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Coal Fuel Switching UsingElectricity Generation Data Electricity Generation Based on Fuel Type
Year Total (GWh)1970 2175
1980 7912 BAU NP Bau
1990 19469 Coal 15 15 15
1991 21442 Petroleum 5 5 5
1997 49080 Natural Gas 70 70 70
2000 52300 Hydro 10 10 10
2010 105762 Biomass 0 0 0
2020 195253 NP= New Policy
BAU=Business As Usual
USD/ton RM/ton kcal/kg kJ/kg 1USD
Coal 87.5 294.88 5500 23021.9 1kcal
(Source: Review on Electricity Tariff in Peninsular Malaysia under the Incentive-based Regulation
Coal (RM/t 294.88 *N/R 23021.9
Petrol(RM/ 1.002 0.85 45000.0
Natural Ga 0.6012 0.717 55000.0
Hydro - - -
Biomass (R 15 *N/R 6000.0
*N/R= Not Required
(Source: Energy, Economy and Environmental Analysis of Industrial Boilers Using Fuel Switching)
CO2 SO2 Nox CO
Biofuel Bur 1.55 0.00027 0.0011 0.078
(Source: ANDREAE AND MERLET: EMISSIONs FROM BIOMASS BURNING)
CO2 SO2 Nox CO
Coal 1.1800 0.0139 0.0052 0.0002
Petroleum 0.8500 0.0164 0.0025 0.0002
Gas 0.5300 0.0005 0.0009 0.0005
Hydro 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Others 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Biofuel Bur 0.9300 0.0002 0.0007 0.0468
FuelsYear 40
2010Ye
2
94.31
54.88
0.01
Energy
Content
(kJ/kg)
Fuel TypeEnergy Content
Average Electricity Price for
each fuel type (RM/kWh)
0.046
Market price
Fuel Type Unit Fuel
Price
Density
(kg/m3)
0.24
Fuels Emission factor( kg/ kWh)
Emission Factor (kg/kg)Fuels
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Analysis
Electricity Generation Data New Policy: Electricity Generation Percenta
Year Year Gap 1 Total (GWh) Year Year Gap 2 Coal
1970 0 2175 2015 0 15%
1980 10 7912 2020 5 11%
1990 20 19469 2030 15 8%
1991 21 21442
1997 27 49080
2000 30 52300
2010 40 105762
2020 50 195253
Predicted Annual Electricity Generation, Percentage of Electrictity Generation based on Fuel Types a
Business As Usual
Coal Petroluem Gas
2015 45 149,476.90 0 0.1500 0.0500 0.7000
2016 46 157,298.30 1 0.1500 0.0500 0.7000
2017 47 165,320.90 2 0.1500 0.0500 0.7000
2018 48 173,544.70 3 0.1500 0.0500 0.7000
2019 49 181,969.70 4 0.1500 0.0500 0.7000
2020 50 190,595.90 5 0.1500 0.0500 0.7000
2021 51 199,423.30 6 0.1500 0.0500 0.7000
2022 52 208,451.90 7 0.1500 0.0500 0.70002023 53 217,681.70 8 0.1500 0.0500 0.7000
2024 54 227,112.70 9 0.1500 0.0500 0.7000
2025 55 236,744.90 10 0.1500 0.0500 0.7000
2026 56 246,578.30 11 0.1500 0.0500 0.7000
2027 57 256,612.90 12 0.1500 0.0500 0.7000
2028 58 266,848.70 13 0.1500 0.0500 0.7000
2029 59 277,285.70 14 0.1500 0.0500 0.7000
2030 60 287,923.90 15 0.1500 0.0500 0.7000
Year Year Gap 1 Total (GWh) Year Gap 2 Fuel Type Percenta
y = 100.65x2- 1333.2x + 5755.9
R = 0.9941
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
TotalElectrictiyGeneration
Year Increment
Electricity Generation Data
Electricity Generation Data Poly. (Electricity Generation Data)
y
y = -0.001x2+ 0.
