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Chapter 40.

Animal Structure

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Animal form & function reflect biology’smajor themesß Animals provide examples of biology’s themes:

u diversity & unity of lifeu form & function are interwovenu evolution is the thread that ties it all together

ß adaptations observed in a comparative studyof animals evolved by natural selection

The long, tongue-likeproboscis is a structuraladaptation for feeding.The moth can forage fornectar when temperatures areas low as 5°C.The moth uses a shivering-likemechanism for preflightwarm-up of its muscles.

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Hierarchy of structureß cells Æ tissues Æ organs

ß Tissues = groups of cells withcommon structure & functionßOrgans = composed of different

tissue types

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Tissue typesß Epithelial

u covers body surface & lines internalbody cavities

u skin, mucous membranes, lining ofdigestive tract

ß Muscleu body movementu skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle

ß Connectiveu framework of bodyu bone, cartilage, fibers, blood

ß Nervousu integration & control of response to

stimuliu neurons

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Epithelial tissueß Functions

u lining, protecting& forming glands

u protection ofinternalenvironmentagainst externalenvironment

u secretion of aproducts

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Epithelial tissue cell types

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Muscle tissueß Functions

u facilitates movementby contraction ofmuscle cells (fibers)

ß Typesu skeletalß striated

u cardiacu smooth

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Muscle tissue

“power” muscles(striated)

involuntary musclesof digestive system

heart muscle

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Nervous tissueß Functions

u integrating stimuliu response to stimuliß Types

u neurons, brain,spinal cord

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Connective tissueß Functions

u support & bindingu bloodu storing fatsu filling space

ß Typesu boneu bloodu fibersu cartilageu adipose (fat)

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Connective tissue

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Cartilage & boneß Rigid connective tissues

u structural proteinsdeposited in matrix betweencells

u bone is strongerß strength from calcium salts

deposited in matrixw calcium reservoir

u cartilage is softerß forms embryonic skeleton of

vertebrates & adult skeleton ofsharks & raysß in human body = ears, tip of

nose & at joints

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Organ Systemscells Æ tissues Æ organs Æ organ systems Æ organisms

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Homeostasisß Systems work to

maintain a balanceu integrated open &

closed systemsu requires

monitoring,feedback &response

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Feedback circuitsß Negative feedback

u stimulus triggerscontrol mechanismcounteracting furtherchangeß reverse effect

ß Positive feedbacku stimulus triggers

control mechanismamplifying effectß much less common

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Control of bodytemperature