Chapter 23Chapter 23Pest ManagementPest Management

Overview of Chapter 23Overview of Chapter 23

What is a Pesticide?What is a Pesticide? Benefits and Problems With Benefits and Problems With

PesticidesPesticides Risks of Pesticides to Human HealthRisks of Pesticides to Human Health Alternatives to PesticidesAlternatives to Pesticides Laws Controlling Pesticides UseLaws Controlling Pesticides Use The Manufacture and Use of Banned The Manufacture and Use of Banned

PesticidesPesticides

First generation First generation pesticidepesticide Inorganic Inorganic

compoundscompounds Botanicals: plant Botanicals: plant

derived pesticides derived pesticides (right)(right)

What is a PesticideWhat is a Pesticide

Broad spectrum pesticideBroad spectrum pesticide A pesticide that kills a variety of A pesticide that kills a variety of

organisms, not just the targeted organisms, not just the targeted organismsorganisms

What is a PesticideWhat is a Pesticide

Second generation pesticideSecond generation pesticide Synthetic poisonSynthetic poison Ex: DDTEx: DDT

Major Groups of InsecticidesMajor Groups of Insecticides

Chlorinated HydrocarbonsChlorinated Hydrocarbons Organic compound containing ChlorineOrganic compound containing Chlorine Slow to degrade and persist in the environmentSlow to degrade and persist in the environment Banned or largely restrictedBanned or largely restricted

OrganophosphatesOrganophosphates Organic compounds that contain phosphorusOrganic compounds that contain phosphorus Most poisonous insecticideMost poisonous insecticide Do not persist as long as chlorinated Do not persist as long as chlorinated

hydrocarbonshydrocarbons CabamatesCabamates

Broad spectrum; derived from cabamic acidBroad spectrum; derived from cabamic acid

Major Kinds of HerbicidesMajor Kinds of Herbicides

Can be classified to the type of Can be classified to the type of plant they killplant they kill Broad-leaf herbicidesBroad-leaf herbicides Grass herbicidesGrass herbicides

Benefits of PesticidesBenefits of Pesticides

Crop ProtectionCrop Protection Pests eat and destroy 1/3 of world’s cropsPests eat and destroy 1/3 of world’s crops Farmers save $3 to $5 for every $1 they invest Farmers save $3 to $5 for every $1 they invest

in pesticidesin pesticides Disease controlDisease control

Fleas, lice and mosquitoes carry diseaseFleas, lice and mosquitoes carry disease Malaria- mosquito bornMalaria- mosquito born

2.7 million people die each year2.7 million people die each year Few drugs available, so focus is on killing mosquitoesFew drugs available, so focus is on killing mosquitoes DDTDDT

Locations of MalariaLocations of Malaria

Problems with PesticidesProblems with Pesticides

Evolution of Evolution of Genetic Genetic ResistanceResistance Pest Pest

populations are populations are evolving evolving resistance to resistance to pesticides pesticides (right)(right)

Pesticide ResistancePesticide Resistance

Pesticide TreadmillPesticide Treadmill Cost of applying pesticide increases Cost of applying pesticide increases While their effectiveness decreasesWhile their effectiveness decreases

Resistance ManagementResistance Management Strategies for managing genetic Strategies for managing genetic

resistance in order to maximize the resistance in order to maximize the period in which a pesticide is usefulperiod in which a pesticide is useful

Problems with PesticidesProblems with Pesticides

Imbalances the Imbalances the EcosystemEcosystem Spraying to kill Spraying to kill

insects can insects can affect birds, affect birds, rabbits, etc.rabbits, etc.

Despite 33-fold Despite 33-fold increase in increase in pesticides since pesticides since the 1940s, crop the 1940s, crop loss has not loss has not decreased muchdecreased much

Problems with PesticidesProblems with Pesticides Creation of New PestsCreation of New Pests

Infestation of red scale insects on Infestation of red scale insects on lemons after DDT sprayed to control lemons after DDT sprayed to control another pestanother pest

Biological Biological magnificationmagnification - - Increased Increased concentration of toxic concentration of toxic chemicals in tissues chemicals in tissues of organisms at of organisms at higher trophic levelshigher trophic levels

Problems with PesticidesProblems with Pesticides

Persistence, Bioaccumulation, and Persistence, Bioaccumulation, and Biological MagnificationBiological Magnification Bioaccumulation - The buildup of a Bioaccumulation - The buildup of a

persistent pesticide or other toxic persistent pesticide or other toxic substance in an organisms bodysubstance in an organisms body

Problems with PesticidesProblems with Pesticides

Mobility in the EnvironmentMobility in the Environment Do not stay where they are appliedDo not stay where they are applied

Mild: Mild: nausea, nausea, vomiting, vomiting, headachesheadaches

Severe: Severe: damage to damage to nervous nervous system, system,

Risk of Pesticides to Human Risk of Pesticides to Human HealthHealth Short-term Effects of PesticidesShort-term Effects of Pesticides

Handling food with pesticide residueHandling food with pesticide residue

Risk of Pesticides to Human Risk of Pesticides to Human HealthHealth Long-term Effects of PesticidesLong-term Effects of Pesticides

Cancer - lymphomaCancer - lymphoma Breast cancerBreast cancer SterilitySterility MiscarriageMiscarriage Birth defectsBirth defects Decreases body’s ability to fight infectionDecreases body’s ability to fight infection Potential connection to Parkinson’s diseasePotential connection to Parkinson’s disease

Alternatives to PesticidesAlternatives to Pesticides

Using cultivation methods to control Using cultivation methods to control pestspests Interplant mixtures of plants (alternating Interplant mixtures of plants (alternating

rows)rows) Strip cuttingStrip cutting Proper timing of planting, fertilizing, and Proper timing of planting, fertilizing, and

irrigating irrigating Crop rotationCrop rotation

Reproductive ControlsReproductive Controls Sterilizing some of the membersSterilizing some of the members

Alternatives to PesticidesAlternatives to Pesticides

Biological ControlBiological Control Use of naturally occurring disease Use of naturally occurring disease

organisms, parasites or predators to organisms, parasites or predators to control pestscontrol pests

Must take care that introduced agent Must take care that introduced agent does not attack unintended hostsdoes not attack unintended hosts

Alternatives to PesticidesAlternatives to Pesticides

Pheromones and HormonesPheromones and Hormones By applying insect hormones at wrong time in By applying insect hormones at wrong time in

life cycle, insects can be killed offlife cycle, insects can be killed off Genetic ControlsGenetic Controls

Genetically Modified plants (GMOs)Genetically Modified plants (GMOs) Bt toxinBt toxin Potential problem: may affect non-target speciesPotential problem: may affect non-target species

QuarantineQuarantine Restriction of the importation of exotic plant Restriction of the importation of exotic plant

and animal material that might harbor pestsand animal material that might harbor pests

Systems Approach - Systems Approach - Integrated Pest Integrated Pest Management (IPM)Management (IPM) IPMIPM Combination of pest Combination of pest

control methods that control methods that keeps pest keeps pest population low population low without economic without economic lossloss

Conventional Conventional pesticides are used pesticides are used sparingly when sparingly when other methods failother methods fail

Integrated Pest Integrated Pest ManagementManagement

IPM IPM IntroduceIntroduce

dd

Systems Approach - Systems Approach - Integrated Pest Integrated Pest Management (IPM)Management (IPM) Rice Production in IndonesiaRice Production in Indonesia

Alternatives to PesticidesAlternatives to Pesticides

Irradiating FoodIrradiating Food Harvested food is expose to ionizing Harvested food is expose to ionizing

radiation, which kills many radiation, which kills many microorganismsmicroorganisms

Predominantly used on meatsPredominantly used on meats Somewhat controversial due to potential Somewhat controversial due to potential

for free radicalsfor free radicals

Laws Controlling Pesticide Laws Controlling Pesticide UseUse Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act (1938)Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act (1938) Pesticide Chemicals Amendment Pesticide Chemicals Amendment

(1954)(1954) Delaney Cause (1958)Delaney Cause (1958) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and

Rodenticide Act (1947, updated most Rodenticide Act (1947, updated most recently in 2008)recently in 2008)

Food Quality Protection Act (1996)Food Quality Protection Act (1996)

Manufacture and Use of Manufacture and Use of Banned PesticidesBanned Pesticides Some US companies still make banned Some US companies still make banned

or seriously restricted pesticidesor seriously restricted pesticides Product is exportedProduct is exported

May lead to the importation of food May lead to the importation of food tainted with banned pesticidestainted with banned pesticides

Global ban of persistent organic Global ban of persistent organic pollutantspollutants Stockholm Convention on Persistent Stockholm Convention on Persistent

Organic Pollutants (2004)Organic Pollutants (2004)

Manufacture and Use of Manufacture and Use of Banned Pesticides - The Banned Pesticides - The Dirty DozenDirty Dozen