R = 1
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
0 5
FuelP
ercentagefotElectricityGeneration
NCoal
Biomass
Poly. (Gas)
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2015 45 149,476.90 0 22421.5 1.034 7473.8
2016 46 157,298.30 1 23594.7 1.088 7864.9
2017 47 165,320.90 2 24798.1 1.143 8266.0
2018 48 173,544.70 3 26031.7 1.200 8677.2
2019 49 181,969.70 4 27295.5 1.259 9098.5
2020 50 190,595.90 5 28589.4 1.318 9529.8
2021 51 199,423.30 6 29913.5 1.379 9971.2
2022 52 208,451.90 7 31267.8 1.442 10422.6
2023 53 217,681.70 8 32652.3 1.506 10884.1
2024 54 227,112.70 9 34066.9 1.571 11355.6
2025 55 236,744.90 10 35511.7 1.637 11837.2
2026 56 246,578.30 11 36986.7 1.705 12328.9
2027 57 256,612.90 12 38491.9 1.775 12830.6
2028 58 266,848.70 13 40027.3 1.846 13342.4
2029 59 277,285.70 14 41592.9 1.918 13864.3
2030 60 287,923.90 15 43188.6 1.991 14396.2
Coal (GWh) Costs (billion)Petroluem
(GWh)
Electricity Gene
Year Total (GWh)Year Gap 1 Year Gap 2
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
Predicted Fuel Type Percentage for
Electricity Generation
Biomass
Hydro
Gas
Petroluem
Coal
0.00
10,000,000.00
20,000,000.00
30,000,000.00
40,000,000.00
50,000,000.00
60,000,000.00
10,000.00
12,000.00
14,000.00
illion)
Total Costs Required for Electricity
Generation
1.50
2.00
2.50
Mb
illion)
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0.00
2,000.00
4,000.00
6,000.00
, .
2015 2020 2025 2030
Costs(RM
Year
BAU
NP
0.00
0.50
1.00
Cost(
2,00
4,00
6,00
8,00
10,00
12,00
Cost
(RMb
illion)
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Cost(RMbillion)
year
Biomass Cost Required to Generate
Electricity in NP
NP
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iomass and Hydropower
NP BAU NP
10 15 8
2 5 1
50 70 40
30 10 30
8 0 21
3.37 RM
4.1858 kJ
echanism)
1m3 1000 L
ar 50 Year 60020 2030
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e based on Fuel Type
Petroluem Gas Hydro Biomass
5% 70% 10% 0%
3% 55% 25% 6%
1% 40% 40% 11%
nd Emission Reduction
Hydro Biomass CO2 (ton) SO2(ton) Nox(ton) CO(ton)
0.1000 0.0000 88,266,109.45 486,547.31 229,447.04 58,295.99 2015
0.1000 0.0000 92,884,646.15 512,005.97 241,452.89 61,346.34 2016
0.1000 0.0000 97,621,991.45 538,119.53 253,767.58 64,475.15 2017
0.1000 0.0000 102,478,145.35 564,888.00 266,391.11 67,682.43 2018
0.1000 0.0000 107,453,107.85 592,311.37 279,323.49 70,968.18 2019
0.1000 0.0000 112,546,878.95 620,389.65 292,564.71 74,332.40 2020
0.1000 0.0000 117,759,458.65 649,122.84 306,114.77 77,775.09 2021
0.1000 0.0000 123,090,846.95 678,510.93 319,973.67 81,296.24 20220.1000 0.0000 128,541,043.85 708,553.93 334,141.41 84,895.86 2023
0.1000 0.0000 134,110,049.35 739,251.84 348,617.99 88,573.95 2024
0.1000 0.0000 139,797,863.45 770,604.65 363,403.42 92,330.51 2025
0.1000 0.0000 145,604,486.15 802,612.37 378,497.69 96,165.54 2026
0.1000 0.0000 151,529,917.45 835,274.99 393,900.80 100,079.03 2027
0.1000 0.0000 157,574,157.35 868,592.52 409,612.75 104,070.99 2028
0.1000 0.0000 163,737,205.85 902,564.95 425,633.55 108,141.42 2029
0.1000 0.0000 170,019,062.95 937,192.29 441,963.19 112,290.32 2030
Emission Production ge
Business As Usual
Year
= 0.0003x2- 0.0097x + 0.15
R = 1
y = 0.0001x2- 0.0047x + 0.05
R = 1
y = 0.001x2- 0.035x + 0.7
R = 1
.035x + 0.1
