Chapter 26:The Cold War

(1945-1952)

Cold War: State of hostility, short of direct military confrontation, that

developed between the two superpowers

26.1: Global Insecurities

A. Financial Concerns

1. America needs to sustain economic growth…

2. How do we combat the problem?

3. Focus on Western Europe and Asian markets

4. International Monetary Fund/World Bank

5. US largest supplier of funds = ?

6. How does the Soviet Union respond?

B. Division of Europe

1. Satellite Nations a. Those countries that

were controlled by Stalin; Eastern Europe

b. US/GB satellite Nations?

2. Problem with this?

3. Dividing Germany

MAP 26.1 Divided Europe During the cold war, Europe was divided into opposing militaryalliances, the North American Treaty Organization (NATO) and the Warsaw Pact (Communist bloc).

4. Problem with the Reunification of Western Germany (Dec. 1945)

a. SU and France fears another invasion

b. Soviet Union wanted reparations

c. buffer between SU and W. Europe

d. Later, Stalin refuses free elections as promised during Potsdam

C. United Nations

1. Permanent Security Councila. US

b. Fr

c. GB

d. SU

e. China

2. Absolute veto power

3. Problem with this set up?

26.2: Policy of Containment

A. Churchill’s Iron Curtain

Containment

B. Truman Doctrine

1. Assist countries in helping prevent communism from entering their borders

2. Started with Greece and Turkey

C. Containing Communism

1. The Long Telegrama. Explained Russia’s

insecurities

b. struggle between communism and capitalism

c. SU wants to expand communism

d. Therefore, containment became the US’s foreign policy stance

2. “Good vs. Evil”

Kennan US Ambassador to the Soviet Union

D. The Marshall Plan

1.1. US will give aid to those US will give aid to those European countries European countries needing to rebuild their needing to rebuild their economies: humanitarianeconomies: humanitarian

2.2. SU and satellite nations SU and satellite nations refused helprefused help

3.3. Western Europe’s recovery Western Europe’s recovery decreased appeal for decreased appeal for communismcommunism

4.4. Relations between US and Relations between US and SU?SU?

“Operation Vittles” & NATO

E. Berlin Airlift:“Operation Vittles”

1. To protest unification

of West Germany, Stalin orders blockade of West Berlin

2. Goal: fly in food and supplies

3. blockade ineffective

F. NATO

1. North Atlantic Treaty Organization

a. Formed a defensive military alliance

b. Attack on one is an attack on all

c. 1st time in US history, the US enters into military alliance during peacetime

d. 1st time US committed to maintaining peace in Europe

G. Warsaw Pact1. Stalin develops the Warsaw Pact in response to NATO

2. Military alliance for his Eastern Europe satellite nations

• Blue: Nuclear Weapons Free Zone • Red: Nuclear weapons states and territories

belonging to them that are not in any NWFZ• Orange: Nuclear sharing • Gold: None of the above (but party to the Non

Proliferation Treaty(NPT))

26.4: The Cold War at Home

Red Scare leads to an increase of federal government powers and a decrease in

citizens civil rights

A. The National Security Act of 1947

1. National defense budget goes through the roofa. DODb. National Security Councilc. National Security

Resource Boardd. CIA

2. Increase in federal employees and businesses that support the effort

3. Military spending = support in economy

B. Loyalty Security Program

1. Loyalty oaths by fed. employees

2. “Interviews”

3. circumstantial evidence

4. Immigration and Nationality

5. Acthttp://www-theory.lbl.gov/jdj/PT_article.pdf

C. McCarran Act

1. AKA: Internal Security Act

2. Illegal to establish a totalitarian government in the US

3. Communists needed to publish their records and register w/US AG

D. HUAC and Hollywood

1. Committee created to search out disloyalty to the U.S.

a. investigated Hollywood film industry

b. Hollywood Ten: “unfriendly”witnesses

c. Blacklisted2. Pro-Soviet Union films used

during WWII now used against them Hollywood Ten

E. Spy Cases

1. Alger Hiss 2. Ethel & Julius Rosenberg

F. McCarthyism

F. Senator Joseph McCarthy “Witch Hunt”1. McCarthyism

a. Unfair tactic of accusing people of disloyalty without providing evidence

b. Losses credibility; accuses U.S. Army

c. Rep. did not stop him thinking it would help win 1952 presidential election

26.5:Cold War Culture

“Scare the hell out of the country.”Rep. Sen. Vandenberg (Mi)

Cold War Culture

A. Families of the 1950s

1. Define prosperity2. Dual incomes on the rise?3. Impact of the GI Bill

Benefits paid out to veterans after returning from WWII

a. Education; partial pay of tuitionb. Unemployment benefits; one yearc. Low-interest loans

B. Growth of job markets in W/SW= rapid city growth and poor planning

26.6:Stalemate for the Democrats

A. America “losses” China

1. Kai-Shek: Nationalist Leader; Opposed communism

a. US supports w/$3B; no military support

b. Not liked by US; dictator & corrupt

c. raises taxes on poor farmers

d. Lost support of citizens

2. Mao Zedong: Communist Leader

1. lowered rent rates and gave land to peasants = Communism wins over Nationalism

2. Fear that communism spreading “out of control”

3. FDR and Truman to blame by Republicans

B. The Korean War: why the division?

1. The North Attacks the South

a. North Korea great offensive fighti. Captures Seoul, S.

Korea’s capital

ii. Manages to move straight to Pusan

iii. MacArthur’s strategy =

Hero

b. China enters

2. Stalemate

a. Truman vs. MacArthur…i. Public criticism of Pres.

Truman

ii. Wants to invade China

iii. “You’re fired!”

b. Korean war ends in stalemate… 38th parallel still divides

Korea today

*****************************************Why the division between North and South Korea?

1. Japan ruled Korea 1910-19452. Japanese troops North of the 38th parallel

surrender to Soviet Union; industry3. Japanese troops South of the 38th parallel

surrender to Americans; agriculture What influences do these surrenders have

on Korea?

North Korea Democratic People’s

Republic of Korea Dictator/Comm. Capital: Pyongyang Leader: Kim Il Sung Believed ruled all of

Korea

South Korea Republic of Korea

Dem./capitalism Capital: Seoul Leader: Rhee Believed ruled all of

Korea