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1 VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS
EXPLANATION OF VFR TERMS AND SYMBOLS
The discussions and examples in this section are based on the Sectional Aeronautical Chart (Sectional). Sec-tionals include the most current data and are at a scale (1:500,000) most beneficial to pilots flying under Visual FlightRules. A pilot should have little difficulty in reading these charts which are, in many respects, similar to automobileroad maps. Each chart is named for a major city within its area of coverage.
The chart legend lists various aeronautical symbols as well as information concerning terrain and contourelevations. You may identify aeronautical, topographical, and obstruction symbols (such as radio and television tow-ers) by referring to the legend. Many landmarks which can be easily recognized from the air, such as stadiums,pumping stations, refineries, etc., are identified by brief descriptions adjacent to small black squares marking their
exact locations . Oil wells are shown by small open circles . Water, oil and gas tanks are shown by smal
black circles and labeled accordingly, if known. The scale of an item may be increased to make it easier toread on the chart.
NACO charts are prepared in accordance with specifications of the Interagency Air Cartographic Committee(IACC) and are approved by representatives of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the Department ofDefense (DoD).
TERRAIN AND OBSTRUCTIONS
The elevation and configuration of the Earth'ssurface are certainly of prime importance to pilots. Car-tographers devote a great deal of attention to showingrelief and obstruction data in a clear and concise manner.Five different techniques are used: contour lines, shadedrelief, color tints, obstruction symbols, and MaximumElevation Figures. (MEF)
1. Contour lines are lines con-necting points on the Earth of equalelevation. On Sectionals, basic con-tours are spaced at 500' intervals.Intermediate contours may also be shown at 250' inter-vals in moderately level or gently rolling areas. Occasion-ally, auxiliary contours at 50, 100, 125, or 150' intervalsmay be used to portray smaller relief features in areas ofrelatively low relief. The pattern of these lines and theirspacing gives the pilot a visual concept of the terrain.Widely spaced contours represent gentle slopes, whileclosely spaced contours represent steep slopes.
2. Shaded relief is a depic-tion of how the terrain mightappear from the air. The cartogra-pher shades the areas that wouldappear in shadow if illuminated bya light from the northwest. Studieshave indicated that our visual per-ception has been conditioned to this view.
3. Color tints are used todepict bands of elevation. These col-ors range from light green for thelowest elevations to brown for thehigher elevations.
4. Obstruction symbols areused to depict man-made vertical features that mayaffect the National Airspace System. NACO maintains afile of over 109,000 obstacles in the United States, Can-ada, the Caribbean and Mexico. Each obstacle is evalu-ated by cartographers before it is added to the visuacharts. When the position or elevation of an obstacle isunverified, it is marked UC (under construction orreported but not verified).
The data in the Digital Obstacle File (DOF) is col-lected and disseminated as part of NACOs responsibilityfor depicting the National Airspace System.
Source data on terrain and obstructions is some-times not complete or accurate enough for use in aero-nautical publications; for example, a reported obstructionmay be submitted with insufficient detail for determiningthe obstruction's position and elevation. Such cases areidentified by NACO and investigated by the FAA FlightEdit program.
The FAA Flight Edit crew conducts data verifica-tion missions, visually verifying cultural and topographicfeatures and reviewing all obstacle data. This reviewincludes checking for obstructions that may have beenconstructed, altered, or dismantled without proper notifi-cation. Unverified obstacles are subsequently photo-
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VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS 2
graphed and the position and elevation are determinedphotogrammetrically.
Generally, only man-made structures extendingmore than 200' above ground level (AGL) are charted.
Objects 200' or less are charted only if they are consid-ered hazardous obstructions; for example, an obstruc-tion is much higher than the surrounding terrain or verynear an airport. Examples of features considered hazard-ous obstacles to low level flight are antennas, tanks, fac-tories, lookout towers, and smoke-stacks.
Obstacles less than 1000' AGL are shown by the
symbol . Obstacles 1000' and higher AGL are
shown by the symbol . Man-made features which areused by FAA Air Traffic Control as checkpoints may berepresented with pictorial symbols shown in black with
the required elevation data in blue.
