improved fish rearing and spawn-ing habitat
• Effective on meandering streams with out-of-bank flow conditions.
• Will tolerate high boundary shear stress if logsand rootwads are well anchored.
• Suited to streams where fish habitat deficienciesexist.
• Should be used in combination with soil bioengi-neering systems or vegetative plantings to stabi-
Figure 16–22 Log, rootwad, and boulder revetment details (adapted from Rosgen 1993—Applied fluvial geomorphology short course)
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Thalweg channel
Baseflow
Streambed
Stream-forming flow
Rootwad
8- to 12-footLength
Cross sectionNot to scale
Existing vegetation, plantings orsoil bioengineering systems
Diameter of log =16-in min.
Footer log
Boulder 1 1/2 timesdiameter of log
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lize the upper bank and ensure a regenerativesource of streambank vegetation.
• Enhance diversity of riparian corridor when usedin combination with soil bioengineering systems.
• Have limited life depending on climate and treespecies used. Some species, such as cottonwoodor willow, often sprout and accelerate naturalcolonization. Revetments may need eventualreplacement if natural colonization does not takeplace or soil bioengineering methods are notused in combination.
Construction guidelines
Numerous individual organic revetments exist andmany are detailed in the U.S. Forest Service publica-tion, Stream Habitat Improvement Handbook. Chap-ter 16 only presents construction guidelines for acombination log, rootwad, and boulder revetment.
• Use logs over 16 inches in diameter that arecrooked and have an irregular surface.
• Use rootwads with numerous root protrusionsand 8- to 12-foot long boles.
• Boulders should be as large as possible, but at aminimum one and one-half the log diameter.They should have an irregular surface.
• Install a footer log at the toe of the eroding bankby excavating trenches or driving them into thebank to stabilize the slope and provide a stablefoundation for the rootwad.
• Place the footer log to the expected scour depthat a slight angle away from the direction of thestream flow.
• Use boulders to anchor the footer log againstflotation. If boulders are not available, logs canbe pinned into gravel and rubble substrate with3/4-inch rebar 54 inches or longer. Anchor rebarto provide maximum pull out resistance. Cableand anchors may also be used in combinationwith boulders and rebar.
• Drive or trench and place rootwads into thestreambank so that the tree's primary brace rootsare flush with the streambank. Place the root-wads at a slight angle toward the direction of thestreamflow.
• Backfill and combine vegetative plantings or soilbioengineering systems behind and aboverootwad. They can include live stakes and dor-mant post plantings in the openings of the revet-ment below stream-forming flow stage, livestakes, bare root, or other upland methods at thetop of the bank.
Figure 16–23 Rootwad, boulder, and willow transplant revetment system, Weminuche River, CO (Rosgen, Wildland hydrology)
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(iii) Dormant post plantings—Dormant postplantings form a permeable revetment that is con-structed from rootable vegetative material placedalong streambanks in a square or triangular pattern(figs. 16–24, 16–25a, 16–25b, 16–25c).
Applications and effectiveness
• Well suited to smaller, non-gravely streamswhere ice damage is not a problem.
• Quickly re-establishe riparian vegetation.• Reduce stream velocities and causes sediment
deposition in the treated area.• Enhance conditions for colonization of native
species.• Are self-repairing. For example, posts damaged
by beaver often develop multiple stems.• Can be used in combination with soil bioengi-
neering systems.• Can be installed by a variety of methods includ-
ing water jetting or mechanized stingers to formplanting holes or driving the posts directly withmachine mounted rams.
• Unsuccessfully rooted posts at spacings of about4 feet can provide some benefits by deflectinghigher streamflows and trapping sediment.
Construction guidelines
• Select a plant species appropriate to the siteconditions. Willows and poplars have demon-strated high success rates.
• Cut live posts approximately 7 to 9 feet long and3 to 5 inches in diameter. Taper the basal end ofthe post for easier insertion into the ground.
• Install posts into the eroding bank at or justabove the normal waterline. Make sure posts areinstalled pointing up.
• Insert one-half to two-thirds of the length of postbelow the ground line. At least the bottom 12inches of the post should be set into a saturatedsoil layer.
• Avoid excessive damage to the bark of the posts.• Place two or more rows of posts spaced 2 to 4
feet apart using square or triangular spacing.• Supplement the installation with appropriate soil
bioengineering systems or, where appropriate,rooted plants.
Figure 16-24 Dormant post details
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Baseflow
Streambed
Stream-forming flow
2 ft
5 ft2:1 to 5:1 slope
2 to 4 feettriangular spacing
Dormant posts
Cross section Not to scale
Existing vegetation, plantings or soil bioengineering
systems
Streambank
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Figure 16–25a Pre-construction streambank conditions(Don Roseboom photo)
Figure 16–25b Installing dormant posts(Don Roseboom photo)
Figure 16–25c Established dormant post system (Don Roseboom photo)
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(iv) Piling revetment with wire or geotextile
fencing—Piling revetment is a continuous single ordouble row of pilings with a facing of woven wire orgeogrid material (fig. 16–26). The space betweendouble rows of pilings is filled with rock and brush.
Applications and effectiveness
• Particularly suited to streams where water nextto the bank is more than 3 feet deep.
• Application is limited to a flow depth (and heightof piling) of 6 feet.
• More economical than riprap construction indeep water because it eliminates the need tobuild a stable foundation under water for holdingthe riprap in place.
• Is easily damaged by ice flows or heavy flooddebris and should not be used where theseconditions occur.
• Do not use where the stream has fish or anabundance of riparian wildlife.
• Do not use without careful analysis of its long-term effects upon aesthetics, changes in flowswhere large amounts of debris will be collected,habitat damage caused by driving or installingpilings with water jets, and possible dangers forrecreational uses (boating, rafting, swimming, orwading).
Construction guidelines
Inert materials—Used material, such as timbers, logs,railroad rails, or pipe, may be used for pilings. Logsshould have a diameter sufficiently large to permitdriving to the required depth. Avoid material that mayproduce toxicity effects in aquatic ecosystems.
Installation
• Beginning at the base of the streambank, nearstream-forming flow stage, drive pilings 6 to 8feet apart to a depth approximately half theirlength and below the point of maximum scour. Ifthe streambed is firm and not subject to appre-ciable scour, the piling should be driven to re-fusal or to a depth of at least half the length ofthe piling.
• Additional rows of pilings may be installed athigher elevations on the streambank if requiredto protect the bank and if using vegetation orother methods is not practical.
• Fasten a heavy gauge of woven wire or geotextilematerial to the stream side of the pilings to forma fence. The purpose of this material is to collectdebris while serving as a permeable wall toreduce velocities on the streambank.
• Double row piling revetment is typically con-structed with 5 feet between rows. Fill the rowspace with rock and brush.
• If the streambed is subject to scour, extend thewoven wire or geotextile material horizontallytoward the center of the streambed for a dis-tance at least equal to the anticipated depth ofscour. Attach concrete blocks or other suitableweights at regular intervals to cause the fence tosettle in a vertical position along the face of thepilings after scouring occurs.
• Place brush behind the piling to increase thesystem's effectiveness. Where piling revetmentsextend for several hundred feet in length, installpermeable groins or tiebacks of brush and rockat right angles to the revetment at 50 foot inter-vals. This reduces currents developing betweenthe streambank and the revetment.
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Figure 16–26 Piling revetment details
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Weight
Piling 6 to 8 feet
Heavy woven wire orgeogrid fencing
Streambed
Baseflow
Piling (8- to 12-in dia.)
Stream-forming flow
BrushStreambed
Heavy woven wire orgeogrid fencing
5 to 6 feet
Sloped bank
Streambank
Stream-forming flow
Front elevationNot to scale
Cross sectionNot to scale
Baseflow
Concrete block weight
Existing vegetation, plantingsor soil bioengineering systems
Equ
al t
o or
gre
ater
th
an h
eigh
t ab
ove
grou
nd
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(v) Piling revetment with slotted board fencing
—This type of revetment consists of slotted boardfencing made of wood pilings and horizontal woodtimbers (figs. 16–27 and 16–28). Variations includedifferent fence heights, double rows of slotted fence,and use of woven wire in place of timber boards. Thesize and spacing of pilings, cross members, and verti-cal fence boards depend on height of fence, streamvelocity, and sediment load.
Applications and effectiveness
• Most variations of slotted fencing include somebracing or tieback into the streambank to in-crease strength, reduce velocity against thestreambank, and to trap sediment.
• Should not be constructed higher than 3 feetwithout an engineering analysis to determinesizes of the structural members.
• May be vulnerable to damage by ice or heavyflood debris; should not be used where theseconditions occur.
• Usually complex and expensive.• Most effective on streams that have a heavy
sediment load of sand and silt.• Can withstand a relatively high velocity attack
force and, therefore, can be installed in sharpercurves than jacks or other systems.
• Useful in deeper stream channels with large flowdepths.
• Low slotted board fences, which do not controlthe entire flood flow, can be very effective forstreambank toe protection where the toe is theweak part of the streambank.
• May not be appropriate where unusually hardmaterials are encountered in the channel bottom.
Figure 16–27 Slotted board fence details (double fence option)
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5 ft.
Brace
Piling
Boards
Existing vegetation, plantingsor soil bioengineering systems
Brush & rock filloptional
Stream-forming flow
Baseflow
Streambed
Equal to or greater thanheight above ground
Cross sectionNot to scale
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• Should not be used without careful considerationof its long-term effects upon aesthetics, changesin flows where large amounts of debris arecollected, habitat damage caused by driving orinstalling pilings with water jets, and possibledangers for recreational uses (boating, rafting,swimming, or wading).
Construction guidelines
Inert materials—Slotted fencing is constructed ofwood boards, wood pilings, and woven wire. Avoidmaterials that may produce toxicity effects in aquaticecosystems.
Installation
• See (iv) Piling revetment with wire or
geotextile fencing for general constructionguidelines.
• Drive the timber piling to a depth below thechannel bottom that is equal to the height of theslotted fence above the expected scour line whenstream soils have a standard penetration resis-tance of 10 or more blows per foot. Increase thepiling depth when penetration resistance is lessthan 10 blows per foot.
• Take great care during layout to tie in the up-stream end adequately to prevent flanking andunraveling.
Figure 16–28 Slotted board fence system
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(vi) Jacks or jack fields—Jacks are individualstructures made of wood, concrete, or steel. The jacksare placed in rows parallel to the eroding streambankand function by trapping debris and sediment. Theyare often constructed in groups called jack fields(figs. 16–29, 16–30, and 16–31).
Applications and effectiveness
• May be an effective means of controlling bankerosion on sinuous streams carrying heavybedloads of sand and silt during flood flows. Thiscondition is generally indicated by the presenceof extensive sandbar formations on the bed atlow flow.
• Are complex systems requiring proper designand installation for effective results.
• Collect coarse and fine sediment, when function-ing properly, and naturally revegetate as thesystems, including cable, become embedded inthe streambank.
• Do not use on high velocity, debris-ladenstreams.
• Somewhat flexible because of their physicalconfiguration and installation techniques thatallow them to adjust to slight changes in thechannel grade.
• Most effective on long, radius curves.• Not an effective alternative for redirecting flow
away from the streambank.• Do not use without careful analysis of its long-
term effects upon aesthetics, changes in flowswhere large amounts of debris are collected, fishhabitat damage, and possible dangers for recre-ational uses (boating, rafting, swimming, orwading).
Figure 16–29 Concrete jack details
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��������
Concrete, wood, or steel jack
Cable - 3/8 inch wire strands
Anchor piling
Cable clamps Notch
Streambed
Downstream & inline anchor
4 feet
Staples
6 feet
1 foot
Upstream anchor
5 to 20 feet
Baseflow
Streambed
Front elevationNot to scale
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Construction guidelines
Inert materials—Jacks may be constructed of wood,steel, or concrete. Wooden jacks are constructed fromthree poles 10 to 16 feet long. They are crossed andwired together at the ends and midpoints with No. 9galvanized wire. Cables used to anchor the wood jacksystems should be 3/8-inch diameter or larger with aminimum breaking strength of 15,400 pounds. Woodenjack systems dimensioned in this chapter are limitedto shallow flow depths of 12 feet or less.
Steel jacks are used in a manner similar to that ofwood jacks; however, leg assemblies, cable size,anchor blocks, and anchor placement details vary.Concrete beams may be substituted for steel, butengineering design is required to determine differentattachment methods, anchoring systems, and assem-bly configurations.
Figure 16–30 Wooden jack field
Stream channel
Floodplain
Note: For streams of high velocity, a sturdy construction would be to tie all ends together.
Rock placed at baseof jack to preventfloating.
Note: Supplemental anchors should be used to tie individual jacks into the streambank.
Bank to be protected
Cable
Deadman anchor(timber log)
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Installation
• Jack rows can be placed on a shelf 14 feet widefor one line and on two shelves, each 14 feetwide, for a double jack row. Grade the shelf toslope from 1 foot above the streambed at the sidenearest the stream to 3 feet above the streambedat the side nearest the slope. This encourages adry surface for construction and provides someadditional elevation for protection from greaterdepths of flow. Alternatively, jacks can be con-structed on the streambed or on the top of thebank and moved into place.
• Space jacks closely together with a maximum ofone jack dimension between them to provide analmost continuous line of revetment.
• Anchor the jacks in place by a cable strungthrough and tied to the center of the jacks withcable clamps. The cable should be tied to aburied anchor or pilings, thereby securing all thejacks as a unit. Wooden jacks are weighted byrocks, which should be wired onto the jackpoles. The first two pilings at the upstream endof the jack line should be driven no more than 12feet apart to reduce the effect of increased waterforce from trash buildup.
• Bury anchors or drive anchor pilings to thedesign depth determined by an engineer. Depthsmay vary from 5 to 20 feet and must be specifiedbased on individual site characteristics.
• On long curves, anchor jack rows at intermediatepoints along the curve to isolate damages to thejack row. Two 3/8-inch diameter wire cables tiedto timber or steel pilings provide adequate an-chors. Place anchors up the streambank ratherthan in the streambed.
• Consider pilings if streambed anchors are re-quired. Space pilings 75 to 125 feet apart alongthe jack row, with closer spacing on shortercurves.
• Attach an anchored 3/8-inch diameter wire cableto one leg of each jack to prevent rotation andimprove stability.
• Place jack rows perpendicular to the bank atregular intervals where jack rows are not closeto existing banks. This prevents local scour.Extend bank protection far enough to preventflanking action. Ensure the jack row is anchoredto a hardpoint at the upstream end.
• Supplement the jack string or field with vegeta-tive plantings. Dormant posts offer a compatiblecomponent in the system.
Figure 16–31 Concrete jack system several years after installation
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(vii) Rock riprap—Rock riprap, properly designedand placed, is an effective method of streambankprotection (figs.16–32 and 16–33). The cost of quarry-ing, transporting, and placing the stone and the largequantity of stone that may be needed must be consid-ered. Gabion baskets, concrete cellular blocks, orsimilar systems (figs. 16–34, 16–35a, 16–35b; and16–42, 16–43) can be an alternative to rock riprapunder many circumstances.
Applications and effectiveness
• Provides long-term stability.• Has structural flexibility. It can be designed to
self-adjust to eroding foundations.• Has a long life and seldom needs replacement.• Is inert so does not depend on specific environ-
mental or climatic conditions for success.• May be designed for high velocity flow
conditions.
Construction guidelines
Inert materials—Cobbles and gravel obtained from thestream bed should not be used to armor streambanksunless the material is so abundant that its removal willnot reduce habitat for benthic organisms and fish.Material forming an armor layer that protects the bedfrom erosion should not be removed. Use of streamcobble and gravel may require permission from stateand local agencies.
Removing streambed materials tends to destroy thediversity of physical habitat necessary for optimumfish production, not only in the project area, but up-stream and downstream as well. Construction activi-ties often create channels of uniform depth and widthin which water velocities increase. Following disrup-tion of the existing streamflow by alteration of thestream channel, further damage results as the streamseeks to reestablish its original meander pattern.
Figure 16–32 Rock riprap details
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�������������������������������������������������������
Streambed
Gravel bedding, geotextilefabric, as needed
Top of riprap minimumthickness = maximumrock size
Erosion controlfabric
Stream-forming flow
Baseflow
Cross section Not to scale Existing vegetation, plantings
or soil bioengineering systems
Bottom of riprapminimumthickness =2 x maximumrock size
1.5 (max.)
1
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Upstream, the stream may seek to adjust to the newgradient by actively eroding or grading its banks andbed. The eroded material may be deposited in thechannel downstream from the alteration causingadditional changes in flow pattern. The downstreamchannel will then also adjust to the new gradient andincreased streamflow velocity by scour and bankerosion or further deposition.
Rock riprap on streambanks is affected by the hydro-dynamic drag and lift forces created by the velocity offlow past the rock. Resisting the hydrodynamic effectsare the force components resulting from the sub-merged weight of the rock and its geometry. Theseforces must be considered in any analytical procedurefor determining a stable rock size. Channel alignment,surface roughness, debris and ice impact, rock grada-tion, angularity, and placement are other factors thatmust be considered when designing for given siteconditions.
Numerous methods have been developed for designingrock riprap. Nearly all use either an allowable velocityor tractive stress methodology as the basis for deter-mining a stable rock size. Table 16–2 lists severalaccepted procedures currently used in the NRCS. Thetable provides summary information and referenceswhere appropriate. Two of the more direct methods ofobtaining a rock size are included in appendix 16A. Allfour methods listed in the table provide the user with adesign rock size for a given set of input parameters.The first time user is advised to use more than onemethod in determining rock size. Availability of rockand experience of the designer continue to play impor-tant roles in determining the appropriate size rock forany given job.
Figure 16–33 Rock riprap revetment system
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A well graded rock provides the greatest assurance ofstability and long-term protection. Poorly graded rockresults in weak areas where individual stones aresubject to movement and subsequent revetment fail-ure. Satisfactory gradation limits and thickness of therock riprap can be determined from the basic stonesize. Figure 16A–3 in appendix 16A can help determinerock gradation limits for any calculated basic rock size(D50, D75, and so forth).
The void space between rocks in riprap is generallymany times greater than the void space in existingbank materials. A transition zone serves two purposes:
• Distributes the weight of rock to the underlyingsoil.
• Prevents movement and loss of fine grained soilinto the large void spaces of the riprap.
The transition zone can be designed as a filter, bed-ding, or geotextile. The bank soils, bank seepage, androck gradation and thickness are factors to considerwhen determining the transition material.
Bedding material is generally a pit run sand-gravelmixture. Bedding is suitable for those sites wherebank materials are plastic and forces can be consid-ered external, that is, forces acting on the beddingresult only from the action of flow past or over therock riprap. Bedding is not recommended for condi-tions where flow occurs through the rock (as on steepslopes), where subject to wave action, or where flowvelocity exceeds 10 feet per second.
Table 16–2 Methods for rock riprap protection
Method (reference) Basis for rock size Procedure Comments
Isbash Curve Allowable velocity— Use design velocity and Use judgment to factorAppendix 16A (reprint Curve developed from curve to determine basic in site conditions. Thefrom SCS Engineering Isbash work. rock size (D100). basic stone weight isField Manual, chapter often doubled to16, 1969). account for debris.
FWS-Lane Tractive stress— Enter monograph with Easy to use procedure.Appendix 16A (reprint Monograph developed channel hydraulic and Generally results in afrom SCS Engineering from Lane's work. physical data to solve conservative rock size.Design Standards—Far for basic rock size (D75).West States, 1970).
COE Method Allowable velocity— Use equation or graphs Detailed procedure canCorps of Engineers, Basic equation developed and site physical and be used on natural orEM 1110-2-1601, 7/91, by COE from study of hydraulic data to prismatic channels.Hydraulic Design of models and comparison determine basic rockFlood Control Channels. to field data. size (D30).
Federal Highway Tractive Force Theory— Use equation with known Stability factor requiresAdministration Uses velocity as a primary site data and user user judgment of siteHydraulic Engineering design parameter. determined stability conditions.Circular No. 11, Design of factor to solve for basicRiprap Revetment (1989). rock size (D50).
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A filter is a graded granular material designed toprevent movement of the bank soil. A filter is recom-mended where bank materials are nonplastic, seepageforces exist, or where bedding is not adequate protec-tion for the external forces as noted above. The siteshould be evaluated for potential seepage pressuresfrom existing or seasonal water table, rapid fluctua-tions in streamflow (rapid drawdown), surface runoff,or other factors. In critical applications or whereexperience indicates problems with the loss of bankmaterial under riprap, use chapter 26, part 633 of theNRCS National Engineering Handbook, January 1994,for guidance in designing granular filters.
Nonwoven geotextiles are widely used as a substitutefor bedding and filter material. Availability, cost, andease of placement are contributing factors. For guid-ance in selection of the proper geotextile, refer toNRCS Design Note 24, Guide to Use of Geotextile.
Installation
• Minimum thickness of the riprap should at leastequal the maximum rock size at the top of therevetment. The thickness is often increased atthe base of the revetment to two or more timesthe maximum rock size.
• The toe for rock riprap must be firmly estab-lished. This is important where the stream bot-tom is unstable or subject to scour during floodflows.
• Banks on which riprap is to be placed should besloped so that the pressure of the stone is mainlyagainst the bank rather than against the stone inthe lower courses and toe. This slope should notbe steeper than 1.5:1. The riprap should extendup the bank to an elevation at which vegetationwill provide adequate protection.
