JANINE O.VILLAMER, RN

GS-MAN

LOGICAL REASONING

Logical Reasoning

LOGIC

It is a branch of philosophy that concerns analysis of inferences and arguments.

It is the use and study of valid reasoning.

A proper or reasonable way of thinking about understanding something.

An inference involves forming a conclusion that is based on some evidence.

An argument consists of a conclusion and its supportive evidenced.

Logical Reasoning

A theory may be developed through:

Deductive Reasoning

Inductive Reasoning

Retroduction Reasoning

Logical Reasoning

A theory may be developed through:

DEDUCTION

It happens when a researcher works from the more general information to the more specific. 

“top-down” approach 

A process of gaining knowledge

Considered to reserve truth.

Logical Reasoning

Deductive Argument

Premise 1: All men are mortal.

Premise 2: Socrates is a man.

Premise 1: Every day, I leave for work in my car at eight o’clock.

Premise 2: Every day, the drive to work takes 45 minutes. I arrive to

work on time.

.

VALID and SOUND

Conclusion: Socrates is Mortal.

Conclusion: Therefore, If I leave for work at eight o’clock today, I will be on time.

No new information provides. It only rearranges information what is already known into a new statement or conclusion.

An important point to consider is that for a deductive argument to be sound, its premises should be true and the whole argument should be valid.

Logical Reasoning Deductive Argument

Premise 1: The tennis ball is larger than the basketball.

Premise 2: The basketball is larger than the golf ball.

Premise 1: All men are mortal.

Premise 2: Birds are men

VALID and UNSOUND

Premise 1: All cat have six legs.

Premise 2: A tiger is a cat.

For it to be unsound, at least one of its premises should be false.

Conclusion: Therefore the tennis ball is larger than the golf ball.

Conclusion: Therefore, birds are mortal.

Conclusion: Therefore, a tiger has six legs.

Logical Reasoning

Premise 1: All victims of abuse have low self-esteem.

Premise 2: Clowen has low self-esteem.

INVALID and UNSOUND

Premise 1: Some teachers are musicians.

Premise 2: All instructors are teachers.

An invalid deductive argument can never be sound. 

Conclusion: Therefore Clowen is a victim of abuse.

Conclusion: Therefore, all instructors are musicians.

Logical Reasoning

MYRA ESTRIN LEVINE

The Conservation Theory

MARTHA E. ROGERS

Unitary Human Beings

Logical Reasoning

SISTER CALLISTA ROY

Adaptation Model

DOROTHEA OREM

Self Care Deficit Theory of Nursing

Logical Reasoning

BETTY NEUMAN

Systems Model

DOROTHY JOHNSON

Behavioral System Model

A theory may be developed through:

INDUCTION

A form of logical reasoning in which a generalized is induced from a number of specific, observed instances.

It is also called hypothesis construction because any conclusions made are based on current knowledge and predictions.

“bottom-up” approach

Logical Reasoning

Logical Reasoning

Inductive Form

Premise 1: Victims of abuse who have been observed have low self esteem.

Premise 1: Jennifer leaves for school at 7:00am and is on time.

Premise 1: All observed women in one area wear heels.

Conclusion: All victims of abused have low self esteem.

Conclusion: Jennifer will always be on time if she will leaves at 7:00am.

Conclusion: All women must wear heels.

Allows conclusion to be false.

The conclusion states a generalization that extends beyond the observations.

Is viewed in terms of degrees of strength and the probability that the premises lead to a given conclusion.

Logical Reasoning

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE

Environmental Theory

AFAF IBRAHIM MELEIS

Transition Theory

Logical Reasoning

NOLA J. PENDER

Health Promotion Theory

Logical Reasoning

A theory may be developed through:

RETRODUCTION Abductive Reasoning

Is a mode of inference in which events are explained by postulating (and identifying) mechanisms which are capable of producing them.

 It is the reasoning process that starts from a set of facts and derives their most likely explanations.

Logical Reasoning

HELEN C. ERICKSON

Modeling and Role-Modeling

MARY ANN P. SWAIN

EVELYN T. TOMLIN

Logical Reasoning

GLADYS L. HUSTED

Symphonological Bioethical Theory

JAMES H. HUSTED

QUIZ! Choose one (1) Nursing Theory and explain the logical form that the Theorist used.