The elevation of the top of theobstacle above mean sea level (MSL) andthe height of the structure AGL are shownwhen known or when they can be reliablydetermined by the cartographer. The
AGL height is shown in parenthesesbelow the MSL elevation. In extremely congested areasthe AGL values may be omitted to avoid confusion.
Obstacles are portrayed wherever possible. Butsince legibility would be impaired if all obstacles withincity complexes or within high density groups of obstacles
were portrayed, only the highest obstacle in an area is
shown using , the group obstacle symbol.
Obstacles under construction are indicated by
the letters immediately adjacent to the symbol. If
available, the AGL height of the obstruction is shown in
parentheses; for example, . Obstacles with high-in tens i t y s t robe l i gh t i ng sys tems a re shown
as:
5. The Maximum Elevation Figure (MEF) repre-sents the highest elevation, including terrain and othevertical obstacles (towers, trees, etc.), within a quadrant
A quadrant on Sectionals is the area bounded by tickedlines dividing each 30 minutes of latitude and each 30minutes of longitude. MEF figures are depicted to thenearest 100' value. The last two digits of the number arenot shown. In this example the MEF represents 12,500'
MEFs are shown over land masses as well as over openwater areas containing man-made obstacles such as oirigs.
In the determination of MEFs, extreme care isexercised to calculate the values based on the existing
elevation data shown on source material. Cartographersuse the following procedure to calculate MEFs:
When a man-made obstacle is more than 200above the highest terrain within the quadrant:
1. Determine the elevation of the top of theobstacle above MSL.
2. Add the possible vertical error of the sourcematerial to the above figure (100' or 1/2 con-tour interval when interval on source exceeds200'. U.S. Geological Survey QuadrangleMaps with contour intervals as small as 10are normally used).
3. Round the resultant figure up to the nexthigher hundred foot level.
Example: Elevation of obstacle top (MSL) = 2424Possible vertical error + 100
equals 2524Raise to the following 100 foot level 2600
Maximum Elevation Figure
When a natural terrain feature or natural vertical obstacle(e.g. a tree) is the highest feature within the quadrangle.:
1. Determine the elevation of the feature.
2. Add the possible vertical error of the sourceto the above figure (100' or 1/2 the contourinterval when interval on source exceeds200').
3. Add a 200' allowance for natural or man-made obstacles which are not portrayedbecause they are below the minimum heightat which the chart specifications require theirportrayal.
4. Round the figure up to the next higherhundred foot level.
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3 VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS
Example: Elevation of obstacle top (MSL) = 3450Possible vertical error + 100Obstacle Allowance 200
equals 3750Raise to the following 100 foot level 3800
Maximum Elevation Figure
Pilots should be aware that while the MEF isbased on the best information available to the cartogra-
pher, the figures are not verified by field surveys. Also,users should consult the Aeronautical Chart Bulletin inthe A/FD or NACO website to ensure that your chart hasthe latest MEF data available.
RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION
On visual charts, information about radio aids tonavigation is boxed, as illustrated. Duplication of data isavoided. When two or more radio aids in a general areahave the same name with different frequencies, TACANchannel numbers, or identification letters, and no misin-terpretation can result, the name of the radio aid may beindicated only once within the identification box. VHF/UHF radio aids to navigation names and identificationboxes (shown in blue) take precedence. Only those itemsthat are different (e.g., frequency, Morse Code) arerepeated in the box in the appropriate color. The choiceof separate or combined boxes is made in each case onthe basis of economy of space and clear identification ofthe radio aids.
Radio aids to navigation located on an airportdepicted by the pattern symbol may not always beshown by the appropriate symbol. A small open circleindicates the NAVAID location when co-located with anairport symbol. The type of radio aid to navigation maybe indicated by letter identification; e.g., VOR, VORTAC,etc., positioned on and breaking the top line of the iden-tification box.
AIRPORTS
Airports in the following categories are charted asindicated (additional symbols are shown later in this Sec-tion).
Public use airports:
Hard-surfaced runways greater than 8069' or
some multiple runways less than 8069'
Hard-surfaced runways 1500' to 8069'
Other than hard-surfaced runways
Seaplane bases
Military airports:
Other than hard-surfaced runways
Hard-surfaced runways are depicted the sameas public-use airports.
