Post on 26-Feb-2016
description
transcript
The Ottoman Empire ExpandsBy 1300 the Byzantine Empire was in
decline and the Mongols had destroyed the Seljuk kingdom of Rum.
Anatolia was occupied mostly by descendants of nomadic Turks.
i.They were militaristic and had a history of invading other countriesii.They weren’t united by any central power
Many Anatolian Turks saw themselves as Ghazis
Raided the territories of people who lived on the frontiers of the Byzantine Empire
A ghazi is a warrior for Islam
They formed military societies under the leadership of an emir and followed a strict Islamic code of conduct.
Cannons could destroy even heavily walled cities
Osman was the most successful ghaziWesterners called him Othman and called his followers Ottomans
He built a small Muslim state in Anatolia between 1300 and 1326
He was successful largely because of his use of gunpowder and musket carrying foot soldiers instead of archers on horseback
Also used cannon as a means of attack
The second Ottoman was Orkhan I, Osman’s son.
He gave himself the title Sultan or “one with power”
He captured Adrianople in 1361 This was the 2nd most important city in the Byzantine Empire
Muslims in these areas were required to serve in the Turkish armies and make the contributions required by their faith
Non Muslims were exempted from military service and had to pay a small tax called the Jizyah
Timur the LameAlso known as Tamerlane
Halted Ottoman expansion by crushing the Ottomans at the Battle of Ankara in 1402
He was from Samarkand.
He burned Baghdad to the ground.
He was known for making pyramids of human skulls outside the areas he conquered so people would know his strength
As soon as Timur the lame turned his attention to China, the sons of the Ottoman sultan went to war with each other
Mehmed I
He won and took the throne
His son Murad II defeated the Venetians, invaded Hungary and defeated the Italian Crusaders in the Balkans
Murad II
Mehmed IIAlso known as Mehmed the Conqueror
took power in 1451
Mehmed attacked Constantinople in 1453 with cannons but they were kept to one side of the attack by a chain across the Golden Horn from the Bosporus to the Sea of Marmara
Rebuilt and renamed the city Istanbul
Mehmed dragged his ships over a hill to the harbor and now could attack Constantinople from two sides
The siege continued for 7 weeks until the Turks found and opening in the walls and invaded the city
He opened the city to new citizens from all over including Jews, Christians, and Muslims
Selim the GrimCame to power in 1512
He defeated the Safavids of Persia in the Battle of Chaldiran then took Syria, Palestine, and areas in N. Africa
He took the holy cities of Mecca Medina
And the intellectual capitol of Cairo
Suleiman the Lawgiver(AKA Suleiman the
Magnificent)Suleiman was an awesome military leader
He came to power in 1521 and in 1522 his forces captured the Island of Rhodes and they now controlled the Mediterranean
He then captured Tripoli on the coast of N. Africa
This gave the Ottomans control of the trade routes to the interior of Africa
In 1526 Suleiman took his troops into Hungary and Austria and moved into Vienna
Suleiman created a law code to handle both civil and criminal actions
He simplified and limited taxes
He reduced government bureaucracy
This got him the title Lawgiver
He had 20,000 personal slaves that staffed the palace
They were part of the Devshirme system
They were then educated, converted to Islam, and trained as soldiers
The Sultan’s army took boys from the people in the conquered Christian territories
Janissaries
The Sultan also had an elite force of soldiers known as Janissaries that were trained to be loyal to the sultan only
Suleiman was required to follow Islamic law
He granted freedom of Worship to Christians and Jews and treated those groups as millets or nations
Each millet was allowed to follow its own religious laws and practices as long as they didn’t try to convert Muslims away from Islam
The head of the millet reported to the sultan and his staff to keep conflict to a minimum
Suleiman studied poetry, history, geography, astronomy, math, and architecture
He employed a slave named Sinan to build the Mosque of Suleiman
Sinan Mosque of Suleiman
The Empire declines slowly
Suleiman killed his ablest, favorite son. Another son committed suicide and a third was driven into exile.
This left Selim II or Selim the Sot to take over when Suleiman died.
Selim wasn’t very good at leading
Unfortunately this set a tradition for gaining power
The eldest son would have his brothers strangled and would keep his sons locked away from the world in the harems.
This leads to weak, uneducated sultans that will destroy the empire.
Cultural BlendingPatterns of Cultural Blending
Each time a culture interacts with another it is exposed to new ideas, technologies, food and ways of life
Causes of cultural blendingMigration
Religious Freedom or Conversion
Trade
Conquest
The blending that contributed to the culture of the Ottomans depended on some of these activities
The Turks made war to gain territory
The Ottomans were located on major trade routes
Suleiman’s interest in culture and learning encouraged him to bring foreign artists and intellectuals to the Ottoman Empire
Results of Cultural BlendingCultural blending may lead to changes in language, religion, government, technology, and military tactics
Language: Sometimes written characters of one language show up in another, sometimes words do
Religion and ethical systems – Buddhism exist in both Tibet and Japan but they are different
Styles of Government – The idea of democracy spread to many areas of the world and though the practices may be different, the principles are similar
Racial or Ethnic blending
Arts and Architecture
The Safavids Build an EmpireIsma’il conquers Persia
1499 Isma’il (he was 12) began to seize most of what is now Iran
He completed this task in 1501
He took the title of Shah, or King to celebrate his achievement
He established Shi’a Islam as the state religion and became a religious tyrant
He killed any citizen that didn’t convert to Shi’ism
He destroyed the Sunni population in Baghdad
In response Selim the Grim later ordered the execution of all Shi’a in the Ottoman Empire
As many as were killed40,000
The final confrontation took place at the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514
The Ottomans defeated the Safavids using artillery
This set the border between the two nations and it still remains the border between Iraq and Iran today
Isma’il’s son Tahmasp adopted the use of artillery in his military forces
He expanded the Safavid empire up the Caucasus Mountains northeast of Turkey, and brought Christians under his control
The Safavid Golden AgeShah Abbas (Abbas the Great) took power in 1587 and made several reforms to both military and civilian life
•One was Persian•The other was like the Janissaries and taken from the Christian population
Limited the Power of the Military and made an army that would be
loyal only to him
•Punished corruption•Promoted competent, loyal officials•Hired foreigners to fill positions in the government
Reformed Government
•Brought more Christians into his Empire•Encouraged Europeans to move into his empireTolerant
As a result, trade and art exchange with Europe grew
Abbas built a new capitol at Esfahan
The city was 4 ½ miles across and considered one of the most beautiful in the world
Abbas also brought hundreds of Chinese artisans to work in Esfahan
Carpet weavers from Armenia also blended into Esfahan and carpet weaving became a national industry
As time went on the rugs began to take on more European themes after Abbas sent some weavers to Italy to study under Raphael
The Dynasty Declines SwiftlyLike Suleiman, Abbas either killed or blinded his most able sons which left his incompetent grandson Safi in charge
In 1736 Nadir Shah Afshar temporarily expanded the Safavid Empire all the way to India, but after his death it fell apart
The Mughal Empire in IndiaBACKGROUND
Led by Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni
The Gupta empire fell in the 400s and India was invaded by Huns, Turks, and AfghansThe leader was related to Tamerlane and Genghis Khan
Called themselves Mughal which means MongolFor almost 300 years there was fighting between the Muslims and the Hindus in this region but the Muslims couldn’t advance farther than the Indus River
Around the year 1000 the Turkish Army devastated the Hindu Army and India
BABUR FOUNDS AN EMPIREIn 1494 an 11 year old boy named Babur inherited Uzbekistan and Tajikistan
His land was taken away and he was driven out of the area by his elders so he built up an army and came back
In 1526 he led 12,000 troops to victory against 100,000 men led by the Sultan of Delhi