• A filter or bedding must be placed between theriprap and the bank except in those cases wherethe material in the bank to be protected is deter-mined to be a suitable bedding or filter material.The filter or bedding material should be at least 6inches thick.
• A nonwoven geotextile may be used in lieu of abedding or filter layer under the rock riprap. Thegeotextile material must maintain intimate con-tact with the subsurface. Geotextile that canmove with changes in seepage pressure or exter-nal forces permits soil particle movement andcan result in plugging of the geotextile. A 3-inchlayer of bedding material over the geotextileprevents this movement.
• Hand-placing all rock in a revetment shouldseldom, if ever, be necessary. While the revet-ment may have a somewhat less finished look, itis adequate to dump the rock and rearrange itwith a minimum of hand labor. However, therock must be dumped in a manner that will notseparate small and large stones or cause damageto the filter fabrics. The finished surface shouldnot have pockets of finer materials that wouldflush out and weaken the revetment. Sufficienthand placing and chinking should be done toprovide a well-keyed surface.
The Engineering Field Handbook, Chapter 17, Con-struction and Construction Materials, has additionalinformation on riprap construction and materials.
Manufacturers have developed design recommenda-tions for various flow and soil conditions. Their rec-ommendations are good references in use of gabions,cellular blocks, and similar systems.
Figure 16–34 Concrete cellular block details
��������
������
Revegetate
6 in above design wave height or top of slope
Steepest slope of blockplacement 3:1
Stream-forming flow
Baseflow
Streambed
Geotextile fabric
18 in min.Cross section Not to scale
12 in min.
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Figure 16–35a Concrete cellular block system before backfilling
Figure 16–35b Concrete cellular block system several years after installation
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• Prefabricated materials can be expensive.• Manufacturers estimate the product has an
effective life of 6 to 10 years.
Construction guidelines
• Excavate a shallow trench at the toe of the slopeto a depth slightly below channel grade.
• Place the coconut fiber roll in the trench.• Drive 2 inch x 2 inch x 36 inch stakes between
the binding twine and coconut fiber. Stakesshould be placed on both sides of the roll on 2 to4 feet centers depending upon anticipated veloci-ties. Tops of stakes should not extend above thetop of the fiber roll.
• In areas that experience ice or wave action,notch outside of stakes on either side of fiber rolland secure with 16-gauge wire.
(viii) Coconut fiber rolls—Coconut fiber rolls arecylindrical structures composed of coconut huskfibers bound together with twine woven from coconut(figs. 16–36, 16–37a, and 16–37b). This material is mostcommonly manufactured in 12-inch diameters andlengths of 20 feet. It is staked in place at the toe of theslope, generally at the stream-forming flow stage.
Applications and effectiveness
• Protect slopes from shallow slides or undermin-ing while trapping sediment that encouragesplant growth within the fiber roll.
• Flexible, product can mold to existing curvatureof streambank.
• Produce a well-reinforced streambank withoutmuch site disturbance.
Figure 16–36 Coconut fiber roll details
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������
2 in. by 2 in. by 36 in.oak stakes
Stream-forming flow
Coconut fiber roll
Erosion control fabricHerbaceousplugs
Cross section Not to scale
Baseflow
Streambed
Existing vegetation, plantings or soil bioengineering systems
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Figure 16–37a Coconut fiber roll
Figure 16–37b Coconut fiber roll system
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Construction guidelines
Inert materials—Rock filled jetties are the most com-mon, however, other materials are used includingtimber, concrete, gabions, and rock protected earth.
Installation
• Use a D50 size rock equal to 1.5 to 2 times the d50
size determined from rock riprap design methodsfor bank full flow condition.
• Size and space jetties so that flow passingaround and downstream from the outer end willintersect the next jetty before intersecting theeroding bank. The length varies but should notunduly constrict the channel. Rock jetties typi-cally have 2:1 side slopes with an 8 to 12-foot topwidth and 2:1 end slope.
• Space jetties to account for such characteristics asstream width, stream velocity, and radius of curva-ture. Typical spacing is 2 to 5 times the jetty length.
• Construct jetties with a level top or a downwardslope to the outer end (riverward). The top of thejetty at the bank should be equal to the bankheight.
• Orient jetties either perpendicular to the stream-bank or angled upstream or downstream. Per-pendicular and downstream orientation are themost common.
• Tie jetties securely back into the bank and bed toprevent washout along the bank and undercut-ting. Place rock a short distance on either side ofthe jetty along the bank to prevent erosion at thiscritical location. The base of the jetty should bekeyed into the bed a minimum depth equal to theD100 rock size.
• Backfill soil behind the fiber roll.• If conditions permit, rooted herbaceous plants
may be installed in the coconut fiber.• Install appropriate vegetation or soil bioengineer-
ing systems upslope from fiber roll.
(ix) Stream jetties—Jetties are short dike-like struc-tures that project from a streambank into a streamchannel. They may consist of one or more structuresplaced at intervals along the bank to be protected. Mostare constructed to the top of the bank and can be ori-ented either upstream, downstream, or perpendicular tothe bank (figs. 16–38 and 16–39).
Jetties deflect or maintain the direction of flowthrough and beyond the reach of stream being pro-tected. In function and design, jetties change thedirection of flow by obstructing and redirecting thestreamflow. Their design and construction requirespecialized skills. A fluvial geomorphologist, engineer,or other qualified discipline with knowledge of openchannel hydraulics should be consulted for specificconsiderations and guidelines.
Applications and effectiveness
• Used successfully in a wide variety of applica-tions in all types of rivers and streams.
• Effective in controlling erosion on bends in riverand stream systems.
• Can be augmented with vegetation or soilbioengineering systems in some situations; i.e.,deposited material upstream of jetties.
• May develop scour holes just downstream andoff the end of the jetties.
• Can be complex and expensive.
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Figure 16–38 Stream jetty details
������������
���������������
2:12:1
8-12 feet, top width
2:1
Length of jetty (varies)
Rock riprap
Cross section Not to scale
Front elevation Not to scale
Stream-forming flow
Baseflow
Streambed
Existing bank
1:1
Key into streambed,approx. D100
1:1 1:1
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Figure 16–39a Stream jetty placed to protect railroad bridge
Figure 16–39b Long-established vegetated stream jetty, with deposition in foreground
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(x) Stream barbs—Stream barbs are low rock sillsprojecting out from a streambank and across thestream's thalweg to redirect streamflow away from aneroding bank (figs.16–40 and 16–41). Flow passingover the barb is redirected so that the flow leaving thebarb is perpendicular to the barb centerline. Streambarbs are always oriented upstream.
Application and effectiveness
• Used in limited applications and range of applica-bility is unclear.
• Effective in control of bank erosion on smallstreams.
• Require less rock and stream disturbance thanjetties.
• Improve fish habitat (especially when vegetated).• Can be combined with soil bioengineering
practices.• Can be complex and expensive.
Construction guidelines
Inert materials—Stream barbs require the use of largerock.
Installation
• Use a D50 size rock equal to two times the d50 sizedetermined from rock riprap design methods forbank full flow condition. The maximum rock size(D100) should be about 1.5 to 2 times the D50 size.The minimum rock size should not be less than.75D50.
• Key the barb into the stream bed to a depthapproximately D100 below the bed.
• Construct the barb above the streambed to aheight approximately equal to the D100 rock, butgenerally not over 2 feet. The width should be atleast equal to 3 times D100, but not less than atypical construction equipment width of 8 to 10feet. Construction of barbs can begin at thestreambank and proceed streamward using thebarb to support construction equipment.
• Align the barb so that the flow off the barb isdirected toward the center of the stream or awayfrom the bank. The acute angle between the barband the upstream bank typically ranges from 50to 80 degrees.
• Ensure that, at a minimum, the barb is longenough to cross the stream flow low thalweg.
• Space the barbs apart from 4 to 5 times thebarb’s length. The specific spacing is dependenton finding the point at which the streamflowleaving the barb intersects with the bank.
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Figure 16–40 Stream barb details
���������������
����Streambed
Baseflow
Stream-forming flow
Existinggrade 8 ft. min.
Geotextile fabric
Length determinedby design
(L)
Slope
Flow
Vegetative bankbetween barbs
50° to 80°
ofstreambarb
(L)
8 ft min.
C
C
Plan viewNot to scale
Cross section Not to scale
Key intostreambedapprox. D100
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Figure 16–41 Stream barb system
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(xi) Rock gabions—Rock gabions begin as rectangu-lar containers fabricated from a triple twisted, hexago-nal mesh of heavily galvanized steel wire. Emptygabions are placed in position, wired to adjoininggabions, filled with stones, and then folded shut andwired at the ends and sides. NRCS Construction Speci-fication 64, Wire Gabions, provides detailed informa-tion on their installation.
Vegetation can be incorporated into rock gabions, ifdesired, by placing live branches on each consecutivelayer between the rock-filled baskets (fig. 16–42 and16–43). These gabions take root inside the gabionbaskets and in the soil behind the structures. In timethe roots consolidate the structure and bind it to theslope.
Applications and effectiveness
• Useful when rock riprap design requires a rocksize greater than what is locally available.
• Effective where the bank slope is steep (typicallygreater than 1.5:1) and requires structural support.
• Appropriate at the base of a slope where a lowwall may be required to stabilize the toe of theslope and reduce its steepness.
• Can be fabricated on top of the bank and thenplaced as a unit, below water if necessary.
• Lower initial cost than a concrete structure.• Tolerate limited foundation movement.• Have a short service life where installed in
streams that have a high bed load. Avoid usewhere streambed material might abrade andcause rapid failure of gabion wire mesh.
• Not designed for or intended to resist large,lateral earth stresses. Should be constructed to amaximum of 5 feet in overall height, includingthe excavation required for a stable foundation.
• Useful where space is limited and a more verticalstructure is required.
• Where gabions are designed as a structural unit,the effects of uplift, overturning, and sliding mustbe analyzed in a manner similar to that for grav-ity type structures.
• Can be placed as a continuous mattress for slopeprotection. Slopes steeper than 2:1 should beanalyzed for slope stability.
• Gabions used as mattresses should be a mini-mum of 9 inches thick for stream velocities of upto 9 feet per second. Increase the thickness to aminimum of 1.5 feet for velocities of 10 to 14 feetper second.
Construction guidelines
Live material sizes—When constructing vegetatedrock gabions, branches should range from 0.5 to 2.5inches in diameter and must be long enough to reachbeyond the back of the rock basket structure into thebackfill or undisturbed bank.
Inert materials—Galvanized woven wire mesh orgalvanized welded wire mesh baskets or mattressesmay be used. The baskets or mattresses are filled withsound durable rock that has a minimum size of 4inches and a maximum of 9 inches. Gabions can becoated with polyvinyl chloride to improve their servicelife where subject to aggressive water or soil conditions.
Installation
• Remove loose material from the foundation areaand cut or fill with compacted material to pro-vide a uniform foundation.
• Excavate the back of the stable foundation(closest to the slope) slightly deeper than thefront to add stability to the structure. This pro-vides additional stability to the structure andensures that the living branches root well forvegetated rock gabions.
• Place bedding or filter material in a uniformlygraded surface. Compaction of materials is notusually required. Install geotextiles so that theylie smoothly on the prepared foundation.
• Assemble, place, and fill the gabions with rock.Be certain that all stiffeners and fasteners areproperly secured.
• Place the gabions so that the vertical joints arestaggered between the gabions of adjacent rowsand layers by at least one-half of a cell length.
• Place backfill between and behind the wirebaskets.
• For vegetated rock gabions, place live branchcuttings on the wire baskets perpendicular to theslope with the growing tips oriented away fromthe slope and extending slightly beyond thegabions. The live cuttings must extend beyondthe backs of the wire baskets into the fill mate-rial. Place soil over the cuttings and compact it.
• Repeat the construction sequence until thestructure reaches the required height.
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• Where abrasive bedloads or debris can snag ortear the gabion wire, a concrete cap should beused to protect those surfaces subject to attack.A concrete cap 6 inches thick with 3 inchespenetration into the basket is usually sufficient.The concrete for the cap should be placed afterinitial settlement has occurred.
• A filter is nearly always needed between thegabions and the foundation or backfill to preventsoil movement through the baskets. Geosyn-thetics can be used in lieu of granular filters for
many applications, however, when drainage iscritical, the fabric must maintain intimate con-tact with the foundation soils. A 3-inch layer ofsand-gravel between the gabions and the filtermaterial assures that contact is maintained.
• At the toe and up and downstream ends of ga-bion revetments, a tieback into the bank and bedshould be provided to protect the revetmentfrom undermining or scour.
Figure 16–42 Vegetated rock gabion details
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����������������
Compacted fill material
Live branch cuttings(1/2- to 1-inch diameter)
Gabion baskets
Cross section Not to scale
Note:Rooted/leafed condition of the livingplant material is not representative ofthe time of installation.
2 to 3 feet
Existing vegetation,plantings or soilbioengineering
systems
Streambed
Stream-forming flow
Baseflow
����
Geotextile fabric
Erosion control fabric
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Figure 16–43 Vegetated rock gabion system (H.M. Schiechtl photo)
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650.1602 Shorelineprotection
(a) General
Shoreline erosion results primarily from erosive forcesin the form of waves generally perpendicular to theshoreline. As a wave moves toward shore, it begins todrag on the bottom, dissipating energy. This eventuallycauses it to break or collapse. This major turbulencestirs up material from the shore bottom or erodes itfrom banks and bluffs. Fluctuating tides, freezing andthawing, floating ice, and surface runoff from adjacentuplands may also cause shorelines to erode.
(1) Types of shoreline protection
Systems for shoreline protection can be living ornonliving. They consist of vegetation, soil bioengineer-ing, structures, or a combination of these.
(2) Planning for shoreline protection
measures
The following items need to be considered for shorelineprotection in addition to the items listed earlier in thischapter for planning streambank protection measures:
• Mean high and low water levels or tides.• Potential wave parameters.• Slope configuration above and below waterline.• Nature of the soil material above and below
water level.• Evidence of littoral drift and transport.• Causes of erosion.• Adjacent land use.• Maintenance requirements.
(b) Design considerations forshoreline protection
(1) Beach slope
Slopes should be determined above and below thewaterline. The slope below waterline should be repre-sentative of the slope for a distance of at least 50 feet.
(2) Offshore depth and wave height
Offshore depth is a critical factor in designing shore-line protection measures. Structures that must beconstructed in deep water, or in water that may be-come deep, are beyond the scope of this chapter.Other important considerations are the dynamic waveheight acting in deep water (roughly, the total heightof the wave is three times that visible) and the de-creased wave action caused by shallow water. Effec-tive fetch length also needs to be considered in deter-mining wave height. Methods for computing waveheight using fetch length are in NRCS Technical Re-leases 56 and 69.
(3) Water surface
The design water surface is the mean high tide or, innontidal areas, the mean high water. This informationmay be obtained from tidal tables, records of lakelevels, or from topographic maps of the reservoir sitein conjunction with observed high and normal waterlines along the shore.
(4) Littoral transport
The material being moved parallel to the shoreline inthe littoral zone, under the influence of waves andcurrents should be addressed in groin design. It isimportant to determine that the supply of transportmaterial is not coming from the bank being protectedand the predominant direction of littoral transport.This information is used to locate structures properlywith respect to adjacent properties and so that groinscan fill most quickly and effectively. Another factor tobe considered is that littoral transport often reversesdirections with a change in season.
The rate of littoral transport and the supply are asimportant as the direction of movement. No simpleways to measure the supply are available. For thescope of this chapter, supply may be determined byobservation of existing structures, sand beaches, augersamples of the sand above the parent material on thebeach, and the presence of sandbars offshore. Other
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considerations are existing barriers, shoreline configu-ration, and inlets that tend to push the supply offshoreand away from the area in question. The net directionof transport is an important and complex consideration.
(5) Bank soil type
Determining the nature of bank soil material aids inestimating the rate of erosion. A very dense, heavyclay can offer more resistance to wave action thannoncohesive materials, such as sand. A thin sand lenscan result in erosion problems since it may be washedout when subjected to high tides or wave action forextended periods of time. The resulting void will nolonger support the bank above it, causing it to breakaway.
(6) Foundation material
The type of existing foundation may govern the type ofprotection selected. For example, a rock bottom willnot permit the use of sheet piling. If the use of riprap isbeing considered on a highly erodible foundation, afilter will be needed to prevent fine material fromwashing through the voids. A soft foundation, such asdredge spoil, may result in excessive flotation ormovement of the structure in any direction.
(7) Adjacent shoreline and structures
Structures that might have an effect on adjacent shore-line or other structures must be examined carefully.End sections need to be adequately anchored to exist-ing measures or terminated in stable areas.
(8) Existing vegetation
The installation of erosion control structures can havea detrimental effect upon existing vegetation unlesssteps are taken to prevent what is often avoidable sitedisturbance. Existing vegetation should be saved as anintegral part of the erosion control system beinginstalled.
(c) Protective measures forshorelines
The analysis and design of shoreline protection mea-sures are often complex and require special expertise.For this reason the following discussion is limited torevetments, bulkheads, and groins no higher than 3feet above mean high water, as well as soil bioengi-neering and other vegetative systems used alone or incombination with structural measures. Considerationmust be given to the possible effects that erosioncontrol measures can have on adjacent areas, espe-cially estuarine wetlands.
(1) Groins
Groins are somewhat permeable to impermeablefinger-like structures that are installed perpendicularto the shore. They generally are constructed in groupscalled groin fields, and their primary purpose is to traplittoral drift. The entrapped sand between the groinsacts as a buffer between the incoming waves andshoreline by causing the waves to break on the newlydeposited sand and expend most of their energy there(figs. 16–44 and 16–45).
Applications and effectiveness
• Particularly dependent on site conditions. Groinsare most effective in trapping sand when littoraldrift is transported in a single direction.
• Filling the groin field with borrowed sand may benecessary, if the littoral transport is clay or siltrather than sand.
• Will not fill until all preceding updrift groins havebeen filled.
Construction guidelines
Inert materials—The most common type of structuralgroin is built of preservative-treated tongue andgroove sheet piling.
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Figure 16–44 Timber groin details
������������������������Mean high
waterelevation
Top of bank6-inch diameter poles - spacing varies
Cross section
2 by 8 stringers STD placement of galvanized20d nails
24 in.min.
Varies
2 in. by 8 in. or 2 in. by 10 in. treated T&G sheet piling
6 in. polepiles
Bank
Plan
Sheet piling
Mean highwater elevation
3 1/2 ftmin.
Ground surface
24 in. orkey to
bulkhead
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Installation
• Groins must extend far enough into the water toretain desired amounts of sand. The distancebetween groins generally ranges from one tothree times the length of the groin. When used inconjunction with bulkheads, the groins areusually shorter.
• Groins are particularly vulnerable to stormdamage before they fill, so initially only the firstthree or four at the downdrift end of the systemshould be constructed.
• Install the second group of groins after the firsthas filled and the material passing around orover the groins has again stabilized the downdriftshoreline. This provides the means to verify oradjust the design spacing.
• Key the shoreward end of the groins into theshoreline bank for at least 2 feet or extend themto a bulkhead.
• Measure the groin height on the shoreline so thatit will generally be at high tide or mean highwater elevation plus 2 or 3 feet for wave surgeheight. Decrease the height seaward at a gradualrate to mean high water elevation.
Figure 16–45 Timber groin system
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(3) Bulkheads
Bulkheads are vertical structures of timber, concrete,steel, or aluminum sheet piling installed parallel to theshoreline.
Applications and effectiveness
• Generally constructed where wave action willnot cause excessive overtopping of the structure,which causes bank erosion to continue as thoughthe bulkhead were not there.
• Scour at the base of the bulkhead also causesfailure. The vertical face of the bulkhead re-directs wave action to cause excessive scour atthe toe of the structure unless it is protected.
Construction guidelines
Inert materials—The most common materials used forbulkhead construction are timber (figs. 16–46 and16–47), concrete (figs. 16–48 and 16–49), and masonry.
Installation
• Use environmentally compatible treated timber.• Thickness and spacing of pilings, supports, cross
member, and face boards must be engineered ona site-by-site basis.
• Pilings can be drilled, driven, or jetted dependingon the foundation materials. Depth of piling mustbe at least equal to the exposed height below thepoint of maximum anticipated scour.
• Place stones or other appropriate materials atthe base of the bulkhead to absorb wave energy.
• In salt water environments, use noncorrosivematerials to the greatest extent possible.
Figure 16–46 Timber bulkhead system
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Figure 16–47 Timber bulkhead details
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2 in x 8 in or 2 in x 10 in T&G sheet piling
6 in x 10 in fender pile
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Backfill and slope tomeet site conditions
Backfill and slope to meet site conditions
Note: Locate bottom wale near ground line, not more than 3 inches on center from top wale.
Cross section Not to scale
Cross section Not to scale
Wave height or 18"(whichever is least)
3:1 or flatter
Erosion controlfabric
Gravel drain
Geotextile fabric
Weep holes 11/2 dia.10' O.C.
Existing vegetation, plantingsor soil bioengineering systems
Existing vegetation, plantingsor soil bioengineering systems
6 in x 6 ft anchor pile
Existing bank
5 ft
5 ft min.Geotextile fabric
2 in x 8 in x 16 in wale
2 in x 8 in x 16 in wale7/16 galvanized bolt2 in x 6 in cap
Erosion control fabric
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Figure 16–48 Concrete bulkhead details
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Coarse gravel orriprap as needed
4 ft.-6 in.
3 ft.-8 in.
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Wave height or18 in. (whichever
is least)
Max. 4 ft.
10 in.
6 in.
Wave height or18 in. whichever
is least
8 in.
6 in.14 in.
Cross section Poured in place concrete wall
Cross section Concrete block wall
Not to scale
Not to scale
1 ft.-2 in.
8 in.
Existing vegetation, plantingsor soil bioengineering systems
Existing vegetation, plantingsor soil bioengineering systems
No. 4 bars at 12 in. o.c.
Weep holes 1.5 in. dia.at 10 ft. o.c.
3:1 or flatter
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No. 4 bars at 16 in. o.c.
Geotextile fabric
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No. 4 bars at 12 in. o.c.�����
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Horizontal joint reinforcement2 - no. 4 bars in bond beams at16 in. o.c. or joint reinforcementat 8 in o.c.
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Gravel drain
No. 4 bars at 16 in. o.c.Geotextile fabric
3:1 or flatter
No. 4 bars at 16 in. o.c.
No. 4 bars at 12 in. o.c.
Erosion control fabric
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Figure 16–49 Concrete bulkhead system
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(4) Revetments
Revetments are protective structures of rock, con-crete, cellular blocks, or other material installed to fitthe slope and shape of the shoreline (figs. 16–50 and16–51).
Applications and effectiveness
• Flexible and not impaired by slight movementcaused by settlement or other adjustments.
• Preferred to bulkheads where the possibility ofextreme wave action exists.
• Local damage or loss of rock easily repaired.• No special equipment required for construction.• Subject to scour at the toe and flanking, thus
filters are important and should always beconsidered.
• Complex and expensive.
Construction guidelines
• The size and thickness of rock revetments mustbe determined to resist wave action. NRCSTechnical Release 69, Rock Riprap for Slope
Protection Against Wave Action, provides guid-ance for size, thickness, and gradation.
• The base of the revetment must be founded belowthe scour depth or placed on nonerosive material.
• Angular stone is preferred for revetments. Ifrounded stone is used, increase the layer thick-ness by a factor of 1.5.
• Use a minimum thickness of 6-inch filter materialunder rock.
• If geotextile is used in place of granular filter,cover the geotextile with a minimum of 3inchesof sand-gravel before placement of rock.
Figure 16–50 Concrete revetment (poured in place)
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Figure 16–51 Rock riprap revetment
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(5) Vegetative measures
If some vegetation exists on the shoreline, the shore-line problem may be solved with more vegetation.Determine if the vegetation disappeared because of asingle, infrequent storm, or if plants are being shadedout by developing overstory trees and shrubs. In eithercase revegetation is a viable alternative. Consult localtechnical guides and plant material specialists forappropriate plant species and planting specifications.NRCS Technical Release 56, Vegetative Control of
Wave Action on Earth Dams, provides additionalguidance.
(6) Patching
A shoreline problem is often isolated and requires onlya simple patch repair. Site characteristics that wouldindicate a patch solution may be appropriate includegood overall protection from wave action, slight un-dercutting in spots with an occasional slide on thebank, and fairly good vegetative growth on the shore-line. The problems are often caused by boat wake orexcessive upland runoff. Fill undercut areas with stonesandbags or grout-filled bags and repair with a grasstransplant, reed clumps, branchpacking, vegetatedgeogrid, or vegetated riprap.
Slides that occur because of a saturated soil conditionare best alleviated by providing subsurface drainage ora diversion. Leaning or slipping trees in the immediateslide area may need to be removed initially because oftheir weight and the forces they exert on the soil;however, once the saturated condition is remedied,disturbed areas should be revegetated with nativetrees, shrubs, grasses, and forbs to establish cover.
(7) Soil bioengineering systems
Soil bioengineering systems that are best suited toreducing erosion along shorelines are live stakes, livefascines, brushmattresses, live siltation, and reedclump constructions.
(i) Live stake—Live stakes offer no stability untilthey root into the shoreline area, but over time theyprovide excellent soil reinforcement. To reduce failureuntil root establishment occurs, installations may beenhanced with a layer of long straw mulch coveredwith jute mesh or, in more critical areas, a naturalgeotextile fabric.
Refer to streambank protection section of this chapterfor appropriate applications and construction guidelines.
(ii) Live fascine—The live fascines previously de-scribed in this chapter work best in shoreline applica-tions where the ground between them is also pro-tected. Natural geotextiles, such as those manufac-tured from coconut husks, are strong, durable, andwork well to protect the ground.
Construction guidelines
Live materials—Live cuttings as previously describedfor fabrication of live fascine bundles. Fabricate livefascine bundles approximately 8 inches in diameter.Live stakes should be about 3 feet long.
Inert materials—Dead stout stakes approximately 3feet long to anchor well in loose sand. Jute mesh withlong straw for low energy shorelines. Natural geo-textile with long straw for higher energy shorelines.
Installation
The installation methods are similar to those dis-cussed for live fascines, with the following variations:
• Excavate a trench approximately 10 inches wideand deep, beginning at one end of and parallel tothe shoreline section to be repaired and extend-ing to the other end.
• Spread jute mesh or geotextile fabric across theexcavated trench and temporarily leave theremainder on the slope immediately above thetrench.
• Place a live fascine bundle in the trench on top ofthe fabric and anchor with live and dead stoutstakes.
• Spread long straw on the slope above the trenchto the approximate location of the next trench tobe constructed upslope.
• Pull the fabric upslope over the long straw andspread in the next excavated trench. Trenchesshould be spaced 3 to 5 feet apart and parallel toeach other.
• Repeat the process until the system is in placeover the treatment area.
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(iii) Brushmattress—Brushmattresses for shore-lines perform a similar function as those for stream-banks. Therefore, effectiveness and constructionguidelines are similar to those given earlier in thischapter, with the following additions.
Applications and effectiveness
• May be effective in lake areas that have fluctuat-ing water levels since they are able to protect theshoreline and continue to grow.
• Able to filter incoming water because they alsoestablish a dense, healthy shoreline vegetation.
Installation
• After the trench at the bottom has been dug andthe mattress branches placed, the trench shouldbe lined with geotextile fabric.
• Secure the live fascine, press down the mattressbrush, and place the fabric on top of the brush.
• At this point, install the live and dead stoutstakes to hold the brush in place. A few deadstout stakes may be used in the mattress branchand partly wired down before covering thefabric. This helps in the final steps of coveringand securing the brush and the fabric.
(iv) Live siltation construction—Live siltationconstruction is similar to brushlayering except that theorientation of the branches are more vertical. Ideallylive siltation systems are approximately perpendicularto the prevailing winds. The branch tips should slopeupwards at 45 to 60 degrees. Installation is similar tobrushlayering (see Engineering Field Handbook,chapter 18 for a more complete discussion of abrushlayer).
Live siltation branches that have been installed in thetrenches serve as tensile inclusions or reinforcingunits. The part of the brush that protrudes from theground assists in retarding runoff and surface erosionfrom wave action and wind (figs. 16–52 and 16–53).
Applications and effectiveness
Live siltation systems provide immediate erosioncontrol and earth reinforcement functions, including:
• Providing surface stability for the planting orestablishment of vegetation.
• Trapping debris, seed, and vegetation at theshoreline.
• Reducing wind erosion and surface particlemovement.
• Drying excessively wet sites through transpira-tion.
• Promoting seed germination for naturalcolonization.
• Reinforcing the soil with unrooted branchcuttings.
• Reinforcing the soil as deep, strong rootsdevelop and adding resistance to sliding andshear displacement.
Construction guidelines
Live material—Live branch cuttings 0.5 to 1 inch indiameter and 4 to 5 feet long with side branches intact.
Installation
• Beginning at the toe of the shoreline bank to betreated, excavate a trench 2 to 3 feet deep and 1to 2 feet wide, with one vertical side and theother angled toward the shoreline.
• Parallel live siltation rows should vary from 5 to10 feet apart, depending upon shoreline condi-tions and stability required. Steep, unstable andhigh energy sites require closer spacing.
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Figure 16–52 Live siltation construction details
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Excavatedtrench
Live brush
Fill material
Livesiltationbranches
2 to 3 ft
Note: Rooted/leafed condition of the living plant material is not respresentative of the time of installation.
Littoraltransport
1 to 2 ft
Section A-A
Littoraltransport
A AToe of
shoreline bank
5 to 10 ft
PlanNot to scale
Shoreline
Live siltation constructions
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Figure 16–53 Live siltation construction system (Robbin B. Sotir & Associates photo)
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(v) Reed clump—Reed clump installations consist ofroot divisions wrapped in natural geotextile fabric,placed in trenches, and staked down. The resultingroot mat reinforces soil particles and extracts excessmoisture through transpiration. Reed clump systemsare typically installed at the water's edge or on shelvesin the littoral zone (fig. 16–54 and 16–55).
Applications and effectiveness
• Reduces toe erosion and creates a dense energy-dissipating reed bank area.
• Offers relatively inexpensive and immediateprotection from erosion.
• Useful on shore sites where rapid repair of spotdamage is required.
• Retains soil and transported sediment at theshoreline.
• Reduces a long beach wash into a series ofshorter sections capable of retaining surfacesoils.
• Enhances conditions for natural colonization andestablishment of vegetation from the surround-ing plant community.
• Grows in water and survives fluctuating waterlevels.
Construction guidelines
Live materials—The reed clumps should be 4 to 8inches in diameter and taken from healthy water-dependent species, such as arrowhead, cattail, orwater iris. They may be selectively harvested fromexisting natural sites or purchased from a nursery.
Wrap reed clumps in natural geotextile fabric and bindtogether with twine. These clumps can be fabricatedseveral days before installation if they are kept moistand shaded.
Inert materials—Natural geotextile fabric, twine, and3- to 3.5-foot-long dead stout stakes are required.
Installation• Reed root clumps are either placed directly into
fabric-lined trenches or prefabricated into rolls 5to 30 feet long. With the growing tips pointing up,space clumps every 12 inches on a 2- to 3-foot-wide strip of geotextile fabric to fabricate therolls. The growing buds should all be oriented inthe same upright direction for correct placementinto the trench.
• Wrap the fabric from both sides to overlap thetop, leaving the reed clumps exposed and boundwith twine between each plant.
• Beginning at and parallel to the water's edge,excavate a trench 2 inches wider and deeperthan the size of the prefabricated reed roll orreed clumps.
• To place reed clumps directly into trenches, firstline the trench with a 2- to 3-foot-wide strip ofgeotextile fabric before spreading a 1-inch layerof highly organic topsoil over it at the bottom ofthe trench. Next, center the reed clumps on 12-inch spacing in the bottom of the trench. Fill theremainder of the trench between and aroundreed clumps with highly organic topsoil, andcompact. Wrap geotextile fabric from each sideto overlap at the top and leave the reed clumpsexposed before securing with dead stout stakesspaced between the clumps. Complete the instal-lation by spreading previously excavated soilaround the exposed reed clumps to cover thisstaked fabric.
• To use the prefabricated reed clump roll, place itin the excavated trench, secure it with dead stoutstakes, and backfill as described above.
• Repeat the above procedure by excavating addi-tional parallel trenches spaced 3 to 6 feet aparttoward the shoreline. Place the reed clumps fromone row to the next to produce a staggeredspacing pattern.
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Figure 16–54 Reed clump details
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Plan
Dead stout stake
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fabric wrap
Coconut fiber roll(optional to reducewave energy)
Organic soil
Cross section
Aquatic plant
12-18 inches
12-18 inches
Trench(filled withorganic soil)
Mean water level
Optional coconutfiber roll
Mean highwater elevation
3-6 feet
Not to scale
Not to scale
����
Dead stoutstakes
Backfill
Backfill
Lakebed
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Figure 16–55a Installing dead stout stakes in reed clumpsystem (Robbin B. Sotir & Associates photo)
Figure 16–55b Completing installation of reed clumpsystem (Robbin B. Sotir & Associates photo)
Figure 16–55c Established reed clump system (Robbin B. Sotir & Associates photo)
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(8) Coconut fiber roll
Coconut fiber rolls are cylindrical structures com-posed of coconut fibers bound together with twinewoven from coconut (figs. 16–56 and 16–57). Thismaterial is most commonly manufactured in 12-inchdiameters and lengths of 20 feet. The fiber rolls func-tion as breakwaters along the shores of lakes andembayments. In addition to reducing wave energy, thisproduct can help contain substrate and encouragedevelopment of wetland communities.
Applications and effectiveness
• Effective in lake areas where the water levelfluctuates because it is able to protect the shore-line and encourage new vegetation.
• Flexible, can be molded to the curvature of theshoreline.
• Prefabricated materials can be expensive.• Manufacturers estimate the product has an
effective life of 6 to 10 years.
Figure 16–56 Coconut fiber roll details
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Mean high water elevation
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Erodedshoreline
Cross section Not to scale
Coconut fiberroll
Vegetativeplantings
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Installation
• Fiber roll should be located off shore at a dis-tance where the top of the fiber roll is exposed atlow tide. In nontidal areas, the fiber roll shouldbe placed where it will not be overtopped bywave action.
• Drive 2 inch x 2 inch stakes between the bindingtwine and the coconut fiber. Stakes should beplaced on 4-foot centers and should not extendabove the fiber roll.
• If desired, rooted cuttings can be installed be-tween the coconut fiber roll and the shoreline.
Figure 16–57 Coconut fiber roll system
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650.1603 References
Andrews, E.D. 1983. Entrainment of gravel from natu-rally sorted riverbed material. Geological Societyof America 94:1225-1231.
Bell, Milo C. Fisheries handbook of engineering re-quirements and biological criteria.
Berger, John. 1991. Restoration of aquatic ecosystems:science, technology, and public policy. Reportfor national research council committee onrestoration of aquatic ecosystems in appliedfluvial geomorphology. Wildland HydrologyConsultants (Rosgen) Short Course, September28-October 2, 1992, Pagosa Springs, CO, pp. E-29through E-36.
Coppin, N.J., and I.G. Richards. 1990. Use of vegetationin civil engineering. Butterworths, London,England.
Davis, William M. 1889. The geographical cycle. Geo-graphical Journal 14: 481-504.
Flosi, Gary, and Forrest Reynolds. 1991. Californiasalmonid stream habitat and restoration manual.California Department of Fish and Game.
Gray, Donald H., and Andrew T. Leiser. 1982.Biotechnical slope protection and erosion con-trol. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, NY.
Leopold, Aldo. 1949. A sand county almanac andsketches here and there.
Leopold, Luna B., and David L. Rosgen. 1991. Move-ment of bed material clasts in gravel streams.Proceedings of the Fifth Federal InteragencySedimentation Conference, Las Vegas, NV.
Leopold, Luna B., and M. G. Wolman. 1957. Riverchannel patterns; braided, meandering, andstraight. U.S. Geologic Survey Professional Paper282-B. Washington, DC.
Malanson, George P. 1993. Riparian landscapes. Cam-bridge University, Great Britain.
Naiman, Robert J. 1992. Watershed management.Springer-Verlag, NY.
Rosgen, David L. 1985. A stream classification sys-tem—riparian ecosystems and theirmanagement. First North American RiparianConference, Tucson, AZ.
Rosgen, David L. 1992. Restoration. Pages E-1 throughE-28 in Applied Fluvial Geomorphology, andpages E-29 through E-36 in Wildland HydrologyConsultants (Rosgen) Short Course, September28-October 2, 1992, Pagosa Springs, CO.
Rosgen, Dave, and Brenda Fittante. 1992. Fish habitatstructures: a selection using stream classifica-tion. Pages C-31 through C-50 in Applied FluvialGeomorphology, and pages E-29 through E-36,Wildland Hydrology Consultants (Rosgen) ShortCourse, September 28-October 2, 1992, PagosaSprings, Colorado.
Schumm, Stanley A. 1963. A tentative classification ofalluvial rivers. U.S. Geologic Survey Circular 477,Washington, DC.
Schumm, Stanley A. 1977. The fluvial system. JohnWiley and Sons, NY, 338 pp.
Schumm, Stanley A., Mike D. Harvey, and Chester A.Watson. 1984. Incised channels: morphology,dynamics and control. Water Resources Publica-tions, Littleton, CO, 200 pp.
The Pacific Rivers Council. 1993. Entering the water-shed. Washington, DC.
U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center. 1975.Shore protection manual, volumes I and II.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Help yourself—Adiscussion of erosion problems on the GreatLakes and alternative methods of shore protec-tion. A General Information Pamphlet.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1981. Main report, finalreport to Congress on the Streambank ErosionControl Evaluation and Demonstration Act of1974, Section 32, Public Law 93-251.
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U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1983. Streambankprotection guidelines.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, South-ern Region. 1992. Stream habitat improvementhandbook.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil ConservationService. 1977. Design of open channels. Techni-cal Release 25.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil ConservationService. 1974. A guide for design and layout ofvegetative wave protection for earth dam em-bankments. Technical Release 56.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil ConservationService. 1983. Riprap for slope protection againstwave action. Technical Release 69.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil ConservationService. 1994. Gradation design of sand andgravel filters. Natl. Eng. Hdbk, part 633, ch. 26.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil ConservationService. Agricultural Information Bulletin 460.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil ConservationService. Vegetation for tidal shoreline stabiliza-tion in the Mid-Atlantic States, U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office S/N001-007-00906-5.
U.S. Department of Transportation. 1975. Highways inthe river environment-hydraulic and environmen-tal design considerations. Training and DesignManual.
U.S. Department of Transportation. Use of riprap forbank protection. (need date)
Waldo, Peter G. 1991. The geomorphic approach tochannel investigation. Proceedings of the FifthFederal Interagency Sedimentation Conference.Las Vegas, NV, pp. 3-71 through 3-78.
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Glossary
Bankfull discharge Natural streams—The discharge that fills the channel without overflowingonto the flood plain.
Modified or entrenched streams—The streamflow volume and depth that isthe 1- to 3-year frequency flow event.
The discharge that determines the stream's geomorphic planform dimen-sions.
Bar A streambed deposit of sand or gravel, often exposed during low-waterperiods.
Baseflow The ground water contribution of streamflow.
Bole Trunk of a tree.
Branchpacking Live, woody, branch cuttings and compacted soil used to repair slumpedareas of streambanks.
Brushmattress A combination of live stakes, fascines, and branch cuttings installed tocover and protect streambanks and shorelines.
Bulkhead Generally vertical structures of timber, concrete, steel, or aluminum sheetpiling used to protect shorelines from wave action.
Channel A natural or manmade waterway that continuously or intermittently carrieswater.
Cohesive soil A soil that, when unconfined, has considerable strength when air dried andsignificant strength when wet.
Current The flow of water through a stream channel.
Dead blow hammer A hammer filled with lead shot or sand.
Deadman A log or concrete block buried in a streambank to anchor revetments.
Deposition The accumulation of soil particles on the channel bed, banks, and floodplain.
Discharge The volume of water passing through a channel during a given time, usuallymeasured in cubic feet per second.
Dormant season The time of year when plants are not growing and deciduous plants shedtheir leaves.
Duration of flow Length of time a stream floods.
Erosion control fabric Woven or spun material made from natural or synthetic fibers and placedto prevent surface erosion.
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Erosion The wearing away of the land by the natural forces of wind, water, orgravity.
Erosive (erodible) A soil whose particles are easily detached and entrained in a fluid, eitherair or water, passing over or through the soil. The most erodible soils tendto be silts and/or fine sands with little or no cohesion.
Failure Collapse or slippage of a large mass of streambank material.
Filter A layer of fabric, sand, gravel, or graded rock placed between the bankrevetment or channel lining and soil to prevent the movement of finegrained sizes or to prevent revetment work from sinking into the soil.
Fines Silt and clay particles.
Flanking Streamflow between a structure and the bank that creates an area of scour.
Flow rate Volume of flow per unit of time; usually expressed as cubic feet persecond.
Footer log A log placed below the expected scour depth of a stream. Foundation for arootwad and boulders.
Gabion A wire mesh basket filled with rock that can be used in multiples as astructural unit.
Geotextile Any permeable textile used with foundation soil, rock, or earth as an inte-gral part of a product, structure, or system usually to provide separation,reinforcement, filtration, or drainage.
Groin A structure built perpendicular to the shoreline to trap littoral drift andretard erosion.
Ground water Water contained in the voids of the saturated zone of geologic strata.
Headcutting The development and upstream movement of a vertical or near verticalchange in bed slope, generally evident as falls or rapids. Headcuts are oftenan indication of major disturbances in a stream system or watershed.
Joint planting The insertion of live branch cuttings in openings or interstices of rocks,blocks, or other inert revetment units and into the underlying soil.
Littoral drift The movement of littoral drift either transport parallel (long shore trans-port) or perpendicular (on-shore transport) to the shoreline.
Littoral The sedimentary material of shorelines moved by waves and currents.
Littoral zone An indefinite zone extending seaward from the shoreline to just beyond thebreaker zone.
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Live branch cuttings Living, freshly cut branches from woody shrub and tree species that readilypropagate when embedded in soil.
Live cribwall A rectangular framework of logs or timbers filled with soil and containinglive woody cuttings that are capable of rooting.
Live fascine Bound, elongated, cylindrical bundles of live branch cuttings that areplaced in shallow trenches, partly covered with soil, and staked in place.
Live siltation construction Live branch cuttings that are placed in trenches at an angle from shorelineto trap sediment and protect them against wave action.
Live stake Live branch cuttings that are tamped or inserted into the earth to take rootand produce vegetative growth.
Noncohesive soil Soil, such as sand, that lacks significant internal strength and has littleresistance to erosion.
Piling (sheet) Strips or sheets of metal or other material connected with meshed orinterlocking members to form an impermeable diaphragm or wall.