U.S. military airports are identified by abbrevia-tions such as AAF (Army Air Field), AFB (Air ForceBase), MCAS (Marine Corps Air Station), NAS(Naval Air Station), NAF (Naval Air Facility), NAASNaval Auxiliary Air Station), etc. Canadian militaryairports are identified by the abbreviation DND(Department of National Defense).
Services available:
Tick marks around the basic airport symbol indi-
cate that fuel is available and the airport is tendedduring normal working hours. (Normal workinghours are Monday through Friday 10:00 A.M. to4:00 P.M. local time.)
Other airports with or without services:
Airports are plotted in their true geographic posi-tion unless the symbol conflicts with a radio aid to navi-
gation (navaid) at the same location. In such cases, theairport symbol will be displaced, but the relationshipbetween the airport and the navaid will be retained.
Airports are identified by their designated nameGeneric parts of long airport names (such as "airport,"field or "municipal") and the first names of persons arecommonly omitted unless they are needed to distinguishone airport from another with a similar name.
The following figure illustrates the coded datathat is provided along with the airport name. The eleva-tion of an airport is the highest point on the usable por-tion of the landing areas. Runway length is the length ofthe longest active runway including displaced thresholds
{
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VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS 4
and excluding overruns. Runway length is shown to thenearest 100', using 70 as the division point; a runway8070' in length is charted as 81, while a runway 8069' inlength is charted as 80.
Airports with Control Towers (CT), and theirrelated information, are shown in blue. All other airports,and their related information, are shown in magenta (red-dish purple).
The symbol indicates the existence of a rotat-ing or flashing airport beacon operating continuouslysunset to sunrise.
The symbol indicates that runway lights are on
during hours of darkness. A indicates that the pilotmust consult the Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD) todetermine runway lighting limitations, such as: availableon request (by radio call, letter, phone, etc), part-timelighting or pilot/airport controlled lighting. The lighted run-way may not be the longest runway available, and maynot be lighted full length. A detailed description of airportand air navigation lighting aids available at each airportcan be found in the A/FD. The Aeronautical InformationManual (AIM) thoroughly explains the types and uses ofairport lighting aids.
CONTROLLED AIRSPACE
Controlled airspace consists of those areaswhere some or all aircraft may be subject to air trafficcontrol, such as Class A, Class B, Class C, Class DClass E Surface (SFC) and Class E Airspace.
Class A Airspace
within the United Statesextends from 18,000' up to 60,000' MSL. While visuacharts do not depict Class A, it is important to note its
existance.
Class B Airspace
is shown in abbreviated formon the World Aeronautical Chart (WAC). The Sectiona
Aeronautical Chart (Sectional) and Terminal Area Chart(TAC) show Class B in greater detail. The MSL ceiling andfloor altitudes of each sector are shown in solid blue fig-
ures with the last two digits omitted: Radials and
arcs used to define Class B are prominently shown onTACs. Detailed rules and requirements associated withthe particular Class B are shown. The name by which
the Class B is identified is shown as:
Class C Airspace
is shown in abbreviated formon WACs. Sectionals and TACs show Class C in greatedetail.
The MSL ceiling and floor altitudes of each sectorare shown in solid magenta figures with the last two dig-
its eliminated: . The following figures identify a sec-
tor that extends from the surface to the base of the Class
B: . The name by which the Class C is identified is
shown as: . Separate notes, enclosedin magenta boxes, give the approach control frequencies
to be used by arriving VFR aircraft to establish two-wayradio communication before entering the Class C (gener-
ally within 20 NM):
Class D Airspace
is symbolized by a bluedashed line. Class D operating less than continuous is
indicated by the following note: . Ceilings
of Class D are shown as follows: . A minus in fron
of the figure is used to indicate "from surface to but notincluding .... .
