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biology
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11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel11-1 The Work of GregorMendel
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11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel
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Gregor Mendels PeasGenetics is the scientific study of heredity.
Gregor Mendel worked with ordinary garden peas.
Gregor Mendels Peas
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Gregor Mendels Peas
Mendel knew that
the male part ofeach flowerproduces pollen,
(containingsperm).
the female partof the flowerproduces eggcells.
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Gregor Mendels Peas
During sexual reproduction, sperm and egg cells joinin a process called fertilization.
Fertilization produces a new cell.
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Gregor Mendels Peas
Pea flowers are self-pollinating.
Sperm cells in pollen fertilize the egg cells in thesame flower.
The seeds that are produced by self-pollinationinherit all of their characteristics from the single plantthat bore them.
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Gregor Mendels Peas
Mendel had true-breeding pea plants that, if allowedto self-pollinate, would produce offspring identical tothemselves.
Mendel wanted to produce seeds by joining male and
female reproductive cells from two different plants.
He cut away the pollen-bearing male parts of theplant and dusted the plants flower with pollen from
another plant.
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Gregor Mendels Peas
This process iscalled cross-pollination.
Mendel was ableto produce seedsthat had twodifferent parents.
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Genes and Dominance
Genes and Dominance
A trait is a specific characteristic that varies fromone individual to another.
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Genes and Dominance
Genes and DominanceMendel studied seven pea plant traits, each with twocontrasting characters.
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Genes and Dominance
Each original pair of plants is the P (parental)generation.
The offspring are called the F1, or first filial,generation.
The offspring of crosses between parents withdifferent traits are called hybrids.
The F1 hybrid plants all had the character of only oneof the parents.
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Genes and Dominance
Mendels F1 Crosses on Pea Plants
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Genes and Dominance
Mendels Seven F1 Crosses on Pea PlantsMendels F1 Crosses on Pea Plants
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Genes and Dominance
Mendel's first conclusion was that biologicalinheritance is determined by factors that are passedfrom one generation to the next.
Today, scientists call the factors that determine traits
genes.
Th W k f G M d l G d D i
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Genes and Dominance
Each of the traits Mendel studied was controlled byone gene that occurred in two contrasting forms thatproduced different characters for each trait.
The different forms of a gene are called alleles.
Mendels second conclusion is called the principle of
dominance.
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Genes and Dominance
What is the principle of dominance?
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Genes and Dominance
The principle of dominance states that
some alleles are dominant and others arerecessive.
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Genes and Dominance
An organism with a dominant allele for a trait willalways exhibit that form of the trait.
An organism with the recessive allele for a trait willexhibit that form only when the dominant allele for
that trait is not present.
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Segregation
What happens during segregation?
11 1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Segregation
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Segregation
Segregation
Mendel crossed the F1 generation with itself toproduce the F2 (second filial) generation.
The traits controlled by recessive alleles reappearedin one fourth of the F2 plants.
11 1 The Work of Gregor Mendel
Segregation
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Mendel's F2
Generation
PGenerationF1Generation
Tall Tall Tall Tall Tall TallShort Short
F2Generation
Segregation
11 1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Segregation
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Segregation
Mendel assumed that a dominant allele had maskedthe corresponding recessive allele in the F1generation.
The trait controlled by the recessive allele showed up
in some of the F2 plants.
11 1 The Work of Gregor Mendel Segregation
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Segregation
The reappearance of the trait controlled by therecessive allele indicated that at some point the allelefor shortness had been separated, or segregated,from the allele for tallness.
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Segregation
Mendel suggested that the alleles for tallness andshortness in the F1 plants segregated from eachother during the formation of the sex cells, orgametes.
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Segregation
When each F1 plant flowers andproduces gametes, the two allelessegregate from each other so that
each gamete carries only a single copyof each gene.
Therefore, each F1 plant produces two
types of gametesthose with theallele for tallness, and those with theallele for shortness.
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Segregation
Alleles separate during gamete formation.
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11-1
Gametes are also known as
a. genes.
b. sex cells.
c. alleles.
d. hybrids.
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11-1
The offspring of crosses between parents with
different traits are called
a. alleles.
b. hybrids.c. gametes.
d. dominant.
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In Mendels pea experiments, the male gametes
are the
a. eggs.
b. seeds.c. pollen.
d. sperm.
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In a cross of a true-breeding tall pea plant with a
true-breeding short pea plant, the F1 generationconsists of
a. all short plants.
b. all tall plants.
c. half tall plants and half short plants.
d. all plants of intermediate height.
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If a particular form of a trait is always present
when the allele controlling it is present, then theallele must be
a. mixed.
b. recessive.
c. hybrid.
d. dominant.
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