y = -0.0005x2+ 0.0143x - 6E-17
R = 1
10 15
P Year IncrementPetroluem Gas Hydro
Poly. (Coal) Poly. (Petroluem) Log. (Gas)
Poly. (Hydro) Poly. (Biomass)
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704.83 104633.8 5,742.64 14947.7 3.59 6,452.09 22421.5
741.71 110108.8 6,043.13 15729.8 3.78 6,789.70 22116.1
779.54 115724.6 6,351.34 16532.1 3.97 7,135.99 21789.3
818.31 121481.3 6,667.29 17354.5 4.17 7,490.96 21450.1
858.04 127378.8 6,990.96 18197.0 4.37 7,854.63 21108.5
898.72 133417.1 7,322.36 19059.6 4.57 8,226.97 20775.0
940.34 139596.3 7,661.50 19942.3 4.79 8,608.00 20460.8
982.91 145916.3 8,008.36 20845.2 5.00 8,997.72 20178.1
1,026.43 152377.2 8,362.95 21768.2 5.22 9,396.11 19939.6
1,070.90 158978.9 8,725.27 22711.3 5.45 9,803.20 19758.8
1,116.32 165721.4 9,095.33 23674.5 5.68 10,218.97 19649.8
1,162.69 172604.8 9,473.11 24657.8 5.92 10,643.42 19627.6
1,210.01 179629.0 9,858.62 25661.3 6.16 11,076.56 19707.9
1,258.27 186794.1 10,251.86 26684.9 6.40 11,518.38 19906.9
1,307.48 194100.0 10,652.83 27728.6 6.65 11,968.89 20241.9
1,357.65 201546.7 11,061.53 28792.4 6.91 12,428.08 20730.5
Costs (billion)Hydro
(GWh)Costs (billion)Costs (billion)Gas (GWh)
Sum of All Costs
(billion)
ration for each fuel for BAU & Costs required
Coal (GWh)
BAU
CO2 (ton) Emission Reduction
CO2 (ton)
0.00
100,000.00
200,000.00
300,000.00
400,000.00
500,000.00
600,000.00
700,000.00
Coal Cost Required to Generate
Electricity
800.00
1,000.00
1,200.00
1,400.00
1,600.00
billion)
Petroluem
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year
BAU
NP
0.00
200.00
400.00
600.00
2015
2016
2017
Cost(R
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
year
Natural Gas Cost Required to Generate
Electricity
BAU
NP
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
2015
2016
2017
Cost(RMb
illion)
Cost Re
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Coal Petroluem Gas Hydro Biomass CO2 (ton)
45 ######## 0 0.1500 0.0500 0.7000 0.1000 0.0000 #######
46 ######## 1 0.1406 0.0454 0.6660 0.1340 0.0138 #######
47 ######## 2 0.1318 0.0410 0.6340 0.1660 0.0266 #######
48 ######## 3 0.1236 0.0368 0.6040 0.1960 0.0384 #######
49 ######## 4 0.1160 0.0328 0.5760 0.2240 0.0492 #######
50 ######## 5 0.1090 0.0290 0.5500 0.2500 0.0590 #######
51 ######## 6 0.1026 0.0254 0.5260 0.2740 0.0678 #######
52 ######## 7 0.0968 0.0220 0.5040 0.2960 0.0756 #######53 ######## 8 0.0916 0.0188 0.4840 0.3160 0.0824 #######
54 ######## 9 0.0870 0.0158 0.4660 0.3340 0.0882 #######
55 ######## 10 0.0830 0.0130 0.4500 0.3500 0.0930 #######
56 ######## 11 0.0796 0.0104 0.4360 0.3640 0.0968 #######
57 ######## 12 0.0768 0.0080 0.4240 0.3760 0.0996 #######
58 ######## 13 0.0746 0.0058 0.4140 0.3860 0.1014 #######
59 ######## 14 0.0730 0.0038 0.4060 0.3940 0.1022 #######
60 ######## 15 0.0720 0.0020 0.4000 0.4000 0.1020 #######
ear Gap 1 otal (GWh
New Policy
Fuel Type PercentageYear Gap 2
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1.03 7473.8 704.83 104633.8 5,742.64 14947.7 3.59 0.0 0.00
1.02 7141.3 673.47 104760.7 5,749.60 21078.0 5.06 2170.7 0.02
1.00 6778.2 639.22 104813.5 5,752.50 27443.3 6.59 4397.5 0.04
0.99 6386.4 602.28 104821.0 5,752.91 34014.8 8.16 6664.1 0.06
0.97 5968.6 562.87 104814.5 5,752.56 40761.2 9.78 8952.9 0.08
0.96 5527.3 521.26 104827.7 5,753.28 47649.0 11.44 11245.2 0.10
