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transcript
CHAPTER
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24The Skeletal
System
24-2
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Learning Outcomes (cont.)
24.1 Describe the structure of bone tissue.
24.2 Explain the functions of bones.
24.3 Compare intramembranous and endochondral ossification.
24.4 Describe the skeletal structures and one location of each structure.
24-3
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Learning Outcomes (cont.)
24.5 Locate the bones of the skull.
24.6 Locate the bones of the spinal column.
24.7 Locate the bones of the rib cage.
24.8 Locate the bones of the shoulders, arms, and hands.
24-4
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Learning Outcomes (cont.)
24.9 Locate the bones of the hips, legs, and feet.
24.10 Describe the three major types of joints and give examples of each.
24.11 Describe the common diseases and disorders of the skeletal system.
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Introduction
• Bones provide structure and support
• 206 bones plus joints and connective tissue
• Divisions– Axial ~ 80 bones
• Skull• Vertebral column• Rib cage
– Appendicular ~ 126 bones
• Arms and legs• Pectoral girdle• Pelvic girdle
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Bone Structure
• Bones contain various kinds of tissues– Osseous tissue– Blood vessels– Nerves
• Osseous tissue can appear compact or spongy
Compact Bone
Spongy (Cancellous)Bone
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Bone Structure (cont.)
• Structures within compact bone– Osteons – Bone matrix– Lamella– Lacunae– Canaliculi
• All bones are made up of both compact and spongy bone
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Bone Structure (cont.)
• Long bones – Femur and humerus – Parts
• Diaphysis
• Epiphysis
• Articular cartilage
• Medullary cavity
• Periosteum
• Endosteum
24-9
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Bone Structure (cont.)
• Short bones
• Flat bones
• Irregular bones
• Sesamoid bones
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Gender Differences in Skeletal Structure
• Male Skull– Larger and heavier
– Forehead shorter
– Face less round
– Jaw larger
• Male pelvis– Bones are heavier and
thicker
– Cavity is narrower
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Matching:
Holes in the matrix that contain osteocytes
Made of inorganic salts, collagen fibers, and proteins; between osteocytes
Layers of bone surrounding the canals of the osteons
Elongated cylinders that run the length of the bone
Canals that connect lacunae to each other
Apply Your Knowledge
A. Osteons
B. Bone matrix
C. Lamella
D. Lacunae
E. Caniculi
B
D
A
E
CANSWER:
Very Good!
24-12
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Functions of Bones
• Give shape to body parts
• Support and protect soft
structures
• Function in body movement
• Red bone marrow – hematopoiesis
• Store calcium
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Apply Your Knowledge
ANSWER: Every cell in the body needs calcium, so the body must have a large supply readily available.
Why is it important for the bones to store calcium?
24-14
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Bone Growth
• Ossification
• Intramembranous ossification
– Bones begin as tough, fibrous membrane
– Osteoblasts turn the membrane to bone
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• Endochondral ossification – Bones begin as cartilage models
– Diaphysis ~ primary ossification center
Diaphysis
Bone Growth (cont.)
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Diaphysis
• Endochondral ossification
– Epiphysis ~ secondary ossification center
– Epiphyseal disc ~ cartilage between epiphysis and diaphysis
Bone Growth (cont.)
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Building Better Bones
• Bone – healthy diet– Vitamin D
– Calcium
• Bone-healthy exercises– Weight-bearing
– Strength-training
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Building Better Bones (cont.)
• Bone-healthy lifestyle – avoid smoking and alcohol
• Bone tests– Bone density tests– Bone scan
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Apply Your Knowledge
What are the two types of bone growth?
ANSWER: Intramembranous ossification, in which bones begin as tough membrane and are turned to bone by osteoblasts, and endochondral ossification, in which primary ossification occurs in the diaphysis of the bone and secondary ossification occurs in the epiphysis.
Good Job!
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Bony Structures
• Bones are designed with
– Projections and processes
– Depressions and hollows at articulations
– Openings for blood vessels and nerves
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Bony Structures (cont.)
Term Definition
Condyle A rounded process that usually articulates with another bone
Crest A narrow, ridge-like projection
Epicondyle A projection situated above a condyle
Foramen An opening through a bone that is usually a passageway for blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments
Fossa A relatively deep pit or depression
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Bony Structures (cont.)
