Post on 02-Apr-2018
transcript
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
1/67
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
PowerPointLecture Presentations for
BiologyEighth Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
Chapter 33
Invertebrates
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
2/67
Fig. 33-1
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
3/67
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Overview: Life Without a Backbone
Invertebrates are animals that lack abackbone
They account for 95% of known animal species
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
4/67
Fig. 33-2
ANCESTRAL
PROTIST
Commonancestor of
all animals
Calcarea
and Silicea
Eumetazoa
Bilateria
Cnidaria
Mollusca/Annelida
Nematoda/Arthropoda
Chordata/Echinodermata
Sponges/
Porifera
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
5/67
Fig. 33-3a
A spongeA jelly
Phylum Choanocytes Phylum Cnidaria(Porifera)
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
6/67
Fig. 33-3a
Phylum Platyhelminthes Phylum Rotifera
A marine flatworm A rotifer (LM)
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
7/67
Fig. 33-3m
An octopus
Phylum Mollusca Phylum Annelida
A marine annelid
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
8/67
Fig. 33-3s
A roundworm A scorpion
(an arachnid)
Phylum Nematoda Phylum Arthropoda
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
9/67
Fig. 33-3v
A sea urchin
Phylum Echinodermata Phylum Chordata
A tunicate
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
10/67Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Concept 33.1: Sponges are basal animals that lacktrue tissues
Sponges are sedentary, filter feeding animals from the phyla Calcarea
and Silicea Porifera
They live in both fresh and marine waters
Sponges lack true tissues and organs
Possess collar cells to propel water through the body and strain foodparticles.
Food digested intracellularly by amebocytes
Most asymmetrical
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RmPTM965-1c&feature=related
(sponge feeding)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RmPTM965-1c&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RmPTM965-1c&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RmPTM965-1c&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RmPTM965-1c&feature=related7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
11/67
Fig. 33-4
Azure vase sponge (Cal lyspongia plicifera)
Spongocoel
Osculum
Pore
Epidermis Water
flow
Mesohyl
Choanocyte
Flagellum
Collar
Food particlesin mucus
Choanocyte
AmoebocytePhagocytosis offood particles
Spicules
Amoebocytes
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
12/67Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Concept 33.2: Cnidarians are an ancient phylum ofeumetazoans
All animals except sponges and a few other groups are animals with
true tissues (Eumetazoa)
Phylum Cnidaria: jellies, corals, sea anemones
Radial symmetrical carnivores
Diplobastic - Two body layers: ectoderm & endoderm
Possess gastrovascular cavity (not a complete tube) and nematocysts
There are two variations on the body plan: the sessile polyp and motile
medusa
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
13/67
Fi 33 6
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
14/67
Fig. 33-6
Tentacle
Nematocyst
Trigger
Cuticleof prey
Threaddischarges
Thread
(coiled)
Cnidocyte
Thread
Fi 33 7
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
15/67
Fig. 33-7
(a) Colonial polyps (classHydrozoa)
(b) Jellies (classScyphozoa)
Sea wasp (classCubozoa)
(d) Sea anemone (classAnthozoa)
(c)
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
16/67Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Conceptual Summary
Sponges and cnidarians are almost entirely marine and are considered
primitive because they do not possess three body layers nor trueorgans
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zkF_1r6ll54&feature=related (hydra
eating)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a5oHMjGqjyo (budding in hydra)
Fig 33 8 1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zkF_1r6ll54&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a5oHMjGqjyohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a5oHMjGqjyohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zkF_1r6ll54&feature=related7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
17/67
Fig. 33-8-1
Feedingpolyp
Reproductive
polyp
Medusabud
Medusa
ASEXUALREPRODUCTION(BUDDING)Portion of
a colonyof polyps
1
mm
Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Fig 33 8 2
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
18/67
Fig. 33-8-2
Feedingpolyp
Reproductive
polyp
Medusabud
Medusa
ASEXUALREPRODUCTION(BUDDING)Portion of
a colonyof polyps
1
mm
Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Gonad
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
MEIOSIS
FERTILIZATION
Egg Sperm
Zygote
Fig 33 8 3
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
19/67
Fig. 33-8-3
Feedingpolyp
Reproductive
polyp
Medusabud
Medusa
ASEXUALREPRODUCTION(BUDDING)Portion of
a colonyof polyps
1
mm
Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Gonad
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
MEIOSIS
FERTILIZATION
Egg Sperm
Zygote
Planula(larva)
Developing
polyp
Maturepolyp
Medusa producedby asexual budding
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
20/67Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Platyhelminthes: F latworms Acoelomates solid body, without a body cavity
Bilateral symmetry and beginnings of cephalization
Development of true organs, tripbloblastic (three body layers);
ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm
No coelom (body cavity)
Digestibe tract incomplete only one opening that braches throughout
the body to distribute food
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5fx-YgcP8Gg (flatworm mating
behavior Rated R)
Fig 33-9
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5fx-YgcP8Gghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5fx-YgcP8Gghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5fx-YgcP8Gghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5fx-YgcP8Gg7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
21/67
Fig. 33-9
Fig 33-10
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
22/67
Fig. 33 10
Pharynx
Gastrovascularcavity
Mouth
Eyespots
Ganglia Ventral nerve cords
Fig 33-12
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
23/67
Fig. 33 12
Proglottids with
reproductive structures Hooks
Sucker
Scolex
200 m
Tapeworms are parasites of vertebrates and lack a digestive system
Tapeworms absorb nutrients from the hosts intestine
Fertilized eggs, produced by sexual reproduction, leave the hosts body
in feces
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
24/67
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Rotifera
Pseudocoelomates body cavity between digestibe tract and body
wall is not completely lined by mesoderm
Rotifers have an alimentary canal, a digestive tube with a separate
mouth and anus (complete digestive tract) that lies within a fluid-filled
pseudocoelom
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PALgTXQOqQo&feature=related(rotifer feeding)
Fig. 33-13
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PALgTXQOqQo&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PALgTXQOqQo&feature=related7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
25/67
Fig. 33 13
Jaws Crownof cilia
AnusStomach 0.1 mm
N d R d
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
26/67
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Nematoda: Roundworms
Nematodes, or roundworms, are found in most aquatic habitats, in the
soil, in moist tissues of plants, and in body fluids and tissues of animals
Pseudocoelomates
They have an alimentary canal, but lack a circulatory system
Reproduction in nematodes is usually sexual, by internal fertilization http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-2019570087567872766#
(C. elegans crawling)
Fig. 33-25
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-2019570087567872766http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-2019570087567872766http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-2019570087567872766http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-20195700875678727667/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
27/67
g
25 m
C t l S
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
28/67
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Conceptual Summary
Flatworms and roundworms have bilateral symmetry, the beginnings of
cephalization, and three body layers with well developed tissues andorgans. Phyla include many important parasites of humans.
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
29/67
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
All of the animals that we cover from this point on are coelomates
body cavity (coelom) is completely lined by mesoderm. Groups aredivided as protostomes or deuterostomes
M ll
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
30/67
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Mollusca
Phylum Mollusca includes snails and slugs, oysters and clams, and
octopuses and squids
Basic body plan of muscular head-food, with body on top a loosely
covered mantle which may secrete a shell
Gastropods have a well defined head, tentacles and elongated
flattened foot
Marine and freshwater filter feeders have a body flattened between two
valves of a hinged she. Bivalvia
Cephalopods are on the the most advanced invertebrate groups
(octopus, squid, nautilus)
Protostomes
Fig. 33-15
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
31/67
Nephridium Visceral mass
Coelom
Mantle
Mantle
cavity
Heart
Intestine
Gonads
Stomach
Shell
Radula
MouthEsophagusNerve
cordsFoot
Gill
Anus
Mouth
Radula
Fig. 33-16
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
32/67
Fig. 33-17
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
33/67
(a) A land snail
(b) A sea slug
Fig. 33-19
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
34/67
Fig. 33-20
Coelom
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
35/67
Mouth
Digestive
gland
MantleHinge area
Gut
Coelom
Heart Adductormuscle
Anus
Excurrentsiphon
Waterflow
Incurrent
siphonGillGonad
Mantle
cavity
Foot
Palp
Shell
Fig. 33-21
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBg0k9GbHiw&feature=fvwrel7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
36/67
Octopus
Squid
Chamberednautilus
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBg0k9GbHiw&feature=fvwrelhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBg0k9GbHiw&feature=fvwrelhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBg0k9GbHiw&feature=fvwrelhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBg0k9GbHiw&feature=fvwrelhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBg0k9GbHiw&feature=fvwrelhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBg0k9GbHiw&feature=fvwrelhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBg0k9GbHiw&feature=fvwrelhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBg0k9GbHiw&feature=fvwrel7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
37/67
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBg0k9GbHiw&feature=fvwrel
(squid inking)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QMFqV4SJLWg (nautilus)
Annelida: Segmented Worms
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBg0k9GbHiw&feature=fvwrelhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QMFqV4SJLWghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QMFqV4SJLWghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBg0k9GbHiw&feature=fvwrel7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
38/67
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Annelida: Segmented Worms
Possess a coelom and closed circulatory system
Body segmented - septa
Protostomes
Fig. 33-22
E id i SeptumCuticle
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
39/67
Epidermis
Circularmuscle
Longitudinalmuscle
Dorsal vessel
Chaetae
Intestine
Nephrostome
Fusednervecords
Ventralvessel
Metanephridium
Septum(partitionbetweensegments)
CoelomCuticle
Anus
Metanephridium
Crop
Intestine
Gizzard
Ventral nerve cord withsegmental gangliaBlood
vessels
Subpharyngeal
ganglion
MouthCerebral ganglia
Pharynx
Esophagus
Clitellum
Giant Australian earthworm
Fig. 33-23
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
40/67
Parapodia
Fig. 33-24
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
41/67
Arthropoda: (jointed foot)
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
42/67
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Arthropoda: (jointed foot)
Major evolutionary advances over other invertebrate groups include
exoskeleton (chitin) and jointed appendages
Open circulatory system in which fluid called hemolymph is
circulated into the spaces surrounding the tissues and organs (fig. 42.3
pg. 900)
Main groups are arachnids (spiders, ticks), crustaceans (lobsters,crabs, shrimp, krill), and insects
Rotostomes
Fig. 33-29
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
43/67
Cephalothorax
Antennae(sensoryreception) Head
Thorax
Abdomen
Swimming appendages(one pair locatedunder eachabdominal segment)
Walking legs
Mouthparts (feeding)Pincer (defense)
Fig. 33-30
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
44/67
Fig. 33-31
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
45/67
Scorpion
Dust mite
Web-building spider
50 m
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
46/67
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Arachnids have an abdomen and a cephalothorax, which has six pairs
of appendages, the most anterior of which are the chelicerae
Gas exchange in spiders occurs in respiratory organs called book
lungs
Many spiders produce silk, a liquid protein, from specialized abdominal
glands
Fig. 33-32
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
47/67
Intestine
Heart
Digestivegland
Ovary
Anus
Spinnerets
Silk gland
Gonopore(exit for eggs) Sperm
receptacle
Book lung
Chelicera Pedipalp
Poison
gland
Eyes
Brain
Stomach
Fig. 33-33
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
48/67
Fig. 33-34
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
49/67
Fig. 33-35
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
50/67
Abdomen Thorax Head
Compound eye
Antennae
Heart
Dorsal
artery Crop
Cerebral ganglion
Mouthparts
Nerve cords
Tracheal tubesOvary
Malpighiantubules
Vagina
Anus
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
51/67
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Flight is one key to the great success of insects
An animal that can fly can escape predators, find food, and disperse to
new habitats much faster than organisms that can only crawl
Many insects undergo metamorphosis during their development
In incomplete metamorphosis, the young, called nymphs, resembleadults but are smaller and go through a series of molts until they reach
full size
Insects with complete metamorphosis have larval stages known by
such names as maggot, grub, or caterpillar
The larval stage looks entirely different from the adult stage
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NnJA_BkPF_Y (butterfly
metamorphosis)
Fig. 33-36
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NnJA_BkPF_Yhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NnJA_BkPF_Y7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
52/67
(a) Larva (caterpillar)(b) Pupa
(c) Later-stage
pupa (d) Emerging
adult
(e) Adult
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
53/67
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Most insects have separate males and females and reproduce sexually
Individuals find and recognize members of their own species by bright
colors, sound, or odors
Some insects are beneficial as pollinators, while others are harmful as
carriers of diseases, or pests of crops
Crustaceans
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
54/67
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Crustaceans
While arachnids and insects thrive on land, crustaceans, for the most
part, have remained in marine and freshwater environments
Crustaceans, subphylum Crustacea, typically have branched
appendages that are extensively specialized for feeding and
locomotion
Most crustaceans have separate males and females
Fig. 33-38
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
55/67
(a) Ghost crab
(b) Krill (c) Barnacles
Conceptual Summary
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
56/67
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
p y
The chitinous exoskeleton of arthropods, with its many jointed
appendages modified for a variety of jobs, proved so versatile that thearthropods have undergone impressive adaptive radiation with more
species and individuals than any other phylum
Concept 33.5: Echinoderms and chordates are
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
57/67
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
pdeuterostomes
Sea stars and other echinoderms, phylum Echinodermata, may seem
to have little in common with phylum Chordata, which includes thevertebrates
Shared characteristics define deuterostomes (Chordates and
Echinoderms)
Radial cleavage
Formation of the mouth at the end of the embryo opposite the
blastopore
Echinodermata: Sea urchins, sea stars and sea
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
58/67
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
,
cucumbers
Sea stars and most otherechinoderms are slow-moving or sessile
marine animals
Deuterostomes
Vertebrates are more closely related to echinoderms than to annelids,mollusks or arthropods based on studies of embryonic development
Echinoderms have a unique water vascular system, a network ofhydraulic canals branching into tube feet that function in locomotion,feeding, and gas exchange
Possess a skeleton of calcium carbonate just under the skin
Immature have bilateral symmetry, however, most adults havepentaradial symmetry
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A100m5EpfFI&feature=related (seastar feeding)
Fig. 33-39
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A100m5EpfFI&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A100m5EpfFI&feature=related7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
59/67
AnusStomach
Spine
Gills
Madreporite
Radialnerve
Gonads
Ampulla
Podium
Tube
feet
Radial canal
Ring
canal
Central disk
Digestive glands
Fig. 33-40a
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
60/67
(a) A sea star (class Asteroidea)
Fig. 33-40b
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
61/67
(b) A brittle star (class Ophiuroidea)
Fig. 33-40c
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
62/67
(c) A sea urchin (class Echinoidea)
Fig. 33-40d
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
63/67
(d) A feather star (class Crinoidea)
Fig. 33-40e
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
64/67
(e) A sea cucumber (class Holothuroidea)
Fig. 33-40f
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
65/67
(f) A sea daisy (class Concentricycloidea)
Chordates
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
66/67
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Phylum Chordata consists of two subphyla of invertebrates as well as
hagfishes and vertebrates
Chordates share many features of embryonic development with
echinoderms, but have evolved separately for at least 500 million years
You should now be able to:
7/27/2019 Chapter 33 Invertebrates (Working)
67/67
1. List the characteristics of the phylum Porifera
2. List the characteristics of the phylum Cnidaria that distinguish it from
other animal phyla
3. List the characteristics of Platyhelminthes
5. List the characteristics of Mollusca
6. List the characteristics of Annelida
7. List the characteristics of Nematoda
9. List three features that account for the success of Arthropods
10. Describe the developmental similarities between echinoderms and
chordates