Class E Surface (SFC) Airspace
is symbolized
by a magenta dashed line. Class E SFC operating lessthan continuous is indicated by the following note
Class E Airspace
ex ists at 1200' aboveground level unless desig-nated otherwise. The lat-eral and vertical limits of allClass E up to but not including 18,000' are shown bynarrow bands of vignette on Sectionals and TACs. Con-trolled airspace floors of 700' above the ground aredefined by a magenta vignette; floors other than 700
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that abut uncontrolled airspace (Class G) are defined bya blue vignette; differing floors greater than 700' above
the ground are annotated by a symbol and a
number indicating the floor. If the ceiling is less than18,000' MSL, the value (prefixed by the word "ceiling") isshown along the limits of the controlled airspace. Theselimits are shown with the same symbol indicated above.
UNCONTROLLED AIRSPACE
Class G Airspace
within the United Statesextends up to 14,500' MSL. At and above this altitude isClass E, excluding the airspace less than 1500' abovethe terrain and certain special use airspace areas.
SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE
Special use airspace confines certain flight activ-ities and restricts entry, or cautions other aircraft operat-ing within specific boundaries. Except for ControlledFiring Areas, special use airspace areas are depicted onvisual aeronautical charts. Controlled Firing Areas are not
charted because their activities are suspended immedi-ately when spotter aircraft, radar, or ground lookout posi-tions indicate an aircraft might be approaching the area.Nonparticipating aircraft are not required to change theirflight paths. Special use airspace areas are shown in theirentirety (within the limits of the chart), even when theyoverlap, adjoin, or when an area is designated withinanother area. The areas are identified by type and identi-fying name or number, positioned either within or imme-diately adjacent to the area.
OTHER AIRSPACE AREAS
Mode C Required Airspace
(from the surface to10,000' MSL) within 30 NM radius of the primary air-port(s) for which a Class B is designated, is depicted by
a solid magenta line. Mode C is
required but not depicted for operations within andabove all Class C up to 10,000' MSL. Enroute Mode Crequirements (at and above 10,000' MSL except in air-
space at and below 2500' AGL) are not depicted. SeeFAR 91.215 and the AIM.
FAR 93
Airports and heliportswhere Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR93) special air traffic rules and airporttraffic patterns apply are shown by"boxing" the airport name.
FAR 91
Airports where fixed wing special visua
flight rules operations are prohibited (FAR 91) are shownwith the type "NO SVFR" above the airport name.
National Security Areas
are indicated on VFRcharts with a broken magenta line.Unauthorized aircraft are requested to remain clear ofthese areas.
Terminal Radar Service Areas (TRSAs)
areshown in their entirety, symbolized by a screened blackoutline of the entire area including the various sectors
within the area.
The outer limit of the entire TRSA is a continuousscreened black line. The various sectors within the TRSA
are symbolized by slightly narrower screened black linesEach sector altitude is identified in solid black
color by the MSL ceiling and floor values of the respec-tive sector, eliminating the last two digits. A leader line isused when the altitude values must be positioned out-side the respective sectors because of space limitations
The TRSA name is shown near the north position of the
TRSA as follows: . Associated frequcies are listed in a table on the chart border.
Military Training Routes (MTRs)
are shown onSectionals and TACs. They are identified by the routedesignator: . Route designators
are shown in solid black on the route centerline, posi-tioned along the route for continuity. The designator IR or
VR is not repeated when two or more routes are estab-lished over the same airspace, e.g., IR201-205-227Routes numbered 001 to 099 are shown as IR1 or VR99eliminating the initial zeros. Direction of flight along theroute is indicated by small arrowheads adjacent to and inconjunction with each route designator.
The following note appears on Sectionals andTACs covering the conterminous United States.
There are IFR (IR) and VFR (VR) routes as follows
Route identification:
a. Routes at or below 1500' AGL (with no seg-ment above 1500') are identified by four-digitnumbers; e.g., VR1007, etc. These routes are
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VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS 6
generally developed for flight under VisualFlight Rules.
b. Routes above 1500' AGL (some segments ofthese routes may be below 1500') are identi-fied by three-digit or less numbers; e.g., IR21,
VR302, etc. These routes are developed forflight under Instrument Flight Rules.
MTRs can vary in width from four to 16 miles.
Detailed route width information is available in the FlightInformation Publication (FLIP) AP/1B (a DoD publication),or in the Digital Aeronautical Chart Supplement (DACS)produced by NACO.
