Post on 12-Nov-2014
description
transcript
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
Chapter 17
The Respiratory The Respiratory SystemSystem
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
Upper respiratorytract
Lower respiratorytract
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
Nose and nasal cavitiesNose and nasal cavities
Conchae
Branches of olfactory nerve
Sphenoid sinus
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
PharynxPharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
LarynxLarynx
Thyroid cartilage
Vestibular folds
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
Which is a function of the nasopharynx?
A.Filter dustB.Warm and moisten inspired airC.Provide openings for eustachian tubesD.Contain olfactory receptors for sense of smell
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Filter dust, warm and moisten inspired air, and contain olfactory receptors are all functions of the nasal cavity.
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
Lower respiratory tractLower respiratory tract
Consists of the trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
Trachea
Carina
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
AlveoliAlveoli
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
LungsLungs
Horizontal fissure
Oblique fissure
Oblique fissure
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
PleuraPleura
Visceral pleura
Parietal pleura
Pleural cavity
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
Inhaled food or foreign objects are most likely to lodge in which part of the respiratory system?
A.PharynxB.Right bronchusC.Left bronchusD.Bronchioles
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The right bronchus is slightly wider and more vertical than the left, making it the most likely location for aspirated objects to lodge.
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
Pulmonary ventilationPulmonary ventilation Inspiration and expiration Both depend on:
Respiratory muscles Difference between air pressure within
the lungs and outside the body
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
Respiratory musclesRespiratory muscles
External intercostals
Internal intercostals
Diaphragm
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
Neural control of breathingNeural control of breathing Inspiratory centerInspiratory center: Primary
respiratory center Apneustic centerApneustic center: Increases length
and depth of inspiration Pneumotaxic centerPneumotaxic center: Prevents lung
overinflation Expiratory centerExpiratory center: Used for forceful
exhalations
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
Factors that influence Factors that influence breathingbreathing
Oxygen levels Hydrogen ions (pH) Stretch Pain and emotion Irritants
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
What is the main muscle responsible for pulmonary ventilation?
A.AbdominalsB.External intercostalsC.DiaphragmD.Internal intercostals
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
Correct answer: C
Rationale:Whereas the intercostals are used in the respiratory process, the diaphragm is the main muscle for pulmonary ventilation. The abdominal muscles are accessory muscles of ventilation.
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
Pressure and airflowPressure and airflow Atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure drives
respiration. When pressure within lungs drops lowerlower
than atmospheric pressure, air flows inin. When pressure within lungs rises aboveabove
atmospheric pressure, air flows out out.
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
InspirationInspiration
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
ExpirationExpiration
View animation on respiratory cycle
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
When pressure in the lungs drops lower than atmospheric pressure, what occurs?
A.Air flows out of the lungs.B.Air flows into the lungs.C.A pneumothorax forms.D.The bronchioles constrict.
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
Correct answer: B
Rationale:Air flows from an area of higher to lower pressure; therefore, air flows out of the lungs when pressure in the lungs is higher than atmospheric pressure.
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
Factors that affect airflowFactors that affect airflow Pulmonary compliance Alveolar surface tension
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
Measurements of ventilationMeasurements of ventilation Tidal volume Inspiratory reserve volume Expiratory reserve volume Residual volume Vital capacity Total lung capacity
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
Gas exchangeGas exchange Exchange depends on differences in
pressure. Gas diffuses from higher to lower
pressure until pressures are equalized.
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
Transport of oxygenTransport of oxygen Forms oxyhemoglobin in the lungs. Oxyhemoglobin travels to the cells. Difference in pH between venous and
arterial blood breaks bond with hemoglobin.
Oxygen is released to the tissues.
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
Transport of carbon dioxideTransport of carbon dioxide
1. 10% dissolved in plasma2. 20% bound to hemoglobin3. 70% carried as bicarbonate ions
Occurs in three ways: Occurs in three ways:
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
The primary way oxygen is transported in the blood is:
A.in the form of bicarbonate.B.in the form of carbaminohemoglobin.C.in the form of oxyhemoglobin.D.dissolved in plasma.
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
Correct answer: C
Rationale:Carbaminohemoglobin and bicarbonate are two forms used to transport carbon dioxide. Only 1.5% of oxygen is dissolved in plasma; 98.5% circulates in the form of oxyhemoglobin.