Piling A long, heavy timber, concrete, or metal support driven or jetted into theearth.
Piping The progressive removal of soil particles from a soil mass by percolatingwater, leading to the development of flow channels or tunnels.
Reach A section of a stream's length.
Reed clump A combination of root divisions from aquatic plants and natural geotextilefabric to protect shorelines from wave action.
Revetment (armoring) A facing of stone, interlocking pavers, or other armoring material shaped toconform to and protect streambanks or shorelines.
Riprap A layer, facing, or protective mound of rubble or stones randomly placed toprevent erosion, scour, or sloughing of a structure of embankment; also,the stone used for this purpose.
Rootwad A short length of tree trunk and root mass.
Scour Removal of underwater material by waves or currents, especially at thebase or toe of a streambank or shoreline.
Sediment deposition The accumulation of sediment.
Sediment load The amount of sediment in transport.
Sediment Soil particles transported from their natural location by wind or water.
Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16
16–88 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Seepage The movement of water through the ground, or water emerging on the faceof a bank.
Slumping (sloughing) Shallow mass movement of soil as a result of gravity and seepage.
Stream-forming flow The discharge that determines a stream’s geomorphic planform dimen-sions. Equivalent to the 1- to 3-year frequency flow event (see Bankfulldischarge).
Streambank The side slopes within which streamflow is confined.
Streambed (bed) The bottom of a channel.
Streamflow The movement of water within a channel.
Submerged vanes Precast concrete or wooden elements placed in streambeds to deflectsecondary currents away from the streambank.
Thalweg The deepest part of a stream channel where the fastest current is usuallyfound.
Toe The break in slope at the foot of a bank where it meets the streambed.
Vegetated geogrid Live branch cuttings placed in layers with natural or synthetic geotextilefabric wrapped around each soil lift.
Vegetated structural revetments Porous revetments, such as riprap or interlocking pavers, into which liveplants or cuttings can be placed.
Vegetated structures A retaining structure in which live plants or cuttings have been integrated.
16A–1(210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Appendix 16A Size Determination for Rock Riprap
Figure 16A–1 Rock size based on Isbash Curve
Isbash Curve
The Isbash Curve, because of its widespread accep-tance and ease of use, is a direct reprint from theprevious chapter 16, Engineering Field Manual. Thecurve was developed from empirical data to determinea rock size for a given velocity. See figure 16A–1. Theuser can read the D100 rock size (100 percent of riprap≤ this size) directly from the graph in terms of weight(pounds) or dimension (inches). Less experiencedusers should use this method for quick estimates orcomparison with other methods before determining afinal design.
60
40
20
00 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
50
100
250
500
1,000
10,000
15,000
5,000
Weig
ht
of
sto
ne a
t 1
65
lb
/ft3
Velocity (ft/s)
Dia
mete
r o
f sto
ne (
in)
Based on Isbash Curve
Procedure
1. Determine the design velocity.2. Use velocity and fig. 16A-1 (Isbash Curve) to determine basic rock size.3. Basic rock size is the D100 size.
Part 650
Engineering F
ield Handbook
Str
eam
ban
k a
nd
Sh
orelin
e P
ro
tectio
nC
hap
ter 1
6
16A–2
(210-vi-EF
H, D
ecember 1996)
Figure 16A–2 Rock size based on Far West States (FWS)-Lane method
0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020Channel slope S (ft/ft)
0
Ds (nom
inal diameter in inches). Size of rock for w
hich 25% by w
eight is larger
10
20
30
40
Ratio of curve radius towater surface width
Straight channel
c = 10= 0.75= 0.60
9 - 126 - 9
= 0.90
4 - 6
Side slope
= 0.72 K = 0.87
3:1
2:1
1 1/2:1
= 0.52
Depth of flow D (ft
)
10
8
6
4
2
Ds = w D S3.5CK
Ds = D75 size rock in inches
Notes:
1. Ratio of channel bottom width to depth(D) greater than 4.
2. Specific gravity of rock not less than 2.56.3. Additional requirements for stable riprap
include fairly well graded rock, stablefoundation, and minimum section thickness(normal to slope) not less than Ds at maximumwater surface elevation and 3 Ds at the base.
4. Where a filter blanket is used, design filter materialgrading in accordance with cirteria in NRCS SoilMechanics Note 1.
Rc/Ws
4-66-99-12straight channel
C
0.6 0.75 0.901.0
Slide slope
1 1/2:11 3/4:1
2:12 1/2:1
3:1
K
.52
.63
.72
.80
.87
Rc=Curve radiusWs=Water surface widthS=Energy slope or channel gradew=62.4
Procedure
1. Determine the average channel grade or energy slope.2. Enter fig. 16A-2 with energy slope, flow depth, and site physical
characteristics to determine basic rock size.3. Basic rock size is the D75 size.
Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16
16A–3(210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Fig
ure 1
6A
–3
Gra
dati
on li
mit
s cu
rve
for
dete
rmin
ing
suit
able
roc
k gr
adat
ion
8
9
10
7
6
5
3
4
2
1
8
9
6
5
3
4
2
1
7
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Ref
eren
ceSi
ze
% Passing (by weight)
0.2
0.25
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
4.0
5.0
Ro
ck
Rip
rap
Grad
ati
on
d lo
w/h
igh=
–––
––––
–——
KK
D
D10
0, 7
5 et
c.
d lo
w/h
igh=
low
er o
r up
per
size
lim
it o
f ri
prap
D10
0, 7
5 et
c.=
calc
ulat
ed b
asic
roc
k si
ze f
rom
one
of t
he r
ock
ripr
ap d
esig
n m
etho
ds
KD
=K
fro
m lo
wer
gra
dati
on li
mit
s cu
rve
for
the
D50
, D75
, D10
0 et
c.
D10
0
D30
Ex
am
ple
:
Cal
cula
te b
asic
roc
k si
ze f
rom
one
of
the
desi
gn m
etho
ds.
For
thi
s ex
ampl
e
assu
me
D75
=16
in. (
from
fig
ure
16
A-2
)
Det
erm
ine
KD
fro
m lo
wer
cur
ve
KD
=1.
18
Det
erm
ine
grad
atio
n lim
its
d=
(K
)16
in.
1.18
KD=
1.1
8
d 100
75 60 40 20
low
er
17 in
16 in
15 in
13 in
8 in
up
per
27 in
24 in
21 in
18 in
14 in
(K
)
D50
D75
16B–1(210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Appendix 16B Plants for Soil Bioengineeringand Associated Systems
The information in appendix 16B is from the NaturalResources Conservation Service's data base for SoilBioengineering Plant Materials (biotype). The plantsare listed in alphabetical order by scientific name.Further subdivision of the listing should be consideredto account for local conditions and identify speciessuitable only for soil bioengineering systems.
Table header definitions (in the order they occur onthe tables):
Scientific name—Genus and species name of theplant.
Common name—Common name of the plant.
Region of occurrence—Region(s) of occurrenceusing the regions of distribution in PLANTS (Plant Listof Attributes, Nomenclature, Taxonomy, and Symbols,1994). Region code number or letter:
1 Northeast—ME, NH, VT, MA, CT, RI, WV, KY,NY, PA, NJ, MD, DE, VA, OH
2 Southeast—NC, SC, GA, FL, TN, AL, MS, LA, AR3 North Central—MO, IA, MN, MI, WI, IL, IN4 North Plains—ND, SD, MT (eastern)
WY (eastern)5 Central Plains—NE, KS, CO (eastern)6 South Plains—TX, OK7 Southwest—AZ, NM8 Intermountain—NV, UT, CO (western)9 Northwest—WA, OR, ID, MT (western)
WY (western)0 California—CaA Alaska—AKC Caribbean—PR, VI, CZ, SQH Hawaii—HI, AQ, GU, IQ, MQ, TQ, WQ, YQ
Commercial availability—Answers whether theplant is available from commercial plant vendors.
Plant type—Short description of the type of plant:tree, shrub, grass, forb, legume, etc.
Root type—Description of the root of the plant: tap,fibrous, suckering, etc.
Rooting ability from cutting—Subjective rating ofcut stems of the plant to root without special hormoneand/or environmental surroundings provided.
Growth rate—Subjective rating of the speed ofgrowth of the plant: slow, medium, fast, etc.
Establishment speed—Subjective rating of the speedof establishment of the plant.
Spread potential—Subjective rating of the potentialfor the plant to spread: low, good, etc.
Plant materials—The type of vegetation plant partsthat can be used to establish a new colony of thespecies.
Notes—Other important or interesting characteristicsabout the plant.
Soil preference—Indication of the type of soil theplant prefers: sand, loam, clay, etc.
pH preference—Lists the pH preference(s) of theplant.
Drought tolerance—Subjective rating of the abilityof the plant to survive dry soil conditions.
Shade tolerance—Subjective rating of the ability ofthe plant to tolerate shaded sites.
Deposition tolerance—Subjective rating of theability of the plant to tolerate deposition of soil ororganic debris around or over the roots and stems.
Flood tolerance—Selective rating of the ability of theplant to tolerate flooding events.
Flood season—Time of the year that the plant cantolerate flooding events.
Minimum water depth—The minimum water depthrequired by the plant for optimal growth.
Maximum water depth—The maximum water depththe plant can tolerate and not succumb to drowning.
Wetland indicator—A national indicator from Na-tional List of Plant Species that Occur in Wetlands:1988 National Summary.
Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16
16B–2 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Tab
le 1
6B
–1
Woo
dy p
lant
s fo
r so
il bi
oeng
inee
ring
and
ass
ocia
ted
syst
ems
Scie
ntif
ic n
ame
Com
mon
nam
eR
egio
nC
omm
er-
Pla
nt t
ype
Roo
t ty
peR
ooti
ngG
row
thE
stab
-Sp
read
Pla
ntN
otes
occu
r-ci
al a
vail-
abili
tyra
telis
hmen
tpo
tent
ial
mat
eria
lsen
ceab
ility
from
spee
dty
pecu
ttin
g
Acer
vine
map
le9,
0ye
s,sh
rub
tofi
brou
s,fa
ir t
osl
owsl
owgo
odpl
ants
Bra
nche
s of
ten
cir
cin
atu
mbu
tsm
all
root
ing
good
touc
h& r
oot
atin
tree
at n
odes
grou
nd le
vel.
Oft
enlim
ited
occu
rs w
ith
coni
fer
quan
t-ov
erst
ory.
Occ
urs
itie
sB
riti
sh C
olum
bia
toC
A.
Acer g
labru
mdw
arf
map
le4,
5,7,
yes
smal
l tre
epo
orpl
ants
usua
lly d
ioec
ious
,8,
9,0,
grow
s in
poo
r so
ils.
A
Acer n
egu
ndo
boxe
lder
1,2,
3,ye
ssm
all t
ofi
brou
s,po
orfa
stfa
stfa
irpl
ants
,U
se in
sun
& p
art
4,5,
6,m
ediu
mm
oder
ate-
root
edsh
ade.
Sur
vive
d7,
8,9,
tree
ly d
eep,
cutt
ings
deep
flo
odin
g fo
r0
spre
adin
g,on
e se
ason
insu
cker
ing
Pac
ific
NW
.
Acer r
ubru
mre
d m
aple
1,2,
3,ye
sm
ediu
msh
allo
wpo
orfa
stm
ediu
mgo
odpl
ants
Not
tol
eran
t of
hig
h6
tree
whe
npH
sit
es. O
ccur
s on
youn
gan
d pr
efer
s si
tes
wit
h a
high
wat
erta
ble
and/
or a
nan
nual
flo
odin
gev
ent.
Acer
silv
er m
aple
1,2,
3,ye
sm
ediu
msh
allo
w,
poor
fast
med
ium
fair
plan
tsP
lant
s oc
cur
mos
tly
sa
cch
arin
um
4,5,
6,tr
eefi
brou
sw
hen
east
of
the
95th
8yo
ung
para
llel.
Surv
ived
2ye
ars
of f
lood
ing
inM
S.
Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16
16B–3(210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Tab
le 1
6B
–1
Woo
dy p
lant
s fo
r so
il bi
oeng
inee
ring
and
ass
ocia
ted
syst
ems—
Con
tinu
ed
Scie
ntif
ic n
ame
Com
mon
nam
eR
egio
nC
omm
er-
Pla
nt t
ype
Roo
t ty
peR
ooti
ngG
row
thE
stab
-Sp
read
Pla
ntN
otes
occu
r-ci
al a
vail-
abili
tyra
telis
hmen
tpo
tent
ial
mat
eria
lsen
ceab
ility
from
spee
dty
pecu
ttin
g
Aln
us
paci
fic
alde
rtr
eepo
orm
ost
plan
tsA
spe
cies
for
pacif
ica
alde
rsfo
rest
ed w
etla
ndar
e fa
stsi
tes
in th
e P
acif
icno
rthw
est.
Pla
nt o
n10
- to
12-f
oot
spac
ing.
Aln
us r
ubra
red
alde
r9,
0,A
yes
med
ium
shal
low
,po
or to
fast
fast
good
plan
tsU
sual
ly g
row
s w
est
tree
spre
adin
g,fa
irof
the
Cas
cade
suck
erin
gM
tns,
wit
hin
125
mile
sof t
he o
cean
&be
low
2,4
00 fe
etel
evat
ion.
A n
itro
-ge
n so
urce
. Sho
rtliv
ed s
peci
es. M
aybe
see
dabl
e. S
us-
cept
ible
toca
terp
iller
s.
Aln
us
smoo
th a
lder
1,2,
3,ye
sla
rge
shal
low
,po
orsl
owm
ediu
mfa
irpl
ants
Thi
cket
form
ing.
serru
lata
5,6
shru
bsp
read
ing
Surv
ived
2 y
ears
of
floo
ding
in M
S.R
oots
hav
e re
lati
onw
ith
nitr
ogen
-fix
ing
acti
nom
ycet
es,
susc
epti
ble
to ic
eda
mag
e, n
eeds
full
sun.
Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16
16B–4 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Tab
le 1
6B
–1
Woo
dy p
lant
s fo
r so
il bi
oeng
inee
ring
and
ass
ocia
ted
syst
ems—
Con
tinu
ed
Scie
ntif
ic n
ame
Com
mon
nam
eR
egio
nC
omm
er-
Pla
nt t
ype
Roo
t ty
peR
ooti
ngG
row
thE
stab
-Sp
read
Pla
ntN
otes
occu
r-ci
al a
vail-
abili
tyra
telis
hmen
tpo
tent
ial
mat
eria
lsen
ceab
ility
from
spee
dty
pecu
ttin
g
Aln
us
sitk
a al
der
9,0,
Aye
s, b
utsh
rub
tosh
allo
wpo
orra
pid
med
ium
fair
topl
ants
A n
itro
gen
sour
ce.
vir
idis
very
smal
l tre
efi
rst y
ear,
good
Occ
urs
AK
to C
A.
ssp.s
inu
ata
limit
edm
oder
ate
quan
-th
erea
fter
titi
es
Am
ela
nchie
rcu
sick
’s9
yes
shru
bpo
orm
ediu
mm
ediu
mm
ediu
mpl
ants
Usu
ally
see
daln
ifoli
ase
rvic
eber
rypr
opag
ated
. Occ
urs
var c
usic
kii
in e
aste
rn W
A,
nort
hern
ID, &
east
ern
OR
. Adi
ffer
ent v
arie
ty is
Pac
ific
ser
vice
berr
yA
. aln
ifol
ia v
arse
miin
tegr
ifol
ia.
Hos
t to
seve
ral
inse
ct &
dis
ease
pest
s.
Am
ela
nchie
rut
ah9
smal
l to
plan
tsO
ccur
s in
sou
thea
stu
tahen
sis
serv
iceb
erry
larg
eO
R, s
outh
ID, N
V, &
shru
bU
T.
Am
orpha
fals
e in
digo
1,2,
3,ye
ssh
rub
poor
med
ium
fast
poor
plan
ts,
Supp
osed
ly r
oot
fru
itcosa
4,5,
6,se
edsu
cker
s. H
as b
een
7,8,
0se
eded
dir
ectl
y on
road
side
cut
and
fill
site
s in
MD
.
Aron
iare
d1,
2,3,
yes
shru
bpo
orfa
stfa
stpl
ants
,R
hizo
mat
ous.
May
arbu
tifo
lia
chok
eber
ry6
seed
prod
uce
frui
t in
seco
nd y
ear.
Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16
16B–5(210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Tab
le 1
6B
–1
Woo
dy p
lant
s fo
r so
il bi
oeng
inee
ring
and
ass
ocia
ted
syst
ems—
Con
tinu
ed
Scie
ntif
ic n
ame
Com
mon
nam
eR
egio
nC
omm
er-
Pla
nt t
ype
Roo
t ty
peR
ooti
ngG
row
thE
stab
-Sp
read
Pla
ntN
otes
occu
r-ci
al a
vail-
abili
tyra
telis
hmen
tpo
tent
ial
mat
eria
lsen
ceab
ility
from
spee
dty
pecu
ttin
g
Asim
ina
paw
paw
1,2,
3,ye
ssm
all
tap
and
poor
tofa
stpo
orro
otD
oes
prod
uce
tril
oba
5,6
tree
root
fair
cutt
ings
,th
icke
ts w
here
suck
ers
plan
tsna
tive
& c
an b
epr
opag
ated
by
laye
ring
& r
oot
cutt
ings
. Occ
urs
NY
to F
L &
TX
.
Baccharis
seep
will
ow6,
7,8,
yes
med
ium
deep
&go
odpl
ants
Thi
cket
form
ing.
glu
tin
osa
0sh
rub
wid
e-sp
read
ing,
fibr
ous
Baccharis
east
ern
1,2,
6ye
sm
ediu
mfi
brou
sgo
odfa
irfa
stfa
irfa
scin
es,
Res
ista
nt to
sal
thali
mif
oli
aba
ccha
ris
shru
bcu
ttin
gs,
spra
y; u
nise
xual
plan
ts,
plan
ts. O
ccur
s M
Ato
FL
& T
X.
Baccharis
coyo
tebu
sh9,
0m
ediu
mfi
brou
sgo
odfa
irfa
scin
es,
Pio
neer
in g
ullie
s,pil
ula
ris
ever
gree
nst
akes
,m
any
form
ssh
rub
brus
hpr
ostr
ate
& s
prea
d-m
ats,
ing.
May
be
seed
-la
yeri
ng,
able
. C
olon
y-cu
ttin
gsfo
rmin
g to
1 fo
othi
gh in
CA
coa
stal
bluf
fs.
Baccharis
wat
er w
ally
6,7,
8,m
ediu
mfi
brou
s,go
odfa
irfa
scin
es,
Was
B. g
luti
nosa
.sali
cif
oli
a0
ever
-de
ep,
brus
hT
hick
et fo
rmin
g,gr
een
wid
e-m
ats,
unis
exua
l pla
nts.
shru
bsp
read
ing
stak
es,
laye
ring
,cu
ttin
gs
Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16
16B–6 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Tab
le 1
6B
–1
Woo
dy p
lant
s fo
r so
il bi
oeng
inee
ring
and
ass
ocia
ted
syst
ems—
Con
tinu
ed
Scie
ntif
ic n
ame
Com
mon
nam
eR
egio
nC
omm
er-
Pla
nt t
ype
Roo
t ty
peR
ooti
ngG
row
thE
stab
-Sp
read
Pla
ntN
otes
occu
r-ci
al a
vail-
abili
tyra
telis
hmen
tpo
tent
ial
mat
eria
lsen
ceab
ility
from
spee
dty
pecu
ttin
g
Baccharis
mul
efat
6,7,
8,m
ediu
mfi
brou
sgo
odfa
scin
es,
May
be
B.
vim
inea
bacc
hari
s0
ever
-st
akes
,sa
licif
olia
.gr
een
brus
hsh
rub
mat
s,la
yeri
ng,
cutt
ings
Betu
la n
igra
rive
r bi
rch
1,2,
3,ye
sm
ediu
mpo
orfa
st w
hen
fast
poor
plan
tsP
lant
s co
ppic
e5,
6to
lar
geyo
ung
whe
n cu
t. Su
rviv
edtr
ee1
year
of f
lood
ing
inM
S. H
ybri
dize
s w
ith
B p
apyr
ifer
a.
Betu
law
ater
bir
ch4,
5,7,
yes
med
ium
fibr
ous,
plan
tsO
ccur
s on
the
occid
en
tali
s8,
9,0,
tree
spre
adin
Pac
ific
Coa
st to
CO
.A
g
Betu
lapa
per
birc
h1,
3,4,
yes
med
ium
shal
low
,po
orfa
st w
hen
fast
poor
plan
tsN
ot to
lera
nt o
f mor
epapyrif
era
5,9,
Atr
eefi
brou
syo
ung
than
a fe
w d
ays
inun
dati
on in
a N
ewE
ngla
nd tr
ial.
Shor
tliv
ed b
ut th
e m
ost
resi
stan
t to
bore
rsof
all
birc
hes.
Betu
lalo
w b
irch
1,3,
4,sm
all t
ofi
brou
spo
orpl
ants
Occ
urs
New
foun
d-pu
mil
a8,
9la
rge
land
to N
J &
MN
.sh
rub
Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16
16B–7(210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Tab
le 1
6B
–1
Woo
dy p
lant
s fo
r so
il bi
oeng
inee
ring
and
ass
ocia
ted
syst
ems—
Con
tinu
ed
Scie
ntif
ic n
ame
Com
mon
nam
eR
egio
nC
omm
er-
Pla
nt t
ype
Roo
t ty
peR
ooti
ngG
row
thE
stab
-Sp
read
Pla
ntN
otes
occu
r-ci
al a
vail-
abili
tyra
telis
hmen
tpo
tent
ial
mat
eria
lsen
ceab
ility
from
spee
dty
pecu
ttin
g
Carpin
isam
eric
an1,
2,3,
yes,
smal
lpo
orsl
owsl
owpo
orpl
ants
Not
tole
rant
of
caroli
nia
na
horn
beam
6lim
ited
tree
floo
ding
in T
Nso
urce
sV
alle
y tr
ial.
Occ
urs
MD
to F
L &
wes
t to
sout
hern
IL &
eas
tT
X. A
nor
ther
n fo
rmoc
curs
from
New
Eng
land
to N
C &
wes
t to
MN
& A
R.
Carya
wat
er h
icko
ry1,
2,3,
yes
tall
tree
tap
topo
orsl
owfa
stpo
orpl
ants
A s
peci
es fo
raqu
ati
ca
6sh
allo
wfo
rest
ed w
etla
ndla
tera
lsi
tes.
Carya
bitt
ernu
t1,
2,3,
yes
tree
tap
&po
orsl
owpo
orpl
ants
Roo
ts &
stu
mps
cordif
orm
ishi
ckor
y5,
6de
nse
copp
ice.
Not
late
rals
tole
rate
floo
ding
ina
MO
tria
l. O
ccur
sQ
uebe
c to
FL
& L
A.
Tra
nspl
ants
wit
hdi
ffic
ulty
.
Carya o
vata
shag
bark
1,2,
3,ye
sm
ediu
mta
ppo
orsl
owsl
owpo
orpl
ants
Har
d to
tran
spla
nt.
hick
ory
4,5,
6tr
eeO
ccur
s Q
uebe
c to
FL
& T
X.
Cata
lpa
sout
hern
1,2,
3,ye
str
eepo
orfa
irfa
irpo
orpl
ants
Occ
urs
in S
W G
A to
big
non
ioid
es
cata
lpa
5,6,
7LA
; nat
ural
ized
inN
ew E
ngla
nd, O
H,
MI,
& T
X.
Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16
16B–8 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Tab
le 1
6B
–1
Woo
dy p
lant
s fo
r so
il bi
oeng
inee
ring
and
ass
ocia
ted
syst
ems—
Con
tinu
ed
Scie
ntif
ic n
ame
Com
mon
nam
eR
egio
nC
omm
er-
Pla
nt t
ype
Roo
t ty
peR
ooti
ngG
row
thE
stab
-Sp
read
Pla
ntN
otes
occu
r-ci
al a
vail-
abili
tyra
telis
hmen
tpo
tent
ial
mat
eria
lsen
ceab
ility
from
spee
dty
pecu
ttin
g
Celt
issu
garb
erry
1,2,
3,ye
sm
ediu
mre
lati
vely
poor
med
ium
slow
low
plan
tsV
ery
resi
stan
t to
laevig
ata
5,6,
7,tr
eesh
allo
ww
itch
es-b
room
.9,
0O
ccur
s F
L, w
est t
oT
X &
sou
ther
n IN
.A
lso
in M
exic
o. L
eaf
fall
alle
lopa
thic
.
Celt
isha
ckbe
rry
1,2,
3,ye
sm
ediu
mm
ediu
mpo
orm
ediu
msl
owlo
wpl
ants
Surv
ived
2 y
ears
of
occid
en
tali
s4,
5,6,
tree
to d
eep
to fa
stfl
oodi
ng in
MS.
Not
8fi
brou
sto
lera
te m
ore
than
afe
w d
ays
inun
dati
onin
a M
O tr
ial.
Susc
epti
ble
tow
itch
es-b
room
.O
ccur
s Q
uebe
c to
NC
& A
L.
Cephala
nth
us
butt
onbu
sh1,
2,3,
yes
larg
efa
ir to
slow
med
ium
poor
brus
hSu
rviv
ed 3
yea
rs o
foccid
en
tali
s5,
6,7,
shru
bgo
odm
ats,
floo
ding
in M
S. W
ill8,
0la
yeri
ng,
grow
in s
un o
rpl
ants
shad
e.
Cercis
redb
ud1,
2,3,
yes
smal
lta
ppo
orsl
owsl
owpo
orpl
ants
Juve
nile
woo
d &
can
aden
sis
5,6,
7,tr
eero
ots
will
roo
t.8
Chil
opsis
dese
rt w
illow
6,7,
8,ye
ssh
rub
fibr
ous
med
ium
med
ium
low
plan
tsO
ccur
s T
X to
lin
earis
0so
uthe
rn C
A &
into
Mex
ico.
'Bar
ranc
o,'
'Hop
e,' &
'Reg
al'
cult
ivar
s w
ere
rele
ased
in N
ewM
exic
o.
Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16
16B–9(210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Tab
le 1
6B
–1
Woo
dy p
lant
s fo
r so
il bi
oeng
inee
ring
and
ass
ocia
ted
syst
ems—
Con
tinu
ed
Scie
ntif
ic n
ame
Com
mon
nam
eR
egio
nC
omm
er-
Pla
nt t
ype
Roo
t ty
peR
ooti
ngG
row
thE
stab
-Sp
read
Pla
ntN
otes
occu
r-ci
al a
vail-
abili
tyra
telis
hmen
tpo
tent
ial
mat
eria
lsen
ceab
ility
from
spee
dty
pecu
ttin
g
Chio
nan
thu
sfr
inge
tree
1,2,
3,ye
ssm
all
poor
slow
poor
plan
tsSu
scep
tibl
e to
vir
gin
icu
s6
tree
seve
re b
row
sing
&sc
ale.
Occ
urs
PA
toF
L &
wes
t to
TX
.
Cle
mati
sw
este
rn1,
2,4,
yes
vine
shal
low
poor
fast
fast
good
plan
tsP
rodu
ces
new
ligu
sti
cif
oli
acl
emat
is5,
6,7,
&pl
ants
from
laye
ring
8,9,
0fi
brou
sin
san
dy s
oils
at 7
-to
8-in
ch p
reci
p &
1,00
0-fo
ot e
leva
tion
.
Cle
thera
swee
t1,
2,6
yes
shru
bpo
orsl
owpl
ants
Has
rhi
zom
es; s
alt
aln
ifoli
ape
pper
bush
tole
rant
on
coas
tal
site
s. O
ccur
s M
E to
FL.
Corn
us
silk
y1,
2,3,
yes
smal
lsh
allo
w,
fair
fast
med
ium
poor
fasc
ines
,P
ith
brow
n,am
om
um
dogw
ood
4,5,
6sh
rub
fibr
ous
stak
es,
tole
rate
s pa
rtia
lbr
ush
shad
e. 'I
ndig
o'm
ats,
cult
ivar
was
laye
ring
,re
leas
ed b
y M
Icu
ttin
gs,
PM
C.
plan
ts
Corn
us
roug
hlea
f1,
2,3,
yes
larg
ero
otfa
irfa
irfa
scin
es,
Roo
t suc
kers
too.
dru
mm
on
dii
dogw
ood
4,5,
6sh
rub
suck
erin
g,st
akes
,P
ith
usua
lly b
row
n.sp
read
ing
laye
ring
,O
ccur
s Sa
skat
che-
brus
hw
an to
KS
& N
E,
mat
s,so
uth
to M
S, L
A, &
cutt
ings
,T
X.
plan
ts
Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16
16B–10 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Tab
le 1
6B
–1
Woo
dy p
lant
s fo
r so
il bi
oeng
inee
ring
and
ass
ocia
ted
syst
ems—
Con
tinu
ed
Scie
ntif
ic n
ame
Com
mon
nam
eR
egio
nC
omm
er-
Pla
nt t
ype
Roo
t ty
peR
ooti
ngG
row
thE
stab
-Sp
read
Pla
ntN
otes
occu
r-ci
al a
vail-
abili
tyra
telis
hmen
tpo
tent
ial
mat
eria
lsen
ceab
ility
from
spee
dty
pecu
ttin
g
Corn
us
flow
erin
g1,
2,3,
yes
smal
lsh
allo
w,
poor
fair
fair
poor
plan
tsH
ard
to tr
ansp
lant
florid
ado
gwoo
d5,
6tr
eefi
brou
sas
bar
e ro
ot;
copp
ices
free
ly. N
otto
lera
nt o
f fl
oodi
ngin
TN
Val
ley
tria
l.
Corn
us
stif
f dog
woo
d1,
2,3,
med
ium
fair
fast
fasc
ines
,F
orm
erly
C.
foem
ina
4,5,
6sh
rub
plan
tsra
cem
osa
Occ
urs
VA
to F
L &
wes
t to
TX
. Pit
h w
hite
.
Corn
us
gray
dog
woo
d1,
2,3,
yes
med
ium
shal
low
,fa
irm
ediu
mfa
irfa
scin
es,
For
ms
dens
eracem
osa
4,5,
6to
sm
all
fibr
ous
stak
es,
thic
kets
. Pit
hsh
rub
brus
hus
ually
bro
wn,
mat
s,to
lera
tes
city
laye
ring
,sm
oke.
Occ
urs
ME
cutt
ings
,&
MN
to N
C &
OK
.pl
ants
Corn
us
roun
dlea
f1,
3m
ediu
msh
allo
w,
fair
tofa
scin
es,
Pit
h w
hite
. Use
inru
gosa
dogw
ood
to s
mal
lfi
brou
sgo
odcu
ttin
gs,
com
bina
tion
wit
hsh
rub
plan
tssp
ecie
s w
ith
root
_abi
l = g
ood
toex
celle
nt. O
ccur
sN
ova
Scot
ia to
VA
&N
D.
Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16
16B–11(210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Tab
le 1
6B
–1
Woo
dy p
lant
s fo
r so
il bi
oeng
inee
ring
and
ass
ocia
ted
syst
ems—
Con
tinu
ed
Scie
ntif
ic n
ame
Com
mon
nam
eR
egio
nC
omm
er-
Pla
nt t
ype
Roo
t ty
peR
ooti
ngG
row
thE
stab
-Sp
read
Pla
ntN
otes
occu
r-ci
al a
vail-
abili
tyra
telis
hmen
tpo
tent
ial
mat
eria
lsen
ceab
ility
from
spee
dty
pecu
ttin
g
Corn
us
red-
osie
r1,
3,4,
yes
med
ium
shal
low
good
fast
med
ium
fair
fasc
ines
,F
orm
s th
icke
ts b
yseric
ea s
sp
dogw
ood
5,7,
8,sh
rub
stak
es,
root
stoc
ks &
roo
t-seric
ea
9,0,
Abr
ush
ing
of b
ranc
hes.
mat
s,Su
rviv
ed 6
yea
rs o
fla
yeri
ng,
floo
ding
in M
S. P
ith
cutt
ings
,w
hite
, tol
erat
espl
ants
part
ial s
hade
. For
-m
erly
C. s
tolo
nife
ra.
'Rub
y' c
ulti
var
was
rele
ased
by
NY
PM
C.
Corn
us
swam
psh
rub
poor
plan
tsM
ay b
e sa
me
as C
.str
icta
dogw
ood
foem
ina.
Crata
egu
sdo
ugla
s3,
8,9,
yes
smal
lta
p to
poor
tosl
owpo
orcu
ttin
gs,
For
ms
dens
edou
gla
sii
haw
thor
n0,
Atr
eefi
brou
sfa
irpl
ants
thic
kets
on
moi
stsi
tes.
Gro
wn
from
seed
or
graf
ted.
Occ
urs
Bri
tish
Col
umbi
a to
CA
&M
N.
Crata
egu
sdo
wny
1,2,
3,ye
str
eeta
ppo
or to
plan
tsO
ccur
s O
ntar
io &
mollis
haw
thor
n4,
5,6
fair
MN
to A
L, A
R &
MS.
'Hom
este
ad' c
ulti
var
was
rel
ease
d by
ND
PM
C.
Cyril
lati
ti1,
2,6,
smal
lpo
orpl
ants
Sem
ieve
rgre
en, a
racem
iflo
ra
Ctr
eego
od h
oney
pla
nt.
Occ
urs
VA
to F
L &
on to
Sou
thA
mer
ica.
Pre
fers
orga
nic
site
s.
Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16
16B–12 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Tab
le 1
6B
–1
Woo
dy p
lant
s fo
r so
il bi
oeng
inee
ring
and
ass
ocia
ted
syst
ems—
Con
tinu
ed
Scie
ntif
ic n
ame
Com
mon
nam
eR
egio
nC
omm
er-
Pla
nt t
ype
Roo
t ty
peR
ooti
ngG
row
thE
stab
-Sp
read
Pla
ntN
otes
occu
r-ci
al a
vail-
abili
tyra
telis
hmen
tpo
tent
ial
mat
eria
lsen
ceab
ility
from
spee
dty
pecu
ttin
g
Dio
spyros
pers
imm
on1,
2,3,
yes
med
ium
tap
poor
slow
fair
poor
plan
tsF
orm
s de
nse
vir
gin
ian
a5,
6tr
eeth
icke
ts o
n dr
ysi
tes.
Sto
loni
fero
us&
tap
root
ed.
Occ
urs
CT
toF
L &
TX
.
Ela
eagn
us
silv
erbe
rry
1,3,
4,ye
ssm
all
shal
low
,po
or to
fast
fast
fair
plan
tsG
row
s w
ell i
ncom
mu
tata
8,9,
Atr
eefi
brou
sfa
irlim
esto
ne &
alk
alin
eso
ils.
Foresti
era
swam
p1,
2,3,
yes
larg
efa
irsl
owpo
orpl
ants
Thi
cket
form
ing.
acu
min
ata
priv
et6
shru
b to
Surv
ived
3 y
ears
of
smal
l tre
efl
oodi
ng in
MS.
Fraxin
us
caro
lina
ash
1,2,
6la
rge
fibr
ous
poor
fast
fast
plan
tsE
asily
tran
spla
nted
.caroli
nia
na
tree
Occ
urs
in s
wam
psV
A to
TX
.
Fraxin
us
oreg
on a
sh9,
0ye
sm
ediu
mm
oder
atel
ypo
orfa
stm
ediu
mfa
irpl
ants
May
be
grow
n fr
omla
tifo
lia
tree
shal
low
,w
hen
seed
but
usu
ally
fibr
ous
youn
ggr
afte
d. U
sual
lyoc
curs
wes
t of t
heC
asca
de M
tns.
Fraxin
us
gree
n as
h1,
2,3,
yes
med
ium
shal
low
,po
orfa
stfa
stgo
odpl
ants
Surv
ived
3 y
ears
of
pen
nsylv
an
ica
4,5,
6,tr
eefi
brou
sfl
oodi
ng in
MS.
8,9
'Car
dan'
cul
tiva
rw
as r
elea
sed
by N
DP
MC
.
Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16
16B–13(210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Tab
le 1
6B
–1
Woo
dy p
lant
s fo
r so
il bi
oeng
inee
ring
and
ass
ocia
ted
syst
ems—
Con
tinu
ed
Scie
ntif
ic n
ame
Com
mon
nam
eR
egio
nC
omm
er-
Pla
nt t
ype
Roo
t ty
peR
ooti
ngG
row
thE
stab
-Sp
read
Pla
ntN
otes
occu
r-ci
al a
vail-
abili
tyra
telis
hmen
tpo
tent
ial
mat
eria
lsen
ceab
ility
from
spee
dty
pecu
ttin
g
Gle
dit
sia
hone
yloc
ust
1,2,
3,ye
sm
ediu
mde
ep &
poor
tofa
stfa
stm
ediu
mpl
ants
Surv
ived
dee
ptr
iacan
thos
4,5,
6,tr
eew
ide-
fair
floo
ding
for
100
7,8,
9sp
read
days
3 c
onse
cuti
veye
ars.
Has
bee
nus
ed in
reg
_occ
7,8,
9. N
ativ
eec
otyp
es h
ave
thor
ns!
Hib
iscu
shi
bisc
us2,
6ye
ssh
rub
poor
plan
tsacu
leatu
s
Hib
iscu
sha
lber
d-le
afye
ssh
rub
poor
plan
tsW
as H
. mili
tari
s.la
evis
mar
shm
allo
w
Hib
iscu
sco
mm
on r
ose
1,2,
3,ye
ssh
rub
poor
plan
tsm
oscheu
tos
mal
low
5,6,
7,0
Hib
iscu
shi
bisc
usye
ssh
rub
poor
plan
tsm
oscheu
tos
ssp.lasio
carpos
Holo
dis
cu
soc
eans
pray
9,0
yes,
shru
bpo
or to
med
ium
fast
poor
plan
tsO
ften
pio
neer
s on
dis
colo
rfr
omfa
irto
rap
idbu
rned
are
as.
cont
ract
Occ
urs
from
Bri
tish
grow
ers.
Col
umbi
a to
CA
toID
. Usu
ally
gro
wn
from
see
d or
cutt
ings
.
Ilex
swee
t1,
2,6,
yes
smal
l to
poor
plan
tsE
verg
reen
.coria
cea
gallb
erry
Cla
rge
shru
b
Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16
16B–14 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Tab
le 1
6B
–1
Woo
dy p
lant
s fo
r so
il bi
oeng
inee
ring
and
ass
ocia
ted
syst
ems—
Con
tinu
ed
Scie
ntif
ic n
ame
Com
mon
nam
eR
egio
nC
omm
er-
Pla
nt t
ype
Roo
t ty
peR
ooti
ngG
row
thE
stab
-Sp
read
Pla
ntN
otes
occu
r-ci
al a
vail-
abili
tyra
telis
hmen
tpo
tent
ial
mat
eria
lsen
ceab
ility
from
spee
dty
pecu
ttin
g
Ilex d
ecid
ua
poss
omha
w1,
2,3,
yes
larg
epo
orsl
owpl
ants
Surv
ived
3 y
ears
of
5,6
shru
b to
floo
ding
in M
S.sm
all t
ree
Ilex g
labra
bitt
er1,
2,6
yes
smal
lpo
orsl
owpl
ants
Eve
rgre
en, s
prou
tsga
llber
rry
shru
baf
ter
fire
.St
olon
ifer
ous!
Occ
urs
east
ern
US
& C
anad
a.
Ilex o
paca
amer
ican
1,2,
3,ye
ssm
all
tap
root
poor
slow
med
ium
poor
plan
tsE
asy
to tr
ansp
lant
holly
6tr
ee&
pro
lific
whe
n yo
ung.
late
rals
Ilex
win
terb
erry
1,2,
3,ye
ssm
all
poor
slow
plan
tsP
refe
rs s
easo
nally
verti
cil
lata
6to
larg
efl
oode
d si
tes.
shru
bP
lant
s di
oeci
ous.
Ilex
yaup
on1,
2,6
yes
larg
epo
orpl
ants
Roo
t suc
kers
.vom
itoria
shru
b
Ju
gla
ns
blac
k w
alnu
t1,
2,3,
yes
med
ium
tap
&po
orfa
irfa
irpo
orpl
ants
Tho
ugh
drou
ght
nig
ra
4,5,
6tr
eede
ep &
tole
rant
, will
not
wid
e-gr
ow o
n po
or o
r dr
ysp
read
soil
site
s. N
otla
tera
lsto
lera
te fl
oodi
ng in
TN
Val
ley
tria
l.
Ju
nip
eru
sea
ster
n1,
2,3,
yes
larg
e tr
eeta
p &
poor
slow
med
ium
good
plan
tsN
ot to
lera
tevir
gin
ian
are
dced
ar4,
5,6
dens
efl
oodi
ng in
TN
fibr
ous
Val
ley
tria
l.la
tera
ls
Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16
16B–15(210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Tab
le 1
6B
–1
Woo
dy p
lant
s fo
r so
il bi
oeng
inee
ring
and
ass
ocia
ted
syst
ems—
Con
tinu
ed
Scie
ntif
ic n
ame
Com
mon
nam
eR
egio
nC
omm
er-
Pla
nt t
ype
Roo
t ty
peR
ooti
ngG
row
thE
stab
-Sp
read
Pla
ntN
otes
occu
r-ci
al a
vail-
abili
tyra
telis
hmen
tpo
tent
ial
mat
eria
lsen
ceab
ility
from
spee
dty
pecu
ttin
g
Leu
coth
oe
leuc
otho
e1,
2ye
ssm
all
poor
slow
plan
tsE
verg
reen
.axil
laris
to la
rge
shru
b
Lin
dera
spic
ebus
h1,
2,3,
yes
shru
bpo
orsl
owpl
ants
Pre
fers
aci
d so
ils.
ben
zoin
5,6
Dio
ecio
us.
Liq
uid
am
bar
swee
tgum
1,2,
3,ye
sla
rge
tap
topo
orsl
owfa
irpl
ants
A s
peci
es fo
rsty
racif
lua
6tr
eefi
brou
sfo
rest
ed w
etla
ndsi
tes.
Lir
ioden
dron
tulip
pop
lar
1,2,
3,ye
sla
rge
deep
&po
orfa
stfa
stpl
ants
Har
d to
tran
spla
nt.
tuli
pif
era
5,6
tree
wid
e-sp
read
ing
Lon
icera
blac
k3,
7,8,
yes
smal
lfi
brou
sgo
odfa
stfa
stpo
or to
fasc
ines
,in
volu
crata
twin
berr
y9,
0,A
to la
rge
&fa
irst
akes
,sh
rub
shal
low
cutt
ings
,pl
ants
Lyon
iafe
tter
bush
1,2
smal
lpo
orpl
ants
Eve
rgre
en.
lucid
ato
larg
esh
rub
Magn
oli
asw
eetb
ay1,
2,6
yes
smal
l tre
epo
orsl
owpl
ants
Occ
urs
in s
wam
psvir
gin
ian
afr
om M
A to
FL
and
wes
t to
east
TX
.
Myric
aso
uthe
rn1,
2,6,
yes
smal
lfi
brou
spo
orm
ediu
msl
owsl
owpl
ants
Eve
rgre
en. O
ccur
scerif
era
wax
myr
tle
csh
rub
east
TX
& O
K, e
ast
to F
L &
nor
th to
NJ.
Nyssa
swam
p1,
2,3,
yes
larg
e tr
eesh
allo
w,
poor
slow
plan
tsT
rees
from
the
wild
aqu
ati
ca
tupe
lo6
fibr
ous
do n
ot tr
ansp
lant
wel
l.
Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16
16B–16 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Tab
le 1
6B
–1
Woo
dy p
lant
s fo
r so
il bi
oeng
inee
ring
and
ass
ocia
ted
syst
ems—
Con
tinu
ed
Scie
ntif
ic n
ame
Com
mon
nam
eR
egio
nC
omm
er-
Pla
nt t
ype
Roo
t ty
peR
ooti
ngG
row
thE
stab
-Sp
read
Pla
ntN
otes
occu
r-ci
al a
vail-
abili
tyra
telis
hmen
tpo
tent
ial
mat
eria
lsen
ceab
ility
from
spee
dty
pecu
ttin
g
Nyssa
ogee
che
2la
rge
spar
se,
poor
slow
med
ium
poor
plan
tsLa
rges
t fru
it o
f all
ogeeche
lim
esh
rub
fibr
ous
Nys
sa. V
eget
ativ
eto
sm
all
repr
oduc
tion
not
tree
note
d. O
nly
grow
scl
ose
to p
eren
nial
wet
land
sit
es.
Nyssa
blac
kgum
1,2,
3,ye
sta
ll tr
eesp
arse
,po
orm
ediu
msl
owfa
irpl
ants
A s
peci
es fo
rsylv
ati
ca
6fi
brou
s,fo
rest
ed w
etla
ndve
rysi
tes.
Dif
ficu
lt to
long
,tr
ansp
lant
but
pla
ntde
cend
ing
in s
un o
r sh
ade
on10
- to
12-f
oot
spac
ing.
Ostr
ya
hoph
orn-
1,2,
3,ye
ssm
all
poor
slow
slow
plan
tsD
iffi
cult
tovir
gin
ian
a b
eam
4,5,
6tr
eetr
ansp
lant
.T
oler
ated
floo
ding
for
up to
30
days
duri
ng 1
gro
win
gse
ason
.
Persea
redb
ay1,
2,6
yes
smal
lpo
orsl
owsl
owpl
ants
borbon
iato
larg
eev
ergr
een
tree
Phil
adelp
hu
sle
wis
9,0
yes
larg
efi
brou
spo
orfa
stm
ediu
mm
ediu
mpl
ants
Usu
ally
gro
wn
from
lew
esii
moc
kora
nge
shru
bto
fast
seed
.
Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16
16B–17(210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Tab
le 1
6B
–1
Woo
dy p
lant
s fo
r so
il bi
oeng
inee
ring
and
ass
ocia
ted
syst
ems—
Con
tinu
ed
Scie
ntif
ic n
ame
Com
mon
nam
eR
egio
nC
omm
er-
Pla
nt t
ype
Roo
t ty
peR
ooti
ngG
row
thE
stab
-Sp
read
Pla
ntN
otes
occu
r-ci
al a
vail-
abili
tyra
telis
hmen
tpo
tent
ial
mat
eria
lsen
ceab
ility
from
spee
dty
pecu
ttin
g
Physocarpu
spa
cifi
c8,
9,0,
yes
larg
efi
brou
sgo
odfa
scin
es,
Usu
ally
occ
urs
capit
atu
sni
neba
rkA
shru
bbr
ush
wes
t of t
he C
asca
dem
ats,
Mtn
s.la
yeri
ng,
cutt
ings
,pl
ants
Physocarpu
sm
allo
w8,
9ye
ssm
all
shal
low
fair
cutt
ings
,P
ropa
gate
d by
see
dm
alv
aceu
sni
neba
rksh
rub
but w
ith
plan
tsor
cut
ting
s. U
sual
lyrh
izom
esoc
curs
eas
t of t
heC
asca
de M
tns.
Physocarpu
sco
mm
on1,
2,3,
yes
med
ium
shal
low
,fa
irsl
owsl
owpo
orfa
scin
es,
Use
in c
ombi
nati
onopu
lifo
liu
sni
neba
rk4,
5,6,
shru
bla
tera
lbr
ush
wit
h ot
her
spec
ies
8,9
mat
s,w
ith
root
ing
abili
tyla
yeri
ng,
good
to e
xcel
lent
.cu
ttin
gs,
plan
ts
Pin
us t
aeda
lobl
olly
pin
e1,
2,3,
yes
med
ium
shor
tpo
orfa
stfa
stpo
orpl
ants
6tr
eeta
pch
ange
sto
sha
llow
spre
adin
gla
tera
ls
Pla
nera
wat
er e
lm1,
2,3,
smal
lpo
orfa
irly
plan
tsO
ccur
s K
Y to
FL,
aqu
ati
ca
5,6
tree
fast
wes
t to
IL &
TX
.
Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16
16B–18 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Tab
le 1
6B
–1
Woo
dy p
lant
s fo
r so
il bi
oeng
inee
ring
and
ass
ocia
ted
syst
ems—
Con
tinu
ed
Scie
ntif
ic n
ame
Com
mon
nam
eR
egio
nC
omm
er-
Pla
nt t
ype
Roo
t ty
peR
ooti
ngG
row
thE
stab
-Sp
read
Pla
ntN
otes
occu
r-ci
al a
vail-
abili
tyra
telis
hmen
tpo
tent
ial
mat
eria
lsen
ceab
ility
from
spee
dty
pecu
ttin
g
Pla
tan
us
syca
mor
e1,
2,3,
yes
larg
efi
brou
s,po
orfa
stfa
stm
ediu
mpl
ants
A s
peci
es fo
roccid
en
tali
s5,
6tr
eew
ide-
fore
sted
wet
land
spre
adin
gsi
tes.
Tol
erat
esci
ty s
mok
e &
alk
ali
site
s. P
lant
on
10- t
o12-
foot
spac
ing.
Tra
ns-
plan
ts w
ell.
Pla
tan
us
Cal
ifor
nia
0ta
llpl
ants
A s
peci
es fo
rracem
osa
syca
mor
etr
eefo
rest
ed w
etla
nds
site
s in
CA
.
Popu
lus
narr
owle
af4,
5,6,
larg
esh
allo
wv
good
fasc
ines
,U
nder
dev
elop
men
tan
gu
sti
foli
aco
tton
woo
d7,
8,9,
tree
stak
es,
in ID
for
ripa
rian
0po
les,
site
s.br
ush
mat
s,la
yeri
ng,
cutt
ings
,pl
ants
Popu
lus
bals
am1,
2,3,
yes
tall
deep
,v
good
fast
fast
fasc
ines
,bals
am
ifera
pop
lar
4,5,
8,tr
eefi
brou
sst
akes
,9,
O,A
pole
s,br
ush
mat
s,la
yeri
ng,
cutt
ings
,pl
ants
Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16
16B–19(210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Tab
le 1
6B
–1
Woo
dy p
lant
s fo
r so
il bi
oeng
inee
ring
and
ass
ocia
ted
syst
ems—
Con
tinu
ed
Scie
ntif
ic n
ame
Com
mon
nam
eR
egio
nC
omm
er-
Pla
nt t
ype
Roo
t ty
peR
ooti
ngG
row
thE
stab
-Sp
read
Pla
ntN
otes
occu
r-ci
al a
vail-
abili
tyra
telis
hmen
tpo
tent
ial
mat
eria
lsen
ceab
ility
from
spee
dty
pecu
ttin
g
Popu
lus
east
ern
1,2,
3,ye
sta
llsh
allo
w,
v go
odfa
stfa
stpo
orfa
scin
es,
Shor
t liv
ed.
delt
oid
es
cott
onw
ood
4,5,
6,tr
eefi
brou
s,st
akes
,E
ndur
es h
eat &
7,8,
9su
cker
ing
pole
s,su
nny
site
s.br
ush
Surv
ived
ove
r 1
mat
s,ye
ar o
f flo
odin
g in
laye
ring
,M
S. H
ybri
dize
s w
ith
cutt
ings
,se
vera
l oth
erro
otpo
plar
s. P
lant
roo
tssu
cker
s,m
ay b
e in
vasi
ve.
plan
tsM
ay b
e se
nsit
ive
toal
umin
um in
the
soil.
Popu
lus
frem
ont
6,7,
8,tr
eesh
allo
w,
v go
odfa
stfa
scin
es,
Tol
erat
es s
alin
efr
em
on
tii
cott
onw
ood
0fi
brou
sst
akes
,so
ils. D
irty
tree
.po
les,
brus
hm
ats,
laye
ring
,cu
ttin
gs,
plan
ts
Popu
lus
quak
ing
1,2,
3,ye
sm
ediu
msh
allo
w,
poor
fast
fast
fair
laye
ring
,Sh
ort l
ived
. Atr
em
ulo
ides
asp
en4,
5,7,
tree
prof
use
to fa
irro
otpi
onee
r sp
ecie
s on
8,9,
0,su
cker
s,cu
ttin
gs,
sunn
y si
tes.
Nor
mal
Avi
goro
uspl
ants
prop
agat
ion
is b
yun
der-
root
cut
ting
s. N
otgr
ound
tole
rant
of m
ore
runn
ers
than
a fe
w d
ays
inun
dati
on in
a N
ewE
ngla
nd tr
ial.
Use
root
ed p
lant
mat
eria
ls.
Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16
16B–20 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Tab
le 1
6B
–1
Woo
dy p
lant
s fo
r so
il bi
oeng
inee
ring
and
ass
ocia
ted
syst
ems—
Con
tinu
ed
Scie
ntif
ic n
ame
Com
mon
nam
eR
egio
nC
omm
er-
Pla
nt t
ype
Roo
t ty
peR
ooti
ngG
row
thE
stab
-Sp
read
Pla
ntN
otes
occu
r-ci
al a
vail-
abili
tyra
telis
hmen
tpo
tent
ial
mat
eria
lsen
ceab
ility
from
spee
dty
pecu
ttin
g
Popu
lus
blac
k4,
7,8,
yes
larg
ede
ep &
v go
odfa
stfa
stgo
odfa
scin
es,
A s
peci
es fo
rtr
ichocarpa
cott
onw
ood
9,0,
Atr
eew
ide-
stak
es,
fore
sted
wet
land
spre
ad,
pole
s,si
tes.
Was
P.
fibr
ous
brus
htr
icho
phor
a. U
su-
mat
s,al
ly g
row
n fr
omla
yeri
ng,
cutt
ings
. Und
ercu
ttin
gs,
deve
lopm
ent i
n ID
plan
tsfo
r ri
pari
an s
ites
.P
lant
on
10- t
o 12
-fo
ot s
paci
ng.
May
be P
. bal
sim
ifer
a
Pru
nu
sw
ild p
lum
1,2,
3,ye
ssm
all
fibr
ous,
poor
med
ium
fast
good
plan
ts,
Thi
cket
form
ing.
an
gu
sti
foli
a5,
6sh
rub
spre
adin
g,ro
ot'R
ainb
ow' c
ulti
var
suck
erin
gcu
ttin
gsre
leas
ed b
y K
nox
Cit
y, T
X, P
MC
.
Pru
nu
sco
mm
on1,
2,3,
yes
larg
esh
allo
w,
poor
med
ium
med
ium
fair
plan
tsA
spe
cies
for
vir
gin
ian
ach
okec
herr
y4,
5,6,
shru
bsu
cker
ing
fore
sted
wet
land
7,8,
9,si
tes.
Has
hyd
ro-
0,A
cyan
ic a
cid
inm
ost p
arts
,es
peci
ally
the
seed
s. U
sual
lygr
own
from
see
d.T
hick
et fo
rmin
g.P
lant
on
5- to
8-f
oot
spac
ing.
Rep
orte
dly
pois
onou
s to
cat
tle.
Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16
16B–21(210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Tab
le 1
6B
–1
Woo
dy p
lant
s fo
r so
il bi
oeng
inee
ring
and
ass
ocia
ted
syst
ems—
Con
tinu
ed
Scie
ntif
ic n
ame
Com
mon
nam
eR
egio
nC
omm
er-
Pla
nt t
ype
Roo
t ty
peR
ooti
ngG
row
thE
stab
-Sp
read
Pla
ntN
otes
occu
r-ci
al a
vail-
abili
tyra
telis
hmen
tpo
tent
ial
mat
eria
lsen
ceab
ility
from
spee
dty
pecu
ttin
g
Qu
ercu
s a
lba
whi
te o
ak1,
2,3,
yes
larg
eta
p to
poor
slow
slow
slow
plan
tsD
id n
ot s
urvi
ve5,
6tr
eede
ep,
mor
e th
an a
few
wel
l-da
ys fl
oodi
ng in
ade
velo
ped
tria
l in
New
Eng
-fi
brou
sla
nd. D
iffi
cult
totr
ansp
lant
larg
ersp
ecim
ens.
Qu
ercu
ssw
amp
1,2,
3,ye
sm
ediu
mso
mew
hat
poor
fast
med
ium
fair
plan
tsSu
rviv
ed 2
yea
rs o
fbic
olo
rw
hite
oak
5,6
tree
shal
low
floo
ding
in M
S.
Qu
ercu
sor
egon
9,0
yes
shru
bde
ep ta
ppo
orsl
owsl
owfa
irpl
ants
Usu
ally
gro
ws
wes
tgarryan
aw
hite
oak
to la
rge
& w
ell-
of th
e C
asca
detr
eede
velo
ped
Mtn
s, in
the
Col
um-
late
rals
bia
Riv
er G
orge
toth
e D
alle
s &
toY
akim
a, W
A. P
ropa
-ga
ted
from
see
dso
wn
in fa
ll.
Qu
ercu
ssw
amp
1,2,
6tr
eeta
ppo
orfa
stfa
stpl
ants
Oft
en u
sed
as a
lau
rif
oli
ala
urel
oak
stre
et tr
ee in
the
sout
heas
t US.
Qu
ercu
sov
ercu
p oa
k1,
2,3,
yes
med
ium
tap
dete
r-po
orsl
owsl
owsl
owpl
ants
Oft
en w
orth
less
as
aly
rata
6tr
eeio
rate
s to
lum
ber
spec
ies.
dens
esh
allo
wla
tera
ls
Qu
ercu
sbu
r oa
k1,
2,3,
yes
larg
ede
ep ta
ppo
orm
ediu
mfa
stpo
orpl
ants
Surv
ived
2 y
ears
of
macrocarpa
4,5,
6,tr
ee&
wel
l-fl
oodi
ng in
MS.
9de
velo
ped
'Boo
mer
' cul
tiva
rla
tera
lsre
leas
ed b
y T
XP
MC
.
Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16
16B–22 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Tab
le 1
6B
–1
Woo
dy p
lant
s fo
r so
il bi
oeng
inee
ring
and
ass
ocia
ted
syst
ems—
Con
tinu
ed
Scie
ntif
ic n
ame
Com
mon
nam
eR
egio
nC
omm
er-
Pla
nt t
ype
Roo
t ty
peR
ooti
ngG
row
thE
stab
-Sp
read
Pla
ntN
otes
occu
r-ci
al a
vail-
abili
tyra
telis
hmen
tpo
tent
ial
mat
eria
lsen
ceab
ility
from
spee
dty
pecu
ttin
g
Qu
ercu
ssw
amp
1,2,
3,m
ediu
mta
p &
poor
fair
fair
poor
plan
tsm
ichau
xii
ches
tnut
6tr
eede
epoa
kla
tera
ls
Qu
ercu
sw
ater
oak
1,2,
3,m
ediu
msh
allo
w &
poor
fast
on
slow
poor
plan
tsE
asily
tran
spla
nted
.n
igra
6tr
eesp
read
ing
good
site
s
Qu
ercu
sch
erry
bark
tree
poor
plan
tspagoda
oak
Qu
ercu
spi
n oa
k1,
2,3,
yes
larg
ew
ell-
poor
fast
fast
fair
plan
tsA
spe
cies
for
palu
str
is5,
6tr
eede
velo
ped
fore
sted
wet
land
fibr
ous
site
s. S
urvi
ved
2la
tera
lsye
ars
of fl
oodi
ng in
afte
rM
S. P
lant
on
10- t
ota
proo
t12
-foo
t spa
cing
.di
sint
e-gr
ates
Qu
ercu
sw
illow
oak
1,2,
3,ye
sm
ediu
msh
allo
w,
poor
fast
med
ium
fair
plan
tsE
asily
tran
spla
nted
.phellos
6to
larg
efi
brou
str
ee
Qu
ercu
ssh
umar
d oa
k1,
2,3,
yes
larg
esh
allo
wpo
orm
ediu
msl
owlo
wpl
ants
shu
mardii
5,6
tree
Rhododen
dron
coas
t aza
lea
1,2
smal
lpo
orfa
stgo
od b
ypl
ants
Mat
form
ing
from
atl
an
ticu
msh
rub
stol
ons
suck
ers
& s
tolo
ns.
Occ
urs
from
DE
toSC
.
Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16
16B–23(210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Tab
le 1
6B
–1
Woo
dy p
lant
s fo
r so
il bi
oeng
inee
ring
and
ass
ocia
ted
syst
ems—
Con
tinu
ed
Scie
ntif
ic n
ame
Com
mon
nam
eR
egio
nC
omm
er-
Pla
nt t
ype
Roo
t ty
peR
ooti
ngG
row
thE
stab
-Sp
read
Pla
ntN
otes
occu
r-ci
al a
vail-
abili
tyra
telis
hmen
tpo
tent
ial
mat
eria
lsen
ceab
ility
from
spee
dty
pecu
ttin
g
Rhododen
dron
swam
p1,
2sh
rub
poor
slow
plan
tsH
as s
tolo
nife
rous
vis
cosu
maz
alea
form
s. O
ccur
s fr
omM
E to
SC
. Hig
hly
susc
epti
ble
toin
sect
s &
dis
ease
s.
Rhu
sfl
amel
eaf
1,2,
3,ye
sm
ediu
mfi
brou
s,po
or to
fast
fast
fair
root
Thi
cket
form
ing.
copallin
asu
mac
4,5,
6sh
rub
suck
erin
gfa
ircu
ttin
gs,
root
suck
ers,
plan
ts
Rhu
s g
labra
smoo
th1,
2,3,
yes
larg
efi
brou
s,po
or to
fast
fast
fair
toro
otT
hick
et fo
rmin
g.su
mac
4,5,
6,sh
rub
suck
erin
gfa
irgo
odcu
ttin
gs,
7,8,
9ro
otsu
cker
s,pl
ants
Robin
iabl
ack
locu
st1,
2,3,
yes
med
ium
shal
low
poor
med
ium
fast
good
root
Nor
mal
pro
paga
tion
pseu
odoacacia
4,5,
6,tr
eeto
fast
cutt
ings
,is
by
root
cut
ting
s7,
8,9,
plan
tsor
see
d. N
ot0
tole
rant
of f
lood
ing
in T
N V
alle
y tr
ial.
Esc
aped
in r
egio
ns5,
7,8,
9,0.
Rep
orte
dto
xic
to li
vest
ock.
Rosa
bald
hip
rose
9,0
shru
bfa
ir to
cutt
ings
,A
bro
wse
d sp
ecie
s.gym
nocarpa
good
plan
ts
Rosa n
utk
an
ano
otka
ros
e7,
8,9,
shru
bfa
ir to
cutt
ings
,A
bro
wse
d sp
ecie
s.0,
Ago
odpl
ants
Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16
16B–24 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Tab
le 1
6B
–1
Woo
dy p
lant
s fo
r so
il bi
oeng
inee
ring
and
ass
ocia
ted
syst
ems—
Con
tinu
ed
Scie
ntif
ic n
ame
Com
mon
nam
eR
egio
nC
omm
er-
Pla
nt t
ype
Roo
t ty
peR
ooti
ngG
row
thE
stab
-Sp
read
Pla
ntN
otes
occu
r-ci
al a
vail-
abili
tyra
telis
hmen
tpo
tent
ial
mat
eria
lsen
ceab
ility
from
spee
dty
pecu
ttin
g
Rosa
swam
p ro
se1,
2,3,
smal
lsh
allo
wgo
odfa
scin
es,
palu
str
is5
shru
bpl
ants
Rosa
virg
inia
ros
e1,
2,3
yes
smal
lrh
izom
at-
good
fair
fast
fair
plan
tsvir
gin
ian
ash
rub
ous
&fi
brou
s
Rosa w
oodsii
woo
ds r
ose
3,4,
5,sh
rub
fair
cutt
ings
,A
bro
wse
d sp
ecie
s.6,
7,8,
to g
ood
plan
ts9,
0,A
Ru
bu
sal
legh
eny
1,2,
3,sm
all
fibr
ous
good
plan
tsN
orm
al p
ropa
gati
onalleghen
ien
sis
blac
kber
ry5,
6,0
shru
bis
by
root
cut
ting
s.