Special Military Activity
areas are indicated onthe Sectionals by a boxed note in black type. The notecontains radio frequency information for obtaining areaactivity status.
TERMINAL AREA CHART (TAC) COVERAGE
TAC coverage is shown on appropriate Section-als by a 1/4" masked line as indicated below. Within thisarea, pilots should use TACs which provide greater detailand clarity of information. A note to this effect appearsnear the masked boundary line.
INSET COVERAGE
Inset coverage is shown on appropriate Section-als by a 1/8" masked line as indicated below. A note to
this effect appears near the masked boundary line.
CHART TABULATIONS
Airport Tower Communications
are provided ina columnized tabulation for all tower-controlled airportsthat appear on the respective chart. Airport names are
listed alphabetically. If the airport is military, the type ofairfield, e.g., AAF, AFB, NAS, is shown after the airfieldname. In addition to the airport name, tower operatinghours, primary VHF/UHF local Control Tower (CT)Ground Control (GND CON), and Automatic TerminaInformation Service (ATIS) frequencies, when availablewill be given. An asterisk (*) indicates that the part-timetower frequency is remoted to a collocated full-time FSSfor use as Local Airport Advisory (LAA) when the tower isclosed. Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR) and/or Preci-sion Approach Radar (PAR) procedures are listed whenavailable.
Approach Control Communications
are pro-vided in a columized tabulation listing Class B, Class C
Terminal Radar Service Areas (TRSA) and SelectedRadar Facilities when available. Primary VHF/UHF fre-quencies are provided for each facility. Sectorizationoccurs when more than one frequency exists and/orapproach direction dependent. Availability of servicehours is also provided
Special Use Airspace (SUA)
information iscomprised of Prohibited, Restricted, Alert, and Warning
Areas. They are presented in blue and listed numericallyfor U.S. and other countries. Restricted, Danger and
Advisory Areas for Canada are tabulated separately inblue. A tabulation of Military Operations Areas (MOA) thatappear on the chart are presented in magenta and listedalphabetically. All are supplemented with altitude, time ofuse and the controlling agency/contact facility, and itsfrequency, when available. The controlling agency will beshown when the contact facility and frequency data isunavailable..
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Airport
Name
Hours ofOperation(local time)
Frequencies (VHF/UHF)
Runway dependent
Approachdirection
dependent
Radar InstrumentApproach available
Airspace
Name
VHF/UHF
VHF/UHF
{ {
{
{
{
VHF
UHF
{
{ Sectors forVHF and UHF traffic
local time
Sunrise to Sunset
Frequencies (VHF/UHF)
Radar
Approach
Control
Restricted
Danger
Advisory
{
NOT
RNAVIG
ATION
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VFR AERONAUTICAL CHART SYMBOLS
AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION
AIRPORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
AIRSPACE INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
CHART LIMITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
TOPOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
CULTURE
RAILROADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
ROADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
POPULATED PLACES OUTLINED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
BOUNDARIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
MISCELLANEOUS CULTURAL FEATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
HYDROGRAPHY
SHORELINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
LAKES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
RESERVOIRS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
STREAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
MISCELLANEOUS HYDROGRAPHIC FEATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
RELIEF
CONTOURS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
ELEVATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
UNRELIABLE RELIEF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
SHADED RELIEF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
AREA RELIEF FEATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
MISCELLANEOUS RELIEF FEATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
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HELICOPTER ROUTE CHARTS
AIRPORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
AIRSPACE INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
CULTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32HYDROGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
RELIEF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
VFR FLYWAY PLANNING CHARTSAIRPORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
AIRSPACE INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
CULTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
HYDROGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
RELIEF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
GENERAL INFORMATION
Symbols shown are for World Aeronautical Charts (WAC), Sectional aeronautical charts and Terminal Area Charts(TAC). When a symbol is different on any VFR chart series, it will be annotated thus:WAC or Not shown on WAC.
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VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Aeronautical Information 10
AIRPORTS
LANDPLANE: CIVIL
Airports having con-trol towers (CT) are
shown in blue, all oth-ers are shown in
magenta.
