CHAPTER 7: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION. Chapter 7 – The Cell – IQ # 1 1.What century did the use...

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CHAPTER 7:

CELL STRUCTURE AND

FUNCTION

Chapter 7 – The Cell – IQ # 1

1. What century did the use of the microscope begin (p. 169)?

2. What does cell theory state? Summarize in your own words (p. 170).

3. Define Prokaryote and Eukaryote, what are the example organisms that are associated with each type (p. 173)?

7-1 Life Is CellularA. The Discovery of the Cell

1. Early Microscopes • Robert Hooke-

• Anton van Leeuwenhoek-

2. The Cell Theory• Mathias Schleiden-

• Theodor Schwann-

• Rudolf Virchow-

Used compound microscope to look at a slice of cork

Observed tiny living things in pond water

Concluded all plants are made of cells

Stated all animals are made of cells

Concluded new cells come from existing cells

Cell Theory:

• All living things are composed of _____

• Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things

• New cells are produced from ____________

Existing cells

Where does the mold come from?

Exploring the Cell

B. Exploring the Cell1. Electron Microscope (TEM & SEM) -Specimen placed in a vacuumhttp://www.mos.org/sln/sem/

Scanning Electron Microscope Mosquito Head Old, Used Mascara Brush

B. Exploring the Cell1. Electron Microscope (TEM & SEM) -Specimen placed in a vacuumhttp://www.mos.org/sln/sem/

2. Scanning Probe Microscope -1990 development of fine probe microscope -operates in _______________ -can even show samples in solution

ordinary air

Exploring the Cell

• The light microscope enables us to see the overall shape and structure of a cell

Microscopes

Figure 4.1A

Image seen by viewer

Eyepiece

Ocularlens

Objective lens

Specimen

Condenser lens

Light source

C. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes• cells vary in size from _________________-

___________________• Viruses are not cells

0.2 micrometers1000 micrometers

Cell membrane

CytoplasmNucleus

Organelles

Cytoplasm

Eukaryotic cellProkaryotic cell

Eukaryotic Cell vs. Prokaryotic cell

Prokaryotes Common to Both Eukaryotes pro=__________

karyote= kernel (nucleus)

generally smaller less complicated Single Celled no

Kingdom • Monera - Eubacteria (Bacteria)

before

Membrane bound organelles

Bacteria Cells

Prokaryotes Common to Both Eukaryotes Pro= before

Membrane Bound Organelles

Archaea (catch all for single celled

organisms)

Archaea

Prokaryotes Common to Both Eukaryotes pro=__________

Archaea (catch all for single celled

organisms)

contain __________

___________

Eu= ___________

Karyote=kernel (nucleus)

Generally larger Contain

membrane bound organelles (“little organs”)

before true

Membrane bound organelles

Plants, animals, fungi, and protists

Cell membrane

Ribosomes

Protists

Eukaryotic Cell vs. Prokaryotic cell

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

Cell membraneContain DNARibosomes

NucleusOrganelles:Endoplasmic reticulumGolgi apparatusLysosomesVacuolesMitochondriaCytoskeleton

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

Monday Night Homework

• Happy Halloween!!

IQ # 2 – 7.1 Review• How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ? How are they

the same? • What are the three parts of Cell Theory?• Matching

1. Plants2. Archaea3. Animals4. Fungi5. Bacteria6. Protists

A. ProkaryoticB. Eukaryotic

Announcements• Make-Up Day

– TOMORROW – Wednesday Nov 2– Lunch – Quizzes

• Josh H – Quiz 6• Ryan C – Quiz 2

– After School or 6th Period – Exams• Breanna R – Test # 4

• Extra Credit– TOMORROW – Wednesday Nov 2– Work on Sections 7.1-7.2 in Workbook

Microscope Lab

Microscopes Image seen by viewer

Eyepiece

Ocular lens

Objective lens

Specimen

Condenser lens

Light source

Tuesday Night Homework

• Due November 2– Section Assessment 7.1

• Pg. 173• Questions 1-5

IQ # 31. What differences between Plant and Animal cells do you

see (p. 175)?2. What is the structure of the nucleus? What is held inside

the nucleus (P. 176)?3. What do Ribosomes do? Where can you find Ribosomes

(p. 177)?4. What does the Endoplasmic Reticulum do? How many

types of E.R. are there? How do they differ in function (p. 177-178)?

5. What is the structure of the Golgi Apparatus? What are its functions (p. 178)?

Agenda• Review Prokaryotes v. Eukaryotes

– Khan Academy Video ~ 15 Minutes– Bacteria – Intro to Bacteria

• Begin Cell Organelles Lecture– Nucleus– Ribosomes– E.R.– Golgi Apparatus

CA State Science Standards1. The fundamental life processes of plants and animals depend on a variety of chemical

reactions that occur in specialized areas of the organism’s cells. As a basis for understanding this concept:

E. Students know the role of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus in the secretion of proteins.

F. Students know usable energy is captured from sunlight by chloroplasts and is stored through the synthesis of sugar from carbon dioxide.

G. Students know the role of the mitochondria in making stored chemical-bond energy available to cells by completing the breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide.

Bacteria – An Introduction

• Khan Academy• http://

www.khanacademy.org/video/bacteria?playlist=Biology

• HANDOUT

Nucleus• “Control Center for the Cell”• Contains DNA• Nuclear Envelope

– 2 membranes– Pores

• Chromatin or Chromosomes• Nucleolus

– Ribosome Synthesis

Chromatin

Nucleolus

NUCLEUS

Two membranesof nuclearenvelope

ROUGHENDOPLASMICRETICULUM

Ribosomes

Ribosomes• “Producer of the Proteins”• Small pieces of RNA • Found throughout the cytoplasm• 2 subunits• Free Ribosomes

– In Cystol (Cytoplasm) – For use in the Cell

• Bound Ribosomes– In Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) – For use in membranes, organelles, or export

Endoplasmic Reticulum - E.R.• “Maker of Exports”• Lipids for Cell Membrane created• Proteins and Other Materials Exported• Smooth E.R.

– Contain enzymes– Detoxification (Lots of Smooth E.R. in Liver Cells)

• Rough E.R.– Rough part is Ribosomes on surface of E.R.– Portion involved in protein synthesis

SMOOTH ER

ROUGHER

Nuclearenvelope

Ribosomes

SMOOTH ER ROUGH ER

Figure 4.9

Golgi Apparatus• “Exporter”• Stacks of sacks• Golgi modifys, sorts, packages proteins (and

other material) from the E.R. for – Storage– Secretion

• In high density in cells that secrete a lot– Salivary Glands– Pancreas

Wenesday Night Homework

• Due November – Section Assessment 7.2

• Pg. 181• Questions 1-5

IQ # 41. Why does the nucleus have pores? What is the function of

Nucleolus? What does DNA look like if it is in the chromatin state (Draw it)?

2. What does a Ribosome look like (DRAW IT)? What is its main function? What is it made of?

3. Make a chart What are the 2 types of E.R.? How do their functions differ? How do they look different (Draw it)?

4. What does the Golgi Apparatus look like (Draw It!)? What are its three main functions? What organelle do its materials come from and where are they headed? (Draw the chain of events)

Announcements

• Tomorrow is Friday What does that mean?

QUIZ!!!• Sections 7.1-7.2

– Organelles– Difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes– Difference in plant and animal cells

Agenda

• IQ # 4• Lecture Cell Oranelles, Part 2

– Lysosomes– Vacuoles– Mitochondria– Chloroplasts– Cytoskeleton

• Cell City Analogy Activity• Review of 7.1 and 7.2 Homework

Lysosomes• “The Clean-Up Crew”• Organelles filled with Enzymes

– Bud off of Golgi

• Digestion of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into components

• Breakdown of old, dead organelles– Keep cell healthy

• Found in high densities in White Blood Cells• Lysosomes Fail -

– Tay-Sac Disease

LYSOSOME

Nucleus

Rough ER

Transport vesicle(containing inactivehydrolytic enzymes)

Golgiapparatus

Plasmamembrane

LYSOSOMES

“Food”

Engulfmentof particle

Foodvacuole

Digestion

Lysosomeengulfingdamagedorganelle

Vacuoles• “The Storage Unit”• Storage of

– Water– Salts– Proteins– carbohydrates

• Typically very large in plant cells– Create enough pressure so cells can structurally support

heavy items

• Some animals can actively pump water in and out• Central in the cell

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts• “The power company”• Energy harvesting Organelle• Chloroplasts

– Only photosynthetic organisms• Plants• Photosynthetic Bacteria/ Algae

• Mitochondria– ALL living cells

Mitochondria• “The Converter”• Convert chemical energy from food into usable

energy in the cell• 2 Membranes• Has own DNA and Ribosomes

– Acts mostly independently from cell

• Location for Cellular Respiration ATP Production• All your mitochondria are from your Mother!

Figure 4.16

Outermembrane

MITOCHONDRION

Intermembranespace

Innermembrane

Cristae

Matrix

Chloroplasts• “The Light Catcher”• Capture sunlight and convert it into chemical

energy Photosynthesis (Glucose Production)• 2 Membranes• Has own DNA

Chloroplast Stroma

Inner and outer membranes

Granum

Intermembranespace

Cytoskeleton• “The Steel of the Cell”• Network of protein filaments

– Maintain shape in the cell– Allow the cell to move

• Microfilaments – Thread like– Made of Actin– Extensive, forms tough flexible framework– Aid in movement (like an amoeba crawling)

• Microtubules– Hollow– Made of Tubulin– Important in cell division (spindle fibers)– Flagella or Cilia

MICROFILAMENT

Figure 4.17B

INTERMEDIATEFILAMENT

MICROTUBULE

Actin subunit Fibrous subunitsTubulinsubunit

7 nm 10 nm25 nm

The Cytoskeleton

Cell Wall

• “The Armory” • Only found in Plant Cells• Adds strength to the cell • Keeps water pressure from exploding the cell

Cell Membrane

• Selectively Permeable• 7.3 – Whole section on it.

Cell membraneContain DNA

ribosomes

NucleusEndoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatusLysosomesVacuoles

MitochondriaCytoskeleton

Animal Cells Plant Cells

Lysosomes

Cell membraneRibosomes

Golgi apparatusVacuoles

Cell WallChloroplasts

Central Vacuole

Section 7-2

Venn Diagrams

7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure(chart)

Figure 4.5B

Nucleus

Golgiapparatus

Not inanimal

Centralvacuole

Chloroplast

Cell wall

Mitochondrion

Peroxisome

Plasma membrane

Roughendoplasmicreticulum

Ribosomes

Smoothendoplasmicreticulum

Cytoskeleton

Microtubule

Intermediatefilament

Microfilament

Plant Cell

Animal Cell

Plasma membrane

Figure 4.5A

Golgiapparatus

Ribosomes

NucleusSmooth endoplasmicreticulum

Roughendoplasmicreticulum

Mitochondrion

Not in most plant cells

Cytoskeleton

Flagellum

Lysosome

Centriole

Peroxisome

Microtubule

Intermediatefilament

Microfilament

Animal Cell

Figure 4.5A

Figure 4.5B

Plant Cell

Cell membraneContain DNA

ribosomes

Golgi apparatusLysosomesVacuoles

Animal Cells Plant Cells

Lysosomes

Cell membraneRibosomes

Golgi apparatusVacuoles

Cell WallChloroplasts

Central Vacuole

Section 7-2

Venn Diagrams

7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure(chart)

Thursday Night Homework• Due November 4

– Cell City Analogy• Complete the example given• Create your own analogy• Draw your own analogy!

– Be creative

– QUIZ TOMORROW!!!

IQ # 5 – 7.31. What does the cell membrane do? What is it composed

of? What is the difference between Cell Membrane and the Cell Wall? (p. 182-183)

2. What is diffusion? When does it stop? Does diffusion require energy? (p. 184)

3. What is Osmosis? How does it differ from diffusion? What are the three types of osmotic situation? (p. 185)

4. Define Facilitated Diffusion. Does it require energy? What object in the cell membrane assists in facilitated diffusion?

Announcements• Collect last weeks extra credit• Tomorrow

– Troy Central Tutoring– Sections 7.3-7.4

• Grades are submitted, on ABI• Test – Chapter 7 – Tuesday – November 15th

– Tentatively

Agenda• Review Quiz• Go over Yesterdays Lab• Lecture 7.3

– Cell Membranes– Diffusion– Osmosis

7-3 Cell Boundaries A. Cell Membrane• Regulates what ___________ and __________ the cell• Provides • Composed of a ______________

enters leaves

protection and supportlipid bilayer

Outsideof cell

Insideof cell(cytoplasm)

Cellmembrane

Proteins

Proteinchannel Lipid bilayer

Carbohydratechains

CELL MEMBRANE “FLUID MOSAIC”

“Phospholipids”

• __________________ are embedded in the bilayer;

enters leaves

Protein molecules

form channels and pumps to move material across the cell membrane.

Outsideof cell

Cellmembrane

Proteins

Carbohydratechains

“transport”“Phospholipids”

• __________________ are embedded in the bilayer;

• _________________ are attached to some of the proteins; allows cells to __________ one another.

enters leaves

Protein molecules

form channels and pumps to move material across the cell membrane.

Carbohydrates

identify

Outsideof cell

Cellmembrane

Proteins

Carbohydratechains

“transport”

“ID tags”

“Phospholipids”

Function of the Plasma Membrane

**Small, Nonpolar molecules easily pass through the membrane: O2, CO2, Hormones, Steroids

vs.**Large, Charged do not pass through easily and must be helped in. These molecules would include:

C6H12O6 , Proteins, and Ions

B. Cell Walls• Found in

• Cell walls are porous enough to allow

• Main function is to provide

• Plant cell walls made of __________ (carbohydrate fiber)

plants, algae, fungi and many prokaryotes

water, oxygen, carbon dioxide easily

support and protection for the cell

cellulose

C. Diffusion Through Cell Boundaries•All living cells exists in a

•Cell membranes regulate

•Cell membranes are _____________________ (aka: _______________)

•If substances can pass, then the cell membrane =

•If substances cannot pass, then the cell membrane=

liquid environment.

the movement of molecules in and out of the cell.

selectively permeablesemipermeable

impermeable

Permeable

1. Measuring Concentration• Cytoplasm=

• Concentration=

• Example:12g salt/3L H2O= 60g salt/3L H2O=

• Concentration gradient=

Water and other substances between the cell membrane and the nucleus.

mass of solute/volume of solution

20 g/L 5X moreconcentrated

unequal distribution of particles

IQ # 61. What molecules can move easily through your cell

membrane? Which molecules cannot? (review lecture notes from yesterday)

2. Draw the lipid bilayer (cell membrane) including the phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. (p. 182).

3. Describe Figure 7-15. What is happening? What is moving across the membrane. (p. 185)

4. What is the difference between hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic? (p. 185)

Announcements

• Today – Extra Credit – Sections 7.3-7.4– Pass back old EC worksheets

• Tomorrow – Quiz • Next Tuesday – Exam!

Agenda

• Diffusion Review– Demonstration

• Osmosis– Starch/ Glucose Demonstration

2. Diffusion• Particles constantly

• Particles move from a _____ concentration _____ a ____ concentration (with the concentration gradient); process is known as _________

• Diffusion continues until

• Equilibrium =

Diffusion depends upon random particle movements, substances diffuse across membranes ______ requiring the cell to use _______

collide and spread out randomly in solution

high to lowdiffusion

equilibrium is reached

When particles are evenly distributed in solution

without energy

The movement of particles will continue to move equally across the cell membrane to maintain equilibrium.

D. Osmosis• • Osmosis =

Selectively permeable membrane

BeforeOsmosis

AfterOsmosis

H2O passes easily across most membranes

The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

watersolute

Section 7-3

Figure 7-15 Osmosis

Left Beaker:• More sugar molecules on the ____ side (Highly concentrated)• • The membrane is permeable to water but not sugar.•

1. How Osmosis Works

Low concentration on the right side.

Net movement of water from low concentration to high concentration.

Hypertonic Solution Isotonic Solution Hypotonic Solution

“above strength” “same strength” “below strength”

High concentration of Equal concentration of Low concentration of Dissolved substances dissolved substances dissolved substancesIn Solution in solution

TYPES OF SOLUTIONS

Cells in a hypertonic solutionCells in a hypertonic solution

In a hypertonic In a hypertonic solution, water solution, water leaves a cell by leaves a cell by osmosis, causing osmosis, causing the cell to shrink.the cell to shrink.

H2OH2O

Water MoleculeDissolved Molecule

Cells in a hypotonic solutionCells in a hypotonic solution In a hypotonic In a hypotonic

solution, water solution, water enters a cell by enters a cell by osmosis, causing osmosis, causing the cell to swell.the cell to swell.

H2OH2O

Cells in an isotonic solutionCells in an isotonic solution In an In an isotonic isotonic

solutionsolution, the , the concentration of concentration of dissolved substances dissolved substances in the solution is the in the solution is the same as the same as the concentration of concentration of dissolved substances dissolved substances inside the cell.inside the cell.

H2OH2O

Isotonic Hypotonic Hypertonic

2. The effects of Osmosis on cells

Cells in a hypotonic solution

Cells in a hypertonic solution

Cells in an isotonicsolution

E. Facilitated Diffusion• Molecules, that cannot diffuse across the cell membrane’s

lipid bilayer on their own, can move

• Molecules still ___________________ concentration

HighConcentration

LowConcentration

CellMembrane

Glucosemolecules

Proteinchannel

Section 7-3

Facilitated Diffusion

With the help of protein channels

move from high to low

F. Active Transport• Movement of molecules

• Requires • Needs Molecule to

be carried

Moleculebeing carried

Energy

against a concentration gradient (from low to high)

energy

a transport protein or pump

Large molecules and clumps of material can be taken into the cell by a process known as ___________. The two kinds of endocytosis are:

1. Phagocytosis=

2. Pinocytosis=

___________= release of large amounts of material

endocytosis

‘Cell eating’

‘cell drinking’

Exocytosis

Announcements

• Collect Extra Credit• Exam on Wednesday• Tomorrow:

– Play awesome review game

Agenda• Finish “Secrets of the Cell”• Go over Quiz• Finish Ch. 7 Lecture• Review Old HWs and IQs

Transport of Large Transport of Large ParticlesParticlesTransport of Large Transport of Large ParticlesParticles

• Endocytosis is a process by which a cell surrounds and takes in material from its environment.

Endocytosis Exocytosis

Digestion

Nucleus

Wastes removal

Let’s Review:

PASSIVE TRANSPORTACTIVE

TRANSPORT

Simple diffusion (includes Osmosis)

Facilitated Diffusion

No ATP No ATP ATP required

Hi-Lo Hi-Lo Lo-Hi

No protein Needs protein Needs Protein

1. interactive sites for cell membrane, diffusion, active, passive transport

7-4 The Diversity of Cellular LifeA. Unicellular Organisms (single celled)

• Unicellular organisms _________ multicellular organisms

• Examples:

B. Multicellular Organisms (many celled)• Cells become ___________ to perform different tasks

• Cells need to communicate and cooperate

outnumber

Yeast, algae, bacteria

specialized

C. Levels of Organization The levels of organization in a multicellular organism are:

individual

Muscle cell

Smooth muscle( tissue)

Stomach(organ)

Digestive system(organ system)

Section

CELLS TISSUES ORGANS ORGAN SYSTEMS

1. Tissues=• Four types of tissue:

- - - -

2. Organs=

• Ex. bicep muscle is made of muscle, connective, and nervous tissue

3. Organ Systems=

Group of similar cells that perform a particular function

muscle

epithelialnervous

connective

Groups of tissues

Group of organs that work together to perform a specific function.

Homework

• Ch. 7 Review Sheet

IQ # 5 – 7.31. What does the cell membrane do? What is it composed

of? What is the difference between Cell Membrane and the Cell Wall? (p. 182-183)

2. What is diffusion? When does it stop? Does diffusion require energy? (p. 184)

3. What is Osmosis? How does it differ from diffusion? What are the three types of osmotic situation? (p. 185)

4. Define Facilitated Diffusion. Does it require energy? What object in the cell membrane assists in facilitated diffusion?

IQ # 61. What molecules can move easily through your cell

membrane? Which molecules cannot? (review lecture notes from yesterday)

2. Draw the lipid bilayer (cell membrane) including the phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. (p. 182).

3. Describe Figure 7-15. What is happening? What is moving across the membrane. (p. 185)

4. What is the difference between hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic? (p. 185)

IQ # 7 – Section 7.4 1. What is the difference between unicellular

organisms and multicellular organisms? (p. 190)2. Describe Cell Specialization. What are 3 examples

of specialized animal cells? What are 2 examples of specialized plant cells? (p. 191-192)

3. What does a histotechnologist do? (p. 192)4. What are the three levels of organization

discussed? Name an example for each level. (p. 192-193)

CHAPTER 7: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION. Chapter 7 – The Cell – IQ # 1 1.What century did the use...

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