Ru
bu
s i
daeu
sre
d ra
spbe
rry
1,2,
3,sm
all
fibr
ous
good
plan
tsW
as R
. str
igos
us.
ssp.
4,5,
6,sh
rub
Nor
mal
pro
paga
tion
str
igosu
s7,
8,9,
is b
y ro
ot c
utti
ngs.
A
Ru
bu
ssa
lmon
berr
y9,
0,A
smal
lfi
brou
sgo
odpl
ants
Nor
mal
pro
paga
tion
specta
bil
issh
rub
is b
y ro
ot c
utti
ngs.
Use
in c
ombi
nati
onw
ith
othe
r sp
ecie
s.R
ooti
ng a
bilit
y is
good
to e
xcel
lent
.
Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16
16B–25(210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Tab
le 1
6B
–1
Woo
dy p
lant
s fo
r so
il bi
oeng
inee
ring
and
ass
ocia
ted
syst
ems—
Con
tinu
ed
Scie
ntif
ic n
ame
Com
mon
nam
eR
egio
nC
omm
er-
Pla
nt t
ype
Roo
t ty
peR
ooti
ngG
row
thE
stab
-Sp
read
Pla
ntN
otes
occu
r-ci
al a
vail-
abili
tyra
telis
hmen
tpo
tent
ial
mat
eria
lsen
ceab
ility
from
spee
dty
pecu
ttin
g
Sali
x X
dwar
fno
tye
ssm
all
shal
low
v go
odm
ediu
mfa
stpo
orfa
scin
es,
Not
a n
ativ
ecott
eti
iw
illow
nati
vesh
rub
stak
es,
spec
ies.
Pla
ntbr
ush
plan
ts o
n 2'
to 6
'm
ats,
spac
ing.
‘Ban
kers
’la
yeri
ng,
cult
ivar
rel
ease
d by
cutt
ings
,K
entu
cky
PM
C.
plan
ts
Sali
xpe
achl
eaf
1,2,
3,ye
sla
rge
shal
low
v go
odfa
stfa
stfa
scin
es,
Oft
en r
oots
onl
y at
am
ygdalo
ides
will
ow4,
5,6,
shru
b to
to d
eep
stak
es,
callu
s cu
t. M
ay b
e7,
8,9
smal
lpo
les,
shor
t-liv
ed. U
nder
tree
brus
hde
velo
pmen
t in
IDm
ats,
for
ripa
rian
sit
es.
laye
ring
,N
ot to
lera
nt o
fcu
ttin
gs,
shad
e. H
ybri
dize
dpl
ants
wit
h se
vera
l oth
erw
illow
spe
cies
.
Sali
xbe
bb's
1,3,
4,sm
all
fibr
ous
cutt
ings
,D
oes
not f
orm
bebbia
na
will
ow5,
7,8,
shru
b to
plan
tssu
cker
s. U
sual
ly9,
Ala
rge
east
of t
he C
asca
detr
eeM
tns
& in
ID &
MT
.
Sali
xpu
ssy
7ye
sm
ediu
mfi
brou
sv
good
fasc
ines
,E
aten
by
lives
tock
bon
pla
ndia
na
will
owsh
rub
tost
akes
,w
hen
youn
g.la
rge
tree
pole
s,br
ush
mat
s,la
yeri
ng,
cutt
ings
,pl
ants
Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16
16B–26 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Tab
le 1
6B
–1
Woo
dy p
lant
s fo
r so
il bi
oeng
inee
ring
and
ass
ocia
ted
syst
ems—
Con
tinu
ed
Scie
ntif
ic n
ame
Com
mon
nam
eR
egio
nC
omm
er-
Pla
nt t
ype
Roo
t ty
peR
ooti
ngG
row
thE
stab
-Sp
read
Pla
ntN
otes
occu
r-ci
al a
vail-
abili
tyra
telis
hmen
tpo
tent
ial
mat
eria
lsen
ceab
ility
from
spee
dty
pecu
ttin
g
Sali
xbo
oth
8,9
shru
bU
nder
dev
elop
men
tbooth
iiw
illow
in Id
aho
for
ripa
rian
site
s.
Sali
xpu
ssy
1,2,
3,ye
sla
rge
shal
low
,v
good
rapi
dfa
scin
es,
Use
on
sunn
y to
dis
colo
rw
illow
4,9
shru
bfi
brou
s,st
akes
,pa
rtia
l sha
de s
ites
.sp
read
ing
pole
s,la
yeri
ng,
cutt
ings
,pl
ants
Sali
xdr
umm
ond'
s7,
8,9,
yes
shru
bgo
odfa
scin
es,
Usu
ally
eas
t of t
hedru
mm
on
dia
na
will
ow0
cutt
ings
,C
asca
de M
tns.
plan
tsU
nder
dev
elop
men
tin
ID fo
r ri
pari
ansi
tes.
'Cur
lew
'cu
ltiv
ar r
elea
sed
byW
A P
MC
.
Sali
xer
ect w
illow
7,8,
9,ye
sla
rge
fibr
ous
v go
odfa
stfa
scin
es,
A b
otan
icerio
cephala
0sh
rub
stak
es,
disc
repa
ncy
in th
epo
les,
nam
e, it
may
be
S.la
yeri
ng,
ligul
ifol
ia!
cutt
ings
,'P
lace
r' c
ulti
var
plan
tsre
leas
ed b
y O
RP
MC
.
Sali
x e
xig
ua
coyo
te1,
2,3,
yes
med
ium
shal
low
,go
odfa
stfa
scin
es,
Rel
ishe
d by
will
ow4,
5,6,
shru
bsu
cker
ing,
stak
es,
lives
tock
. Und
er7,
8,9,
rhiz
omat
-po
les,
deve
lopm
ent i
n ID
0,A
ous
brus
hfo
r ri
pari
an s
ites
.m
ats,
'Silv
ar' c
ulti
var
laye
ring
,re
leas
ed b
y W
Acu
ttin
gs,
PM
C.
plan
ts
Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16
16B–27(210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Tab
le 1
6B
–1
Woo
dy p
lant
s fo
r so
il bi
oeng
inee
ring
and
ass
ocia
ted
syst
ems—
Con
tinu
ed
Scie
ntif
ic n
ame
Com
mon
nam
eR
egio
nC
omm
er-
Pla
nt t
ype
Roo
t ty
peR
ooti
ngG
row
thE
stab
-Sp
read
Pla
ntN
otes
occu
r-ci
al a
vail-
abili
tyra
telis
hmen
tpo
tent
ial
mat
eria
lsen
ceab
ility
from
spee
dty
pecu
ttin
g
Sali
xge
yer'
s7,
8,9,
smal
l to
cutt
ings
,O
ccur
s ea
st o
f the
geyeria
na
will
ow0
larg
epl
ants
Cas
cade
Mtn
s at
shru
bhi
gher
ele
vati
ons.
Rel
ishe
d by
lives
tock
. Und
erde
velo
pmen
t in
IDfo
r ri
pari
an s
ites
.
Sali
xgo
oddi
ng6,
7,8,
smal
lsh
allo
wgo
od to
fast
fast
fasc
ines
,N
ot to
lera
tegooddin
gii
will
ow0
shru
b to
to d
eep
exce
lst
akes
,al
kalin
e si
tes.
Som
ela
rge
pole
s,sa
y th
is is
wes
tern
tree
brus
hbl
ack
will
ow.
mat
s,la
yeri
ng,
cutt
ings
,pl
ants
Sali
xho
oker
9,0
yes
larg
efi
brou
s,v
good
rapi
dm
ediu
mfa
scin
es,
May
hav
e sa
lthookeria
na
will
owsh
rub
tode
nse
whe
nst
akes
,to
lera
nce.
Can
smal
lyo
ung,
pole
s,co
mpe
te w
ell w
ith
tree
med
ium
brus
hgr
asse
s. 'C
lats
op'
ther
e-m
ats,
cult
ivar
was
afte
rla
yeri
ng,
rele
ased
by
OR
cutt
ings
,P
MC
.pl
ants
Sali
xpr
airi
e1,
2,3,
med
ium
fibr
ous,
good
med
ium
fasc
ines
,T
hick
et fo
rmin
g.hu
mil
isw
illow
4,5,
6sh
rub
spre
adin
gst
akes
,po
les,
brus
hm
ats,
laye
ring
,cu
ttin
gs,
plan
ts
Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16
16B–28 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Tab
le 1
6B
–1
Woo
dy p
lant
s fo
r so
il bi
oeng
inee
ring
and
ass
ocia
ted
syst
ems—
Con
tinu
ed
Scie
ntif
ic n
ame
Com
mon
nam
eR
egio
nC
omm
er-
Pla
nt t
ype
Roo
t ty
peR
ooti
ngG
row
thE
stab
-Sp
read
Pla
ntN
otes
occu
r-ci
al a
vail-
abili
tyra
telis
hmen
tpo
tent
ial
mat
eria
lsen
ceab
ility
from
spee
dty
pecu
ttin
g
Sali
xsa
ndba
r1,
3,4,
yes
larg
esh
allo
wex
cem
ediu
mm
ediu
mfa
irfa
scin
es,
Thi
cket
form
ing.
inte
rio
rw
illow
5,7,
8,sh
rub
to d
eep
stak
es,
Thi
s sp
ecie
s ha
s9,
Apo
les,
been
cha
nged
to S
.br
ush
exig
ua. U
se in
mat
s,co
mbi
nati
on w
ith
laye
ring
,sp
ecie
s w
ith
cutt
ings
,ro
otin
g ab
ility
goo
dpl
ants
to e
xcel
lent
.
Sali
xar
royo
6,7,
8,ye
sta
llfi
brou
sv
good
rapi
dm
ediu
mfa
scin
es,
Roo
ts o
nly
on lo
wer
lasio
lepis
will
ow9,
0sh
rub
whe
nst
akes
,1/
3 of
cut
ting
or
atto
sm
all
youn
g,po
les,
callu
s. 'R
ogue
'tr
eem
ediu
mbr
ush
cult
ivar
rel
ease
d by
ther
e-m
ats,
OR
PM
C.
afte
rla
yeri
ng,
cutt
ings
,pl
ants
Sali
xle
mm
on's
8,9,
0ye
sm
ediu
mfi
brou
sv
good
fast
fasc
ines
,O
ccur
s at
hig
hle
mm
on
iiw
illow
shru
bst
akes
,el
evat
ions
, eas
t of
pole
s,th
e C
asca
de M
tns.
brus
hU
nder
dev
elop
men
tm
ats,
in ID
for
ripa
rian
laye
ring
,si
tes.
‘Pal
ouse
’cu
ttin
gs,
cult
ivar
rel
ease
d by
plan
tsW
A P
MC
.
Sali
x lu
cid
ash
inin
g1,
3,4,
med
ium
fibr
ous,
v go
odra
pid
fasc
ines
,w
illow
5,7,
8,to
tall
spre
adin
gst
akes
,9,
0sh
rub
pole
s,br
ush
mat
s,la
yeri
ng,
cutt
ings
,pl
ants
Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16
16B–29(210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Tab
le 1
6B
–1
Woo
dy p
lant
s fo
r so
il bi
oeng
inee
ring
and
ass
ocia
ted
syst
ems—
Con
tinu
ed
Scie
ntif
ic n
ame
Com
mon
nam
eR
egio
nC
omm
er-
Pla
nt t
ype
Roo
t ty
peR
ooti
ngG
row
thE
stab
-Sp
read
Pla
ntN
otes
occu
r-ci
al a
vail-
abili
tyra
telis
hmen
tpo
tent
ial
mat
eria
lsen
ceab
ility
from
spee
dty
pecu
ttin
g
Sali
x lu
cid
apa
cifi
c4,
7,8,
yes
larg
efi
brou
sv
good
med
ium
med
ium
fasc
ines
,A
spe
cies
for
ssp.
will
ow9,
0,A
shru
b to
to s
low
to s
low
stak
es,
fore
sted
wet
land
sla
sia
ndra
smal
lpo
les,
site
s. T
here
are
tree
brus
hse
vera
l sub
spec
ies
mat
s,of
S. l
ucid
a. U
nder
laye
ring
,de
velo
pmen
t in
IDcu
ttin
gs,
for
ripa
rian
sit
es.
plan
tsSu
scep
tibl
e to
seve
ral d
isea
ses
and
inse
cts.
Pla
nton
10-
to 1
2-fo
otsp
acin
g. ‘N
ehal
em’
cult
ivar
rel
ease
d by
OR
PM
C.
Sali
x lu
tea
yello
w1,
4,5,
med
ium
fibr
ous
v go
odfa
scin
es,
Usu
ally
bro
wse
d by
will
ow7,
8,9,
to ta
llst
akes
,liv
esto
ck. U
nder
0sh
rub
pole
s,de
velo
pmen
t in
IDbr
ush
for
ripa
rian
sit
es.
mat
s,la
yeri
ng,
cutt
ings
,pl
ants
Sali
x n
igra
blac
k1,
2,3,
yes
smal
lde
nse,
good
tofa
stfa
stgo
odfa
scin
es,
May
be
shor
t liv
ed.
will
ow5,
6,7,
to la
rge
shal
low
,ex
cel
stak
es,
Surv
ived
3 y
ears
of
8tr
eesp
rout
spo
les,
floo
ding
in M
S.re
adily
brus
hN
eeds
full
sun.
mat
s,Su
scep
tibl
e to
laye
ring
,se
vera
l dis
ease
scu
ttin
gs,
& in
sect
s.ro
otcu
ttin
gs,
plan
ts
Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16
16B–30 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Tab
le 1
6B
–1
Woo
dy p
lant
s fo
r so
il bi
oeng
inee
ring
and
ass
ocia
ted
syst
ems—
Con
tinu
ed
Scie
ntif
ic n
ame
Com
mon
nam
eR
egio
nC
omm
er-
Pla
nt t
ype
Roo
t ty
peR
ooti
ngG
row
thE
stab
-Sp
read
Pla
ntN
otes
occu
r-ci
al a
vail-
abili
tyra
telis
hmen
tpo
tent
ial
mat
eria
lsen
ceab
ility
from
spee
dty
pecu
ttin
g
Sali
xla
ural
not
yes
larg
efi
brou
s,go
odfa
stm
ediu
mpo
orfa
scin
es,
Fro
m E
urop
e,pen
tan
dra
will
owna
tive
shru
bsp
read
ing
stak
es,
spar
ingl
y es
cape
d in
to s
mal
lpo
les,
the
Eas
t. In
sect
str
eebr
ush
may
def
olia
te it
mat
s,re
gula
rly.
laye
ring
,cu
ttin
gs,
plan
ts
Sali
xpu
rple
osie
r1,
2,3,
yes
med
ium
shal
low
exce
lfa
stfa
stpo
orfa
scin
es,
Tol
erat
es p
arti
alpu
rpu
rea
will
ow5
tree
stak
es,
shad
e. 'S
trea
mco
'po
les,
cult
ivar
rel
ease
d by
brus
hN
Y P
MC
.m
ats,
laye
ring
,cu
ttin
gs,
plan
ts
Sali
xsc
oule
r's
4,7,
8,la
rge
shal
low
v go
odfa
stfa
scin
es,
Pio
neer
s on
bur
ned
scou
leria
na
will
ow9,
0,A
shru
bst
akes
,si
tes.
Occ
urs
onto
sm
all
pole
s,bo
th s
ides
of t
hetr
eebr
ush
Cas
cade
Mtn
s in
mat
s,lo
w to
hig
h el
eva-
laye
ring
,ti
ons.
Oft
en r
oots
cutt
ings
,on
ly a
t cal
lus.
plan
ts
Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16
16B–31(210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Tab
le 1
6B
–1
Woo
dy p
lant
s fo
r so
il bi
oeng
inee
ring
and
ass
ocia
ted
syst
ems—
Con
tinu
ed
Scie
ntif
ic n
ame
Com
mon
nam
eR
egio
nC
omm
er-
Pla
nt t
ype
Roo
t ty
peR
ooti
ngG
row
thE
stab
-Sp
read
Pla
ntN
otes
occu
r-ci
al a
vail-
abili
tyra
telis
hmen
tpo
tent
ial
mat
eria
lsen
ceab
ility
from
spee
dty
pecu
ttin
g
Sali
xsi
tka
will
ow9,
0,A
yes
very
larg
ev
good
rapi
dm
ediu
mfa
scin
es,
Occ
urs
on b
oth
sit
chen
sis
shru
bw
hen
stak
es,
side
s of
the
Cas
cade
youn
g,po
les,
Mtn
s. V
igor
ous
med
ium
brus
hsh
oots
bra
nch
ther
e-m
ats,
free
ly; l
ends
itse
lf to
afte
rla
yeri
ng,
bioe
ngin
eeri
ng u
ses;
cutt
ings
,ex
celle
nt s
urvi
val
plan
tsin
tria
ls. '
Plu
mas
'cu
ltiv
ar r
elea
sed
byO
R P
MC
.
Sam
bu
cu
sam
eric
an1,
2,3,
yes
med
ium
fibr
ous
&go
odfa
stfa
stpo
orfa
scin
es,
Soft
woo
d cu
ttin
gscan
aden
sis
elde
r4,
5,6,
shru
bst
olon
if-
cutt
ings
,ro
ot r
oot e
asily
in8,
9er
ous
plan
tssp
ring
or
sum
mer
.P
ith
whi
te.
Sam
bu
cu
sbl
ue6,
7,8,
yes
larg
efi
brou
spo
orv
fast
v fa
stpo
orpl
ants
ceru
lea
elde
rber
ry9,
0sh
rub
Sam
bu
cu
sm
exic
an6,
7,8,
larg
ego
odfa
scin
es,
Was
S. m
exic
ana.
ceru
lea s
sp.
elde
r0,
Hsh
rub
plan
tsE
verg
reen
. Sof
t-m
exic
an
aw
ood
cutt
ings
roo
tea
sily
in s
prin
g or
sum
mer
.
Sam
bu
cu
sre
d1,
2,3,
yes
med
ium
good
med
ium
slow
fasc
ines
,So
ftw
ood
cutt
ings
racem
osa
elde
rber
ry4,
7,8,
shru
bbr
ush
root
eas
ily in
9,0,
Am
ats,
spri
ng o
r su
mm
er.
laye
ring
,P
ith
brow
n. T
his
cutt
ings
,m
ay b
e S.
cal
licar
pa.
plan
ts
Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16
16B–32 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Tab
le 1
6B
–1
Woo
dy p
lant
s fo
r so
il bi
oeng
inee
ring
and
ass
ocia
ted
syst
ems—
Con
tinu
ed
Scie
ntif
ic n
ame
Com
mon
nam
eR
egio
nC
omm
er-
Pla
nt t
ype
Roo
t ty
peR
ooti
ngG
row
thE
stab
-Sp
read
Pla
ntN
otes
occu
r-ci
al a
vail-
abili
tyra
telis
hmen
tpo
tent
ial
mat
eria
lsen
ceab
ility
from
spee
dty
pecu
ttin
g
Sam
bu
cu
sre
d el
der
1,2,
3,m
ediu
mde
epfa
ir to
fasc
ines
,O
ccur
s w
est o
f the
racem
osa
4,9,
Ash
rub
late
rals
good
plan
tsC
asca
de M
tns,
ssp. pu
ben
sus
ually
wit
hin
10m
iles
of th
e oc
ean
&on
the
coas
tal b
ays
& e
stua
ries
. Sof
t-w
ood
cutt
ings
roo
tea
sily
in s
prin
g or
sum
mer
. Pit
hbr
own.
Use
in c
om-
bina
tion
wit
hsp
ecie
s w
ith
root
ing
abili
ty g
ood
to e
xcel
lent
.
Spir
aea a
lba
mea
dow
-1,
2,3,
yes
shor
tde
nse
fair
tom
ediu
mpl
ants
Pro
paga
tion
by
swee
t4
dens
esh
allo
w,
good
leaf
y so
ftw
ood
spir
eatr
eela
tera
lcu
ttin
gs in
mid
-su
mm
er u
nder
mis
t.
Spir
aea
shin
ylea
f1,
2,4,
shru
bpl
ants
Usu
ally
gro
wn
from
betu
lifo
lia
spir
ea9
seed
. Occ
urs
east
of
the
Cas
cade
Mtn
s at
med
ium
to h
igh
elev
atio
ns.
Spir
aea
doug
las
2,3,
9,ye
ssm
all
fibr
ous,
good
rapi
dfa
stex
celle
ntfa
scin
es,
Res
ists
fire
& p
ro-
dou
gla
sii
spir
ea0
dens
esu
cker
ing
brus
hlif
ic s
prou
ter
(for
ms
shru
bm
ats,
thic
kets
). P
ropa
ga-
laye
ring
,ti
on b
y le
afy
soft
-cu
ttin
gs,
woo
d cu
ttin
gs in
divi
sion
mid
sum
mer
und
erof
mis
t. 'B
asha
w' c
ul-
suck
ers,
tiva
r re
leas
ed b
ypl
ants
WA
PM
C.
Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16
16B–33(210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Tab
le 1
6B
–1
Woo
dy p
lant
s fo
r so
il bi
oeng
inee
ring
and
ass
ocia
ted
syst
ems—
Con
tinu
ed
Scie
ntif
ic n
ame
Com
mon
nam
eR
egio
nC
omm
er-
Pla
nt t
ype
Roo
t ty
peR
ooti
ngG
row
thE
stab
-Sp
read
Pla
ntN
otes
occu
r-ci
al a
vail-
abili
tyra
telis
hmen
tpo
tent
ial
mat
eria
lsen
ceab
ility
from
spee
dty
pecu
ttin
g
Spir
aea
hard
hack
1,2,
3,sm
all
dens
e,po
or to
plan
tsP
ropa
gati
on b
yto
men
tosa
spir
ea5
shru
bsh
allo
wfa
irle
afy
soft
woo
dcu
ttin
gs in
mid
-su
mm
er u
nder
mis
t.A
wee
d in
New
Eng
land
pas
ture
s.U
se r
oote
dm
ater
ials
.
Sty
rax
Japa
nese
1,2,
3,ye
sla
rge
poor
plan
tsja
pon
ica
snow
bell
5,6
shru
b
Sym
phori
carp
os
snow
berr
y1,
3,4,
yes
smal
lsh
allo
w,
good
rapi
dsl
owfa
irfa
scin
es,
Pla
nt in
sun
to p
art
alb
us
5,7,
8,sh
rub,
fibr
ous,
brus
hsh
ade,
esp
ecia
lly o
n9,
0,A
dens
efr
eely
mat
s,w
et s
ites
.co
lony
suck
erin
gla
yeri
ng,
form
ing
cutt
ings
,pl
ants
Taxodiu
mba
ldcy
pres
s1,
2,3,
yes
med
ium
tap
wit
hpo
orm
ediu
mfa
stpo
orpl
ants
Pla
nt o
n 10
- to
12-
dis
tichu
m5,
6tr
eela
tera
lsfo
ot s
paci
ng. T
oler
-fo
r kn
ees
ates
upl
and
site
s in
for
regi
on 6
wit
h 32
"ae
rati
onra
infa
ll.
Tsu
ga
east
ern
1,2,
3ye
sla
rge
shal
low
poor
slow
slow
low
plan
tscan
aden
sis
hem
lock
tree
fibr
ous
Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16
16B–34 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Tab
le 1
6B
–1
Woo
dy p
lant
s fo
r so
il bi
oeng
inee
ring
and
ass
ocia
ted
syst
ems—
Con
tinu
ed
Scie
ntif
ic n
ame
Com
mon
nam
eR
egio
nC
omm
er-
Pla
nt t
ype
Roo
t ty
peR
ooti
ngG
row
thE
stab
-Sp
read
Pla
ntN
otes
occu
r-ci
al a
vail-
abili
tyra
telis
hmen
tpo
tent
ial
mat
eria
lsen
ceab
ility
from
spee
dty
pecu
ttin
g
Ulm
us
amer
ican
1,2,
3,ye
sla
rge
tap
onpo
orm
ediu
mm
ediu
mpo
orpl
ants
A s
peci
es fo
ram
eric
an
ael
m4,
5,6,
tree
dry
fore
sted
wet
land
8si
tes
tosi
tes.
Sur
vive
d ne
arsh
allo
w2
year
s of
floo
ding
fibr
ous
in M
S. P
lant
on
on m
oist
10- t
o 12
-foo
tsi
tes
spac
ing;
tole
rate
sfu
ll sh
ade.
Vib
urn
um
arro
ww
ood
1,2,
3,ye
sm
ediu
msh
allo
w,
good
fast
slow
laye
ring
,T
hick
et fo
rmin
g;den
tatu
m6
to ta
llfi
brou
scu
ttin
gs,
tole
rate
s ci
tysh
rub
plan
tssm
oke.
Use
roo
ted
plan
t mat
eria
ls.
Vib
urn
um
hubb
lebu
sh1,
2,3
med
ium
shal
low
,go
odfa
scin
es,
Was
V. a
lnif
oliu
m.
lan
tan
oid
es
vibu
rnam
shru
bfi
brou
sst
akes
,T
hick
et fo
rmin
g.br
ush
Bra
nch
tips
roo
t at
mat
s,so
il.la
yeri
ng,
cutt
ings
,pl
ants
Vib
urn
um
nann
yber
ry1,
2,3,
yes
larg
esh
allo
wfa
ir to
fast
fast
fasc
ines
,T
hick
et fo
rmin
g;le
nta
go
4,5,
9sh
rub
good
cutt
ings
,to
lera
tes
city
stak
es,
smok
e. T
oler
ates
plan
tsfu
ll sh
ade.
Old
erbr
anch
es o
ften
roo
tw
hen
they
touc
hso
il. U
se in
com
bina
tion
wit
hsp
ecie
s w
ith
root
ing
abili
ty g
ood
to e
xcel
lent
.
Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16
16B–35(210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Tab
le 1
6B
–1
Woo
dy p
lant
s fo
r so
il bi
oeng
inee
ring
and
ass
ocia
ted
syst
ems—
Con
tinu
ed
cien
tifi
c na
me
Com
mon
nam
eR
egio
nC
omm
er-
Pla
nt t
ype
Roo
t ty
peR
ooti
ngG
row
thE
stab
-Sp
read
Pla
ntN
otes
occu
r-ci
al a
vail-
abili
tyra
telis
hmen
tpo
tent
ial
mat
eria
lsen
ceab
ility
from
spee
dty
pecu
ttin
g
Vib
urn
um
swam
p ha
w1,
2,6
larg
epo
orpl
ants
D. W
yman
n sa
ys it
nu
du
msh
rub
is m
ore
adap
ted
toth
e So
uth
than
V.
cass
inoi
des.
Vib
urn
um
amer
ican
1,3,
4,ye
sm
ediu
mpo
orm
ediu
msl
owla
yeri
ng,
Use
roo
ted
plan
ttr
ilobu
mcr
anbe
rry-
5,9
shru
bpl
ants
mat
eria
ls. F
ruit
sbu
shar
e ed
ible
.
Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16
16B–36 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Acer circinatum vine maple
Baccharis glutinosa seepwillow
Baccharis halimifolia eastern baccharis
Baccharis pilularis coyotebush
Baccharis salicifolia water wally
Baccharis viminea mulefat baccharis
Cephalanthus occidentalis buttonbush
Cornus amomum silky dogwood
Cornus drummondii roughleaf dogwood
Cornus foemina stiff dogwood
Cornus racemosa gray dogwood
Cornus rugosa roundleaf dogwood
Cornus sericea ssp sericea red-osier dogwood
Lonicera involucrata black twinberry
Physocarpus capitatus pacific ninebark
Physocarpus opulifolius common ninebark
Populus angustifolia narrowleaf cottonwood
Populus balsamifera balsam poplar
Populus deltoides eastern cottonwood
Populus fremontii fremont cottonwood
Populus trichocarpa black cottonwood
Rosa gymnocarpa baldhip rose
Rosa nutkana nootka rose
Rosa palustris swamp rose
Rosa virginiana virginia rose
Rosa woodsii woods rose
Rubus allegheniensis allegheny blackberry
Rubus idaeus red raspberry
ssp.strigosus
Rubus spectabilis salmonberry
Salix X cottetii dwarf willow
Salix amygdaloides peachleaf willow
Table 16B–2 Woody plants with fair to good or better rooting ability from unrooted cuttings
Scientific name Common name Scientific name Common mame
Salix bonplandiana pussy willow
Salix discolor pussy willow
Salix drummondiana drummond's willow
Salix eriocephala erect willow
Salix exigua coyote willow
Salix gooddingii goodding willow
Salix hookeriana hooker willow
Salix humilis prairie willow
Salix interior sandbar willow
Salix lasiolepis arroyo willow
Salix lemmonii lemmon’s willow
Salix lucida shining willow
Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra pacific willow
Salix lutea yellow willow
Salix nigra black willow
Salix pentandra laural willow
Salix purpurea purpleosier willow
Salix scouleriana scouler’s willow
Salix sitchensis sitka willow
Sambucus canadensis american elder
Sambucus cerulea mexican elderssp. mexicana
Sambucus racemosa red elderberry
Sambucus racemosa red elderssp. pubens
Spiraea alba meadowsweet spirea
Spiraea douglasii douglas spirea
Symphoricarpos albus snowberry
Viburnum dentatum arrowwood
Viburnum lantanoides hubblebush viburnam
Viburnum lentago nannyberry
Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16
16B–37(210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Acer glabrum dwarf maple
Acer negundo boxelder
Acer rubrum red maple
Acer saccharinum silver maple
Alnus pacifica pacific alder
Alnus rubra red alder
Alnus serrulata smooth alder
Alnus viridis ssp.sinuata sitka alder
Amelanchier alnifolia cusick's serviceberryvar cusickii
Amorpha fruitcosa false indigo
Aronia arbutifolia red chokeberry
Asimina triloba pawpaw
Betula nigra river birch
Betula papyrifera paper birch
Betula pumila low birch
Carpinis caroliniana american hornbeam
Carya aquatica water hickory
Carya cordiformis bitternut hickory
Carya ovata shagbark hickory
Catalpa bignonioides southern catalpa
Celtis laevigata sugarberry
Celtis occidentalis hackberry
Cercis canadensis redbud
Chionanthus virginicus fringetree
Clematis ligusticifolia western clematis
Clethera alnifolia sweet pepperbush
Cornus florida flowering dogwood
Cornus stricta swamp dogwood
Crataegus douglasii douglas' hawthorn
Crataegus mollis downy hawthorn
Cyrilla racemiflora titi
Diospyros virginiana persimmon
Dlaeagnus commutata silverberry
Forestiera acuminata swamp privet
Fraxinus caroliniana carolina ash
Fraxinus latifolia oregon ash
Table 16B–3 Woody plants with poor or fair rooting ability from unrooted cuttings
Scientific name Common name Scientific name Common mame
Fraxinus pennsylvanica green ash
Gleditsia triacanthos honeylocust
Hibiscus aculeatus hibiscus
Hibiscus laevis halberd-leafmarshmallow
Hibiscus moscheutos common rose mallow
Hibiscus moscheutos hibiscusssp. lasiocarpos
Holodiscus discolor oceanspray
Ilex coriacea sweet gallberry
Ilex decidua possomhaw
Ilex glabra bitter gallberrry
Ilex opaca american holly
Ilex verticillata winterberry
Ilex vomitoria yaupon
Juglans nigra black walnut
Juniperus virginiana eastern redcedar
Leucothoe axillaris leucothoe
Lindera benzoin spicebush
Liquidambar styraciflua sweetgum
Liriodendron tulipifera tulip poplar
Lyonia lucida fetterbush
Magnolia virginiana sweetbay
Myrica cerifera southern waxmyrtle
Nyssa aquatica swamp tupelo
Nyssa ogeeche ogeeche lime
Nyssa sylvatica blackgum
Ostrya virginiana hophornbeam
Persea borbonia redbay
Philadelphus lewesii lewis mockorange
Physocarpus malvaceus mallow ninebark
Physocarpus opulifolius common ninebark
Pinus taeda loblolly pine
Planera aquatica water elm
Platanus occidentalis sycamore
Populus tremuloides quaking aspen
Prunus angustifolia wild plum
Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16
16B–38 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Table 16B–3 Woody plants with poor or fair rooting ability from unrooted cuttings—Continued
Scientific name Common name Scientific name Common mame
Prunus virginiana common chokecherry
Quercus alba white oak
Quercus bicolor swamp white oak
Quercus garryana oregon white oak
Quercus laurifolia swamp laurel oak
Quercus lyrata overcup oak
Quercus macrocarpa bur oak
Quercus michauxii swamp chestnut oak
Quercus nigra water oak
Quercus pagoda cherrybark oak
Quercus palustris pin oak
Quercus phellos willow oak
Quercus shumardii shumard oak
Rhododendron atlanticum coast azalea
Rhododendron viscosum swamp azalea
Rhus copallina flameleaf sumac
Rhus glabra smooth sumac
Robinia pseuodoacacia black locust
Sambucus cerulea blue elderberry
Spiraea tomentosa hardhack spirea
Styrax americanus Japanese snowbell
Taxodium distichum bald cypress
Tsuga canadensis eastern hemlock
Ulmus americana american elm
Viburnum nudum swamp haw
Viburnum trilobum americancranberrybush
Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16
16B–39(210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Tab
le 1
6B
–4
Gra
sses
and
for
bs u
sefu
l in
conj
unct
ion
wit
h so
il bi
oeng
inee
ring
and
ass
ocia
ted
syst
ems
Scie
ntif
icC
omm
onW
arm
Soil
pHD
roug
htSh
ade
Dep
osi-
Flo
odF
lood
Min
.M
ax.
Wet
land
nam
ena
me
seas
onpr
efer
-pr
efer
-to
lera
nce
tole
r-ti
on t
ol-
tole
r-se
ason
h 2o
h 2o
indi
cato
r 1/
or n
on-
ence
ence
ance
eran
cean
ceco
mpe
-ti
tive
Agrosti
s a
lba
redt
op
Am
mop
hil
aA
mer
ican
sand
s5.
5fa
irpo
orgo
od0
1,fa
cu-
brevil
igu
lata
beac
hgra
ss2,
upl
3,up
l*
An
dropogon
big
blue
stem
yes
loam
s6.
0go
odpo
orpo
orfa
ir0
1,fa
cgerardii
2,fa
c3,
fac-
4,fa
cu5,
fac-
6,fa
cu7,
fac-
8,fa
cu9f
acu
Aru
ndo d
on
ax
gian
t re
edsa
ndy
7.0
good
poor
poor
01"
1,fa
cu-
2,fa
cw3,
facw
6,fa
c+7,
facw
8,fa
cw0,
facw
C,n
iH
,ni
Ely
mu
sw
ildry
eye
slo
ams
6.0
fair
good
fair
good
01,
facw
-vir
gin
icu
sno
ncom
peti
tive
Eragrosti
ssa
ndye
ssa
nds
6.0
good
poor
poor
poor
0tr
ich
od
es
love
gras
s
Festu
ca r
ubra
red
fesc
ueno
ncom
peti
tive
loam
s6.
5go
odgo
odpo
orfa
ir0
1,fa
cu
Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16
16B–40 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Tab
le 1
6B
–4
Gra
sses
and
for
bs u
sefu
l in
conj
unct
ion
wit
h so
il bi
oeng
inee
ring
and
ass
ocia
ted
syst
ems—
Con
tinu
ed
Scie
ntif
icC
omm
onW
arm
Soil
pHD
roug
htSh
ade
Dep
osi-
Flo
odF
lood
Min
.M
ax.
Wet
land
nam
ena
me
seas
onpr
efer
-pr
efer
-to
lera
nce
tole
r-ti
on t
ol-
tole
r-se
ason
h 2o
h 2o
indi
cato
r 1/
or n
on-
ence
ence
ance
eran
cean
ceco
mpe
-ti
tive
Hem
arth
ria
limpo
gras
ssa
ndy
poor
poor
poor
good
01'
1,fa
cwalt
issim
a2,
facw
6,fa
cw
Pan
icu
mco
asta
lye
ssa
nds
to5.
5go
odpo
orfa
irgo
od0
1,fa
cu-
am
aru
lum
pani
cgra
sslo
ams
2,fa
c6,
facu
-P
an
icu
mde
erto
ngue
yes
cla
ndesti
nu
m
Pan
icu
msw
itch
gras
sye
slo
ams
to6.
0go
odpo
orfa
irgo
odal
l0
1,fa
cvir
gatu
msa
nds
2,fa
c+3,
fac+
4,fa
c5,
fac
6,fa
cw7,
fac+
8,fa
c9,
fac+
H,n
i
Paspalu
mse
asho
resa
ndy
poor
good
1/2'
1'2,
obl
va
gin
atu
mpa
spal
um6,
facw
*C
,ni
H,n
i
Pen
nis
etu
mel
epha
nt-
poor
02'
2,fa
cu+
pu
rpu
reu
mgr
ass
C,n
iH
,ni
Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16
16B–41(210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Tab
le 1
6B
–4
Gra
sses
and
for
bs u
sefu
l in
conj
unct
ion
wit
h so
il bi
oeng
inee
ring
and
ass
ocia
ted
syst
ems—
Con
tinu
ed
Scie
ntif
icC
omm
onW
arm
Soil
pHD
roug
htSh
ade
Dep
osi-
Flo
odF
lood
Min
.M
ax.
Wet
land
nam
ena
me
seas
onpr
efer
-pr
efer
-to
lera
nce
tole
r-ti
on t
ol-
tole
r-se
ason
h 2o
h 2o
indi
cato
r 1/
or n
on-
ence
ence
ance
eran
cean
ceco
mpe
-ti
tive
Poa p
rate
nsis
Ken
tuck
ylo
am6.
5po
orpo
orpo
orfa
ir0
1,fa
cubl
uegr
ass
Sch
iza
ch
yriu
mlit
tle
yes
sand
s to
6.5
good
poor
poor
poor
01,
facu
scopariu
mbl
uest
emlo
ams
Sorghastr
um
Indi
angr
ass
yes
sand
s to
6.5
fair
poor
poor
poor
01,
upl
nu
tan
s
Sparti
na
prai
rie
yes
sand
s to
6.0
good
fair
fair
fair
01"
1,ob
lpecti
nata
cord
gras
slo
ams
2,ob
l3,
facw
+4,
facw
5,fa
cw6,
facw
+7,
facw
8,ob
l9,
obl
Ziz
an
iopsis
gian
t cut
gras
slo
am4.
3-6.
0po
orpo
orgo
odal
l1/
2'2'
1,ob
lm
ilia
cea
2,ob
l3,
obl
6,ob
l
Part 650Engineering Field Handbook
Streambank and Shoreline ProtectionChapter 16
16B–42 (210-vi-EFH, December 1996)
Tab
le 1
6B
–4
Gra
sses
and
for
bs u
sefu
l in
conj
unct
ion
wit
h so
il bi
oeng
inee
ring
and
ass
ocia
ted
syst
ems—
Con
tinu
ed
Scie
ntif
icC
omm
onW
arm
Soil
pHD
roug
htSh
ade
Dep
osi-
Flo
odF
lood
Min
.M
ax.
Wet
land
nam
ena
me
seas
onpr
efer
-pr
efer
-to
lera
nce
tole
r-ti
on t
ol-
tole
r-se
ason
h 2o
h 2o
indi
cato
r 1/
or n
on-
ence
ence
ance
eran
cean
ceco
mpe
-ti
tive
1/W
etla
nd in
dica
tor
term
s (f
rom
USD
I F
ish
and
Wild
life
Serv
ice'
s N
atio
nal L
ist
of P
lant
Spe
cies
Tha
t O
ccur
in W
etla
nds,
198
8):
Reg
ion
code
num
ber
or le
tter
:1
Nor
thea
st (
ME
, NH
, VT
, MA
, CT
, RI,
WV
, KY
, NY
, PA
, NJ,
MD
, DE
, VA
, OH
)2
Sout
heas
t (N
C, S
C, G
A, F
L, T
N, A
L, M
S, L
A, A
R)
3N
orth
Cen
tral
(M
O, I
A, M
N, M
I, W
I, I
L, I
N)
4N
orth
Pla
ins
(ND
, SD
, MT
(ea
ster
n), W
Y (
east
ern)
)5
Cen
tral
Pla
ins
(NE
, KS,
CO
(ea
ster
n))
6So
uth
Pla
ins
(TX
, OK
)7
Sout
hwes
t (A
Z, N
M)
8In
term
ount
ain
(NV
, UT
, CO
(w
este
rn))
9N
orth
wes
t (W
A, O
R, I
D, M
T (
wes
tern
), W
Y (
wes
tern
))0
Cal
ifor
nia
(Ca)
AA
lask
a (A
K)
CC
arib
bean
(P
R, V
I, C
Z, S
Q)
HH
awai
i (H
I, A
Q, G
U, I
Q, M
Q, T
Q, W
Q, Y
Q)
Indi
cato
r ca
tego
ries
(es
tim
ated
pro
babi
lity)
:fa
cF
acul
tati
ve—
Equ
ally
like
ly t
o oc
cur
in w
etla
nds
or n
onw
etla
nds
(34-
66%
).fa
cu
Fac
ulta
tive
upl
and—
Usu
ally
occ
ur in
non
wet
land
s (6
7-99
%),
but
occ
asio
nally
fou
nd in
wet
land
s (1
-33%
)fa
cw
Fac
ulta
tive
wet
land
—U
sual
ly o
ccur
in w
etla
nds
(67-
99%
), b
utoc
casi
onal
ly f
ound
in n
onw
etla
nds.
ob
lO
blig
ate
wet
land
—O
ccur
alm
ost
alw
ays
(99%
) un
der
natu
rl c
ondi
tion
s in
wet
land
s.u
pl
Obl
igat
e up
land
—O
ccur
in w
etla
nds i
n an
othe
r reg
ion,
but
occ
ur a
lmos
t alw
ays (
99%
) und
er n
atur
al c
ondi
tion
s in
nonw
etla
nds i
m˛Q
æB
˛reg
ioK
˛QpC
Ûh”
DG
ed-˛'
e˛`
Qpe
c%C
s BM
eQ n
Mt M
ccur
%n
wet
land
s in
any
regi
on, i
t is n
ot o
n th
e N
atio
nal L
ist.
Fre
quen
cy o
f oc
curr
ence
:–
(neg
ativ
e si
gn)
indi
cate
s le
ss f
requ
entl
y fo
und
in w
etla
nds.
+(p
osit
ive
sign
) in
dica
tes
mor
e fr
eque
ntly
fou
nd in
wet
land
s.*
(ast
eris
k) in
dica
tes
wet
land
s in
dica
tors
wer
e de
rive
d fr
om li
mit
edec
olog
ical
info
rmat
ion.
ni
(no
indi
cato
r) in
dica
tes
insu
ffic
ient
info
rmat
ion
was
ava
ilabl
e to
dete
rmin
e an
indi
ator
sta
tus.