All recognizable run-ways, including somewhich may be closed,
are shown for visualidentification pur-poses.
Refueling and repairfacilities for normaltraffic.
Runway patterns willbe depicted at air-ports with at least onehard surface runway1500 or greater in
length.
SEAPLANE: CIVILAERONAUTICALINFORMATION
LANDPLANE:CIVIL-MILITARY
LANDPLANE:MILITARY
Refueling and repairfacilities not indi-cated.
LANDPLANE:EMERGENCY
No facilities
or
Complete informa-tion is not available.
Add appropriatenotes as required:"closed, approximate
position, existenceunconfirmed.
SEAPLANE:EMERGENCY
No facilities or com-plete information isnot available
HELIPORT
(Selected)
ULTRALIGHT FLIGHTPARK
(Selected)
AIRPORT DATAGROUPING
AIRPORTS
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RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION
VHFOMNI-DIRECTIONALRADIO (VOR) RANGE
VOR
VORTAC
VOR-DME
NON-DIRECTIONALRADIOBEACON(NDB)
NDB-DME
{
ILS COMPONENTS
Shown when compo-nent of airway sys-tem or used in thedescription of Class B
airspace.
BROADCASTSTATIONS (BS)
On request by theproper authority orwhen a VFR Check-
point.
FLIGHT SERVICESTATION (FSS)
REMOTECOMMUNICATIONSOUTLET (RCO)
RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION
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AIR FORCE STATION(AFS)
LONG RANGE
RADAR STATION(LRRS)
OFF AIRPORTAWOS/ASOS
AIRSPACE INFORMATION
CLASS B AIRSPACE
Appropriate notes asrequired may beshown.
Only the airspaceeffective below18,000 feet MSL are
shown.
(Mode C seeFAR 91.215 /AIM)
All mileagesare nautical (NM).
All radialsare magnetic.
RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION
LAS
0 0 2
CLASS C AIRSPACE
Appropriate notes asrequired may beshown.
(Mode C seeFAR 91.215 /AIM)
CLASS D AIRSPACE
AIRSPACE INFORMATION
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13 VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Aeronautical Information
CLASS E AIRSPACE
The limits of Class Eairspace shall beshown by narrowvignettes or by thedashed magenta
symbol. Individualunits of designated
airspace are not nec-essarily shown;
instead, the aggre-
gate lateral and verti-cal limits shall bedefined by the follow-
ing:
Airspace beginning atthe surface (sfc) des-
ignated around air-ports ...
Airspace beginning at700 feet AGL ...
Airspace beginning at1200 feet AGL or
greater that abutsuncontrolled air-
space (Class G) ...
Differentiates floorsof airspace greaterthan 700 feet abovethe surface...
When the ceiling isless than 18,000 feetMSL, the value, pre-fixed by the word"ceiling, shall be
shown along the lim-its.
OFFSHORECONTROL AREAS
AIRSPACE INFORMATION
CANADIAN AIRSPACE
Individual units ofdesignated Canadian
airspace are not nec-essarily shown;
instead, the aggre-gate lateral and verti-cal limits shall be
portrayed as closelyas possible to thecomparable U.S. air-
space.
Appropriate notes asrequired may beshown.
AIRSPACE OUTSIDEOF U.S.
Other than Canada
Appropriate notes asrequired may beshown.
FLIGHTINFORMATIONREGIONS (FIR)and /or (CTA)
OCEANICCONTROL AREAS(OCA)
AIRSPACE INFORMATION
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VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Aeronautical Information 14
AIR DEFENSEIDENTIFICATIONZONE (ADIZ)
Note. Delimiting linenot shown when itcoincides with Inter-
national Boundary,projection lines orother linear features.
LOW ALTITUDEAIRWAYSVOR and LF / MF(CLASS E AIRSPACE)
Low altitude FederalAirways are indicatedby centerline.
Only the controlledairspace effectivebelow 18,000 feetMSL is shown.
MISCELLANEOUSAIR ROUTES
AIRSPACE INFORMATION
SPECIAL USEAIRSPACE
Only the airspaceeffective below18,000 feet MSL are
shown.
The type of area shallbe spelled out in large
areas if space per-mits.
MILITARY TRAININGROUTES (MTR)
SPECIAL MILITARYACTIVITY ROUTES(SMAR)
Boxed notes (as intext) shown adjacentto route.
AIRSPACE INFORMATION
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15 VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Aeronautical Information
SPECIAL AIRTRAFFIC RULES /
AIRPORT PATTERNS(FAR 93)
Appropriate boxednote as requiredshown adjacent toarea.
SPACEOPERATIONS
AREA(FAR 91.143)
MODE C(FAR 91.215)
Appropriate notes asrequired may beshown.
MISCELLANEOUSAIRSPACE AREAS
Parachute JumpingArea with Frequency
GliderOperating Area
UltralightActivity
Hang GliderActivity
SPECIALCONSERVATION
AREAS
National Park,Wildlife Refuge,Primitive andWilderness Areas,etc.
AIRSPACE INFORMATION
SPECIAL AIRSPACEAREAS
SPECIAL FEDERALAVIATIONREGULATIONS(SFAR) AREAS
Appropriate notes asrequired may beshown.
SFAR AREARELATING TONATIONAL SECURITY
Example:Washington DC
Appropriate notes asrequired may beshown.
TEMPORARY FLIGHTRESTRICTION (TFR)RELATING TONATIONAL SECURITY
Example:P-40/R-4009
Appropriate notes asrequired may beshown.
AIRSPACE INFORMATION
WASHINGTON DC METROPOLITANAREA SPECIAL FLIGHT RULESAREA IN EFFECT (See SFAR 94description in chart border).
CAUTIONP-40 AND R-4009 EXPANDED BYTEMPORARY FLIGHT RESTRICTION.CONTACT AFSS FOR LATESTSTATUS AND NOTAMS
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VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Aeronautical Information 16
NATIONALSECURITY AREA
Appropriate notes asrequired may beshown.
HIGH ENERGYRADIATION
AREAS
Appropriate notes asrequired may beshown.
TERMINAL RADARSERVICE AREA(TRSA)
Appropriate notes asrequired may beshown.
AIRSPACE INFORMATION
AIRSPACE INFORMATION
IFR ROUTES
Appropriate notes asrequired may beshown.
Arrival
Departure
TRANSITION ROUTES
Appropriate notes asrequired may beshown.
Uni-directional
Bi-directional
NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION
ISOGONIC LINE &VALUE
Isogonic lines andvalues shall be basedon the five year epoch
magnetic variationmodel.
LOCAL MAGNETICNOTES
UnreliabilityNotes
COMPASS ROSETTE
Shown only in areasvoid of VOR roses.
Compass rosette willbe based on the fiveyear epoch magnetic
variation model.
VFR TRANSITION ROUTE
ATC CLEARANCE REQUIRED
SEE SHOWBOAT GRAPHIC
ON SIDE PANEL
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17 VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Aeronautical Information
INTERSECTIONS
Named intersectionsused as reporting
points. Arrows aredirected toward facili-ties which establish
intersection.
AERONAUTICALLIGHTS
AERONAUTICALLIGHTS
NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION
Site #
MARINE LIGHTS
With Characteristicsof Light
VISUAL GROUNDSIGNS
Shore andLandmarkers
VFR CHECKPOINTS
NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION
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VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Aeronautical Information 18
VFR WAYPOINTS
Stand-Alone
Collocated withVFR Checkpoint
OBSTRUCTION
GROUPOBSTRUCTION
HIGH-INTENSITYOBSTRUCTIONLIGHTS
High-intensity lightsmay operate part-time.
MAXIMUMELEVATIONFIGURE (MEF)
(see page 2 for expla-nation).
WARNING ANDCAUTION NOTES
Used when specificarea is not demar-cated.
NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION
CHART LIMITS
OUTLINE ONSECTIONAL OFTERMINAL AREACHART
OUTLINE ONSECTIONAL OFINSET CHART
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19 VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Topographic Information
CULTURE
RAILROADS
All gauges
Single TrackTOPOGRAPHICINFORMATION
Double Track
More ThanTwo Tracks
Electric
RAILROADS INJUXTAPOSITION
RAILROAD-NONOPERATING,ABANDONED,DESTROYEDOR UNDERCONSTRUCTION
RAILROAD YARDS
Limiting Track ToScale
Location Only
RAILROADSTATIONS
RAILROAD SIDINGSAND SHORT SPURS
ROADS
Dual LaneCategory 1
PrimaryCategory 2
SecondaryCategory 2
TRAILS
Category 3
Provides symboliza-
tion for dismantledrailroad when com-bined with label "dis-mantled railroad."
ROAD MARKERS
Interstate RouteNo.
U.S. Route No.
Air MarkedIdentification Label
ROAD NAMES
ROADS UNDERCONSTRUCTION
Features Related toRailroads and Roads
CULTURE
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VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Topographic Information 20
BRIDGESAND VIADUCTS
Railroad
Road
OVERPASSES ANDUNDERPASSES
CAUSEWAYS
TUNNELS-ROADAND RAILROAD
POPULATEDPLACES OUTLINED
Large CitiesCategory 1
Cities and
Large TownsCategory 2
POPULATEDPLACES
Towns and VillagesCategory 3
CULTURE
FERRIES, FERRYSLIPS AND FORDS
PROMINENTFENCES
BOUNDARIES
International
State andProvincial
Convention orMandate Line
Date Line
CULTURE
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21 VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Topographic Information
TIME ZONES
MINES ANDQUARRIES
Shaft Minesand Quarries
POWERTRANSMISSION &TELECOMMUNICA-TION LINES
PIPELINES
Underground
DAMS
DAM CARRYINGROAD
PASSABLE LOCKS
CULTURE
SMALL LOCKS
WEIRS ANDJETTIES
SEAWALLS
BREAKWATERS
PIERS, WHARFS,QUAYS, ETC.
MISCELLANEOUSCULTURALFEATURES
OUTDOORTHEATER
WELLS
Other Than Water
CULTURE
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VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Topographic Information 22
RACE TRACKS
LOOKOUT TOWERS
Air markedidentification
LANDMARK AREAS
TANKS
COAST GUARDSTATION
AERIAL
CABLEWAYS,CONVEYORS, ETC.
HYDROGRAPHY
OPEN WATER
INLAND WATER
CULTURE
618 (Elevation Base of Tower)
(Site Number)
SHORELINES
Definite
Fluctuating
UnsurveyedIndefinite
Man-made
LAKES
Label as required
Perennial
When too numerousto show individual
lakes, show represen-tative pattern anddescriptive note.
Non-Perennial
(dry, intermittent, etc.)Illustration includes
small perennial lake
RESERVOIRS
Natural Shorelines
Man-madeShorelines
Label when neces-
sary for clarity
Too small to show toscale
Under Construc-tion
HYDROGRAPHY
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23 VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Topographic Information
STREAMS
Perennial
Non-Perennial
Fanned Out
Alluvial fanMISCELLA-
NEOUS HYDRO-GRAPHICFEATURES
Braided
Disappearing
SeasonallyFluctuating
with undefined limits
with maximum banklimits, prominent andconstant
Sand Deposits Inand AlongRiverbeds
HYDROGRAPHY
WET SAND AREAS
Within and adjacentto desert areas
AQUEDUCTS
Abandoned orUnderConstruction
Underground
Suspended orElevated
Tunnels
Kanats
Underground aque-duct with air vents
HYDROGRAPHY
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VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Topographic Information 24
FLUMES,PENSTOCKS ANDSIMILAR FEATURES
Elevated
Underground
FALLS
Double-Line
Single-Line
RAPIDS
Double-Line
Single-Line
CANALS
HYDROGRAPHY
To Scale
Abandoned orUnderConstruction
Abandonedto Scale
SMALL CANALSAND DRAINAGE /IRRIGATIONDITCHES
Perennial
Non-Perennial
Abandonedor Ancient
NumerousRepresentative pat-tern and/or descrip-tive note.
Numerous
HYDROGRAPHY
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25 VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Topographic Information
COASTAL HYDRO-GRAPHIC FEATURESSALT EVAPORATORS
AND SALT PANSMAN EