Post on 15-Jul-2015
transcript
(Option 01)
List all related
values in order of
importance
Inquire into values held
by members of the society
Systematic comparison
of multitude
of alternatives
Make choice that maximizes
values
(Option 02)
Set principal
objectives explicitly
Outline relatively few policy
alternatives & Compare
limited alternatives
Rely on a body of past
record to predict the
future
Consider the risks
with each policy
alternatives.
Make choice that
maximizes values
Successive limited comparison method (Branch)
- Emanating from current situation, step-by-step and by small degrees.
Rational comprehensive method (Roots)
- Starting from the fundamentals anew each time
- Building on the past only as experience is embodied in a theory
- Always prepared to start completely from the ground up.
RootClarification of
values/objectives distinct, usually
a prerequisite
Means-ends approach: Ends
are isolated means identified
Goodness test : most
appropriate means to end
Analysis is comprehensive
Heavy reliance on theory
Branch Selection of values/goals intertwined
Means & ends not distinct so
means/ends analysis limited
Goodness test = consensus
Analysis ltd: neglects important
outcomes/ alternatives/values
Comparison reduces reliance on
theory
Participants disagree on weight of critical values and even on sub-objectives.
Individuals may be unable to rank their own values when the are conflicting.
Social objectives may have different value weights in different circumstances.
One chooses among values and policies simultaneously.
Administrators focus on incremental objectives.
Means end relationship is not possible if values are agreed upon and unchanging.
Where means and ends are simultaneously chosen, means ends analysis is not possible.
Root: goodness shown by achieving some specified objective
Branch: agreement on policy is the only test of goodness
Impossible to take all factors into consideration in any non-simple decision.
Available information and human capacity are limited.
Complex problems/decisions must be simplified.
Simplification is achieved through limitation of policy comparisons and alternatives to those differing from the status quo.
“ Policy is not made once and for all; it is made and remade endlessly.”
Successive approximation to a desired objectives where the desired objective itself changes and evolves.
“Making policy is at best a rough process.” Policies will only achieve part of what you hope for while creating unintended consequences you would prefer to avoid.
By proceeding through a succession of changes a policy maker avoids serious and lasting mistakes