Chapter 9 Section 9.4 –

9.6

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CloningCloning CloneClone- a member

of a group of genetically identical cells

2

Cloning Cloning organismsorganismsA body cellbody cell from one organism and an egg cellegg cell from another are fused

The resulting cell divides divides like a normal embryolike a normal embryo

3

Human Genome Human Genome ProjectProject

4

Human Genome Project

Started in 1990 Research effort to sequence

all of our DNA (46 chromosomes)

Over 3.3 billion nucleotides Mapping every gene location

(loci) Conducted by scientists

around the world5

Benefits of Human Genome Project Improvements in Improvements in medical medical

preventionprevention of disease, gene of disease, gene therapies, diagnosis therapies, diagnosis techniques …techniques …

Production of useful proteinProduction of useful protein products for use in medicine, products for use in medicine, agriculture, bioremediation agriculture, bioremediation and pharmaceutical industries.and pharmaceutical industries.

Improved Improved bioinformaticsbioinformatics – – using computers to help in using computers to help in DNA sequencing …DNA sequencing …

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Genetic EngineeringGenetic Engineering

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Genetic Engineering – inserting cloned genes from one organism into a different organism Recombinant DNA – DNA that

contains genes from more than one organism

Bacteria are commonly used – plasmids (loop of DNA – that is separate from the bacterial chromosome)

Genetic Engineering creates transgenic organisms 8

9

BiotechnologyProvides:BiotechnologyProvides:

• Improved food products

•Medical advances

• An enhanced environment

• Improved food products

•Medical advances

• An enhanced environment

Herbicide Resistant Crops

Soybeans: Roundup Ready Corn: Roundup Ready, Liberty Link Cotton: BXN, Roundup Ready Canola: Liberty Link, Roundup Ready

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Biotechnology BreakthroughsBiotechnology Breakthroughs Insulin (1982)

First commercial biotech product

Reliable, inexpensive source of insulin

Rice Enriched with beta-carotene

and iron

Bananas Containing edible hepatitis

vaccine

Insulin (1982) First commercial biotech

product Reliable, inexpensive source of

insulin

Rice Enriched with beta-carotene

and iron

Bananas Containing edible hepatitis

vaccine11

Biotechnology BreakthroughsBiotechnology Breakthroughs

Potatoes with higher solid content

Garlic that lowers cholesterol

Fruits and vegetables that reduce risks of cancer and heart disease

Potatoes with higher solid content

Garlic that lowers cholesterol

Fruits and vegetables that reduce risks of cancer and heart disease

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Environmental BenefitsEnvironmental Benefits

Reduced pesticide use

Lower energy requirements

Cleaner water

Less soil erosion

Reduced pesticide use

Lower energy requirements

Cleaner water

Less soil erosion

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