Term Definition
Head An enlargement on the end of a bone
Process A prominent projection on a bone
Suture An interlocking line of union between bones
Trochanter A relatively large process
Tubercle A small, knoblike process
Tuberosity A knoblike process, usually larger than a tubercle
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Apply Your Knowledge
Match the following:
___ Epicondyle A. A relatively deep pit or depression
___ Fontanels B. An interlocking line of union between bones
___ Fossa C. “Soft spots” felt on an infant’s skull
___ Process D. A knoblike process, usually larger than a tubercle
___ Suture E. A projection situated above a condyle
___ Tuberosity F. A prominent projection on a bone
C
A
F
B
D
E
ANSWER:
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The Skull
• Two bone types – cranial and facial
• Infant skulls– Bones not completely formed
– Fontanels – tough membranes
– Sutures
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The Skull (cont.)
• Cranial bones – Frontal
– Parietal
– Occipital
– Temporal
– External auditory meatus
– Sphenoid and ethmoid bones
– Ear ossicles • Malleus• Incus• StapesClick to see
Skull
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The Skull (cont.)
• Facial bones– Mandible ~ lower jaw
– Maxillae ~ upper jaw
– Zygomatic • Cheekbones• Fused nasal bones form bridge of nose
– Palatine ~ hard palate
– Vomer ~ divides nasal cavity Click to see Skull
24-28
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Apply Your Knowledge
Match the bones of the skull:
___ Occipital A. Form the upper jawbone
___ Sphenoid B. A thin bone that divides the nasal cavity
___ Mandible C. Part of the floor of the skull
___ Maxillae D. Form the prominence of the cheeks
___ Zygomatic E. Back of skull
___ Vomer F. Lower jawbone
C
F
A
D
B
E
ANSWER:
Very Good!
24-29
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The Spinal Column
• 7 cervical vertebrae
• 12 thoracic vertebrae
• 5 lumbar vertebrae
• Sacrum
• Coccyx
24-30
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The Spinal Column (cont.)
• Cervical vertebrae – Smallest and lightest – Located in the neck – Atlas– Axis
• Thoracic vertebrae – Posterior attachment
for ribs
• Lumbar vertebrae – Small of the back– Bear most weight
24-31
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The Spinal Column (cont.)
• Sacrum – A triangular-shaped bone – Five fused vertebrae
• Coccyx – A small, triangular-shaped bone – 3 to 5 fused vertebrae
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Apply Your Knowledge
Identify the sections of the spinal column and give the number of vertebrae for each.
Thoracic – 12
Lumbar – 5
Sacrum – 5 fused
Coccyx – 3 to 5 fused
Cervical – 7ANSWER:
Right!
24-33
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The Rib Cage
• Sternum – Breastplate
– Joins with the clavicles and most ribs
– Xiphoid process
To ribcage
24-34
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The Rib Cage (cont.)
• Ribs – All are attached posteriorly to thoracic
vertebrae
– True – 1st 7 pairs
– False – pairs 8, 9, and 10
– Floating – pairs
To ribcage
24-35
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The Rib Cage (cont.)
Back
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Apply Your Knowledge
True or False:
___ The sternum forms the front middle portion of the rib cage.
___ The xiphoid process is a boney tip of the sternum.
___ The true ribs are the first five pairs of ribs.
___ False ribs attach to the costal cartilage of rib pair seven.
___ Floating ribs attach to the xiphoid process.
T
T
ANSWER:
F cartilaginous
F seven
F
do not attach anteriorly to any structure.
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Bones of the Shoulders, Arms, and Hands
• Shoulders – Clavicles ~ collar
bones– Scapulae ~ shoulder
blade
• Arm bones – Humerus– Radius – Ulna
24-38
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Bones of the Shoulders, Arms, and Hands (cont.)
• Hand – Carpals ~ 8
– Metacarpals ~ 5
– Phalanges ~ 14 • 3 per finger
• 2 per thumb
24-39
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Apply Your Knowledge
Match the following:
___ Clavicle A. Pectoral girdle
___ Radius B. Arm bones
___ Humerus C. Hands
___ Carpals
___ Scapula
___ Ulna
___ Phalanges
___ Metacarpals
A
BB
B
C
CC
A
ANSWER:
24-40
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Bones of the Hips, Legs, and Feet
• Hip bones
– Coxal bones
• Ilium
• Ischium
• Pubis
24-41
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Bones of the Hips, Legs, and Feet (cont.)
• Bones of leg – Femur
– Patella
– Tibia
– Fibula
24-42
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Bones of the Hips, Legs, and Feet (cont.)
• Bones of the foot – Tarsals ~ 7
– Metatarsals ~ 5
– Phalanges ~ 14• 3 per toe• 2 per each big toe
24-43
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Apply Your Knowledge
Match the following:
A. Coxal bones B. Leg bones C. Foot bones
___ Tibia ___ Patella
___ Ilium ___ Ischium
___ Femur ___ Metatarsals
___ Pubis ___ Fibula
___ Calcaneus ___ Tarsals
B
B
B
A A
A
C
C
C
B
ANSWERS:
Super!
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Joints
• Junctions between bones
• Fibrous joints – Connected together with
short fibers
– Between cranial bones and facial bones
– Sutures
24-45
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Joints (cont.)
• Cartilaginous joints
– Disc of cartilage
– Slightly moveable
– Between vertebrae
24-46
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Joints (cont.)
• Synovial joints – Covered with hyaline
cartilage
– Fibrous joint capsule
– Freely movable
– Ligaments hold bones together
24-47
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Apply Your Knowledge
Match the following:
A. Fibrous joints B. Cartilaginous joints C. Synovial joints
____ Between cranial bones and facial bones
____ Covered with hyaline cartilage
____ Between vertebrae
____ Freely movable
____ Sutures in the skullA
B
C
C
A
ANSWER:
24-48
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Common Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System
• Arthritis– Osteoarthritis
• Degenerative joint disease (DJD)• Weight-bearing joints
– Rheumatoid arthritis • Chronic systemic inflammatory disease • Smaller joints and surrounding tissues
24-49
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Common Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System (cont.)
• Bursitis – inflammation of the bursa
• Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (ESFT) – Primarily affect bone
– Usually lower extremities
• Gout – deposits of uric acid crystals in joints
24-50
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Common Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System (cont.)
• Kyphosis – humpback
• Lordosis –swayback
• Osteogenesis imperfecta – brittle-bone disease
• Osteoporosis – thin, porous bones
24-51
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Common Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System (cont.)
• Osteosarcoma – bone cancer from osteoblasts
• Paget’s disease – bones enlarge, become deformed, and weak
• Scoliosis – an abnormal S-shaped curvature of the spine
24-52
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Apply Your Knowledge
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that primarily affects weight-bearing joints.Rheumatoid arthritis chronic systemic inflammatory disease of smaller joints and surrounding tissues; it is thought to be an autoimmune disease.
What is the difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis?
Nice Work!
24-53
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In Summary
24.1 Bones consist of the following substances: osteons or Haversian systems; bone matrix between osteocytes (bone cells); collagen fibers
and proteins; the lamella; and canaliculi.
The skeleton consists of long bone, short bones, flat bones and irregular bones
The diaphysis is the shaft of the long bone. The epiphysis is an end of a long bone. Articular cartilage covers the end of the long bones. The endosteum lines the medullary cavity. The periosteum is the membrane surrounding the diaphysis.
24-54
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In Summary
24.2 Bone functions include giving shape to body parts, protecting soft structures of the
body, and assisting in movement. The red bone marrow is responsible for hematopoiesis. Bones also store calcium.
24.3 Bones grow through the two types of ossification: intramembranous
ossification and endochondral ossification. The cartilage plate between the diaphysis and the epiphysis allows for growth of the long bone.
24-55
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In Summary (cont.)
24.4 Skeletal structures include the following: condyles, crests, epicondyles, foramina, fossae, heads, processes, sutures, trochanters, tubercles, and tuberosities.
24.5 The major bones of the skull are the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital bones. The skull also contains the fontanels, the mastoid processes, sphenoid,ethmoid, and ear ossicles. The facial bones include the mandible, maxillae, zygomatics, nasal and palatine bones, and the vomer.
24-56
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In Summary (cont.)
24.6 The spinal column includes cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae; the sacrum; and the coccyx.
24.7 There are 12 pairs of ribs, a sternum, and the xiphoid process.
24.8 Each upper extremity includes the clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges..
24-57
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In Summary (cont.)
24.9 The bones of the hip, leg, and foot include the coxal bones, the femur, patella, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, tarsals, and phalanges.
24.10 The three joint types are fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints. A synovial joint consists of hyaline-covered bones held together by a fibrous joint capsule, which is lined by a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid. Ligaments hold the bones of these joints together.
24-58
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In Summary (cont.)
24.11 There are many common diseases and disorders of the bones and the
skeletal system with varied signs, symptoms, and treatments. Examples include arthritis, bursitis, EFT, gout, kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis, as well as osteoporosis and osteosarcoma..
24-59
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Rigid, the skeleton of habit alone upholds the human frame.
~ Virginia Woolf
End of Chapter 24