Post on 02-Jan-2016
transcript
Chapter 3
Neuroscience and Behavior
Slides prepared by Randall E. Osborne, Texas State University-San Marcos
Revised by Dr. Bar-Navon for purposes of Kaplan - Unit 3 Introduction to Psychology
PSYCHOLOGYSchacter
Gilbert
Wegner
PSYCHOLOGYSchacter
Gilbert
Wegner
3.2
Electrical Signaling: Communicating Information
Within a Neuron
7
3.2 Electrical Signaling
- Conduction and transmission
- Resting potential•natural electric charge•concentration of ions inside and outside cell
8
3.2 Electrical Signaling
- Action potential• threshold• myelin and
nodes of Ranvier
• Refractory period
14
3.4 Nervous System
- Central (brain & spinal cord)- Peripheral
• somatic• autonomic
sympatheticparasympathetic
15
3.4 Nervous System
- Somatic• gather info. from
external world
- Autonomic• complementary
systems
Drugs
- Agonist drugs – often speed up your brain and body. Examples include: nicotine & cocaine. [stimulants]
- Antagonist drugs – often slow down your brain and body. Examples include: alcohol and valium [depressants]
- Interestingly, caffeine, the number one drug in the world, is actually an antagonist drug. It works by blocking the effects of another neurotransmitter adenosine. Adenosine is responsible for making you feel tired and sleepy, especially at night.
17
3.4 Exploring the Brain – Major Divisions
- Hindbrain• medulla• reticular formation• cerebellum• pons
Disorders that affect the hindbrain
Region Disorder
Cerebellum stroke
Medulla oblongata stroke
Pons sleep disorders, stroke
18
3.4 Exploring the Brain–— Major Divisions
- Midbrain• tectum• tegmentum
Disorders that affect the midbrain
Region Disorder
Substantia nigra Parkinson's disease
NB: stroke can occur in the midbrain
19
3.4 Exploring the Brain–— Major Divisions
- Forebrain• cerebral cortex
- Subcortical structures• thalamus• hypothalamus• pituitary gland
20
Disorders that affect the forebrain
Region Disorder
Cerebral cortex depression, Huntington's disease, mania
Cerebrum epilepsy, stroke
•frontal lobe Alzheimer's disease, depression, mania
•parietal lobe Alzheimer's diseasea
•temporal lobe Alzheimer's disease, depression, mania
Limbic system mania
•amygdala depression
•hippocampus Alzheimer's disease, mania
21
3.4 Exploring the Brain–— Major Divisions
- Limbic system• hypothalamus• Hippocampus• amygdala• basal ganglia
22
3.4 Exploring the Brain–— Major Divisions
- Cerebral cortex• frontal lobe• temporal lobe• occipital lobe• parietal lobe• corpus callosum
24
3.5 Genes and the Environment
- Gene•DNA
- Chromosomes
- Monozygotic twins
- Dizygotic twins
- Heritability
26
3.6 Investigating the Brain
- Studying the damaged brain
- Phineas Gage• emotional functions
of the frontal lobes