In 1527 he defeated a large Rajput army as well
His son Humayun was not as able and lost most of the empire that Babur had gained
Humayun inherited a new empire with lots of warring groups and three brothers who wanted to do him in
His son, Akbar, took over when he was 13
He appointed some of his captured peoples as advisors and keeping them from becoming enemies of the state
AKBAR’S GOLDEN AGEAkbar was a military conqueror who realized the only way to be powerful is through a strong military
He felt that a king should be aggressive so that no one would try to take over his kingdom
He used heavy artillery (Cannons) which allowed him to destroy cities and extend his reign over the Deccan Plateau
As far as land went it was a bit different
He granted land to bureaucrats, but when they died he took it back and redistributed it
Kept a feudal society from forming
BUT also discouraged hard work and expansion because people couldn’t hand down their land to their sons
Akbar was a liberal ruler who practiced religious freedom
He allowed the Hindus to practice their religion, allowed his Hindu wives to continue to be Hindu instead of forcing them to convert, and hired a Jesuit tutor for his son
He did away with the Jizyah and the tax on Hindu pilgrims
Because of their contact with many different people and the fact that Akbar was fairly tolerant, culture flourished in India
Language:
Akbar and his court spoke Persian, the Hindus spoke Hindi, and the soldiers created their own language as a blend of different ethnic groups, this language is called Urdu
A flowering culture
Arts and Literature:
Arts flourished especially as illustrations in books
These were called miniatures
Humayun brought Renaissance painters to India to teach the Mughals
The most famous miniatures are in the book Akbarnama
The poet Tulsi Das retold the love story of the gods Rama and Sita based on the 4th century poem Ramayana
Indian literature also flourishedRetellings of old folk tales and religious stories predominated
His retelling, the Ramcaritmanas, is even more popular than the first.
Akbar also devoted himself to architecture and the style became known as the Akbar Period
Akbar’s son called himself Jahangir or Grasper of the World but mostly he left the rule of the country to his wife Nur Jahan
Akbar’s SuccessorsAkbar died in 1605
JahangirNur Jahan
She made her father prime minister and figured she could use Jahangir’s son Khusrau as her ticket to power
Khusrau rebelled so Nur Jahan had him removed and shifted her favor to another son
The problem was that Jahangir was relatively tolerant but Khusrau wasn’t
He left and turned to the Sikhs for help
The Sikhs were a nonviolent religious group similar to Sufism and Hinduism
Their leader, Guru Arjun
Sheltered Khusrau and defended him
He was tortured to death for this an his people became the target of Mughal hatred
She died in 1631 at the age of 39 giving birth to her 14th child
To memorialize her, he built the Taj Mahal
The people of India were taxed to pay for it.
When he got sick, his sons fought for the empire
Aurangzeb won and killed his older brother and imprisoned his father
Shah JahanAssassinated all of his rivals
Only cared about two things: beautiful buildings and his wife Mumtaz Mahal
Mumtaz Mahal
Aurangzeb levied heavy taxes on Hindu merchants
AurangzebRuled from 1658 to 1707Expanded Mughal holdings to their greatest size
Empire lost the most power now too
Strictly enforced Islamic law and appointed censors to make sure the people were following the law
He brought back the jizyah (tax) and fired Hindus from government jobs
He banned construction of new temples and had monuments destroyed
1.The Rajputs, who had been allies, now rebelleda. They were defeated repeatedly but not
completely
2.Marathas (Hindu Warriors) founded their own state in south west India
3. The Sikhs turned themselves into a brotherhood of warriors and built up a state in the Punjab region of Northwest India
The Empire’s Decline and DecayBy the end of Aurangzeb’s reign, the empire was drained of people and money
2,000,000 people had died due to famine and people felt little or no loyalty to him
The power of the state was weakened further when Aurangzeb died and his son’s fought a civil war over the throne
The Mughal Emperor became a figurehead that ruled over a group of small independent states instead of a united empire