0.94 5065.4 477.69 104896.7 5,757.07 54642.0 13.11 13520.9 0.12
0.93 4585.9 432.48 105059.8 5,766.02 61701.8 14.81 15759.0 0.14
0.92 4092.4 385.94 105357.9 5,782.38 68787.4 16.51 17937.0 0.16
0.91 3588.4 338.41 105834.5 5,808.54 75855.6 18.21 20031.3 0.18
0.91 3077.7 290.24 106535.2 5,847.00 82860.7 19.89 22017.3 0.20
0.91 2564.4 241.84 107508.1 5,900.39 89754.5 21.54 23868.8 0.21
0.91 2052.9 193.60 108803.9 5,971.51 96486.5 23.16 25558.6 0.23
0.92 1547.7 145.96 110475.4 6,063.24 103003.6 24.72 27058.5 0.24
0.93 1053.7 99.37 112578.0 6,178.64 109250.6 26.22 28338.6 0.26
0.96 575.8 54.31 115169.6 6,320.88 115169.6 27.64 29368.2 0.26
Electricity Generation for each fuel for NP & Costs required
Petroluem
(GWh)
Costs
(billion)Gas (GWh)
Costs
(billion)
Hydro
(GWh)
Costs
(billion)
Cost
(billion)
Biomass
(GWh)
Costs
(billion)
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
SO2 & NOx Emission Reduction
SO2(ton)
Nox(ton)
-1,400,000.00
-1,200,000.00
-1,000,000.00
-800,000.00
-600,000.00
-400,000.00
-200,000.00
0.00
200,000.00
20152017201
CO(ton) E
Cost Required to Generate
Electricity
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2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
year
BAU
NP
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
year
quired for Hydropower to
enerate Electricity
BAU
NP
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SO2(ton) Nox(ton) CO(ton) CO2 (ton) SO2(ton)
486,547.31 229,447.04 58,295.99 0.00 0.00
477,264.37 228,574.56 159,821.36 3,175,538.08 34,741.59
467,152.09 227,484.20 263,924.90 6,508,353.19 70,967.43
456,384.52 226,243.98 369,858.46 9,985,762.04 108,503.48
445,150.73 224,927.65 476,818.84 13,593,864.47 147,160.64
433,654.85 223,614.73 583,947.72 17,317,543.47 186,734.81
422,116.03 222,390.48 690,331.67 21,140,465.19 227,006.81
410,768.48 221,345.90 795,002.19 25,045,078.88 267,742.46399,861.43 220,577.74 896,935.68 29,012,616.98 308,692.50
389,659.17 220,188.49 995,053.41 33,023,095.03 349,592.67
380,441.00 220,286.39 1,088,221.61 37,055,311.75 390,163.64
372,501.30 220,985.45 1,175,251.36 41,086,848.97 430,111.07
366,149.45 222,405.37 1,254,898.67 45,094,071.69 469,125.54
361,709.89 224,671.66 1,325,864.45 49,052,128.03 506,882.63
359,522.09 227,915.54 1,386,794.52 52,934,949.27 543,042.86
359,940.58 232,273.97 1,436,279.58 56,715,249.82 577,251.72
Emission REmission Production
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6,452.09 -
6,429.17 360.53
6,399.35 736.64
6,364.41 1,126.56
6,326.27 1,528.35
6,287.03 1,939.94
6,248.94 2,359.06
6,214.38 2,783.34
6,185.91 3,210.20
6,166.24 3,636.96
6,158.23 4,060.74
6,164.89 4,478.53
6,189.40 4,887.16
6,235.09 5,283.30
6,305.42 5,663.47
6,404.04 6,024.04
NP
Sum of All Costs
(billion)
Bill Savings
(billion)
920212023202520272029
ission Reduction
CO(ton)
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Nox(ton) CO(ton)
0.00 0.00
12,878.33 -98,475.03
26,283.38 -199,449.75
40,147.14 -302,176.03
54,395.84 -405,850.66
68,949.97 -509,615.32
83,724.28 -612,556.59
98,627.77 -713,705.95113,563.67 -812,039.81
128,429.51 -906,479.46
143,117.03 -995,891.10
157,512.25 -1,079,085.82
171,495.43 -1,154,819.64
184,941.09 -1,221,793.46
197,718.01 -1,278,653.09
209,689.22 -1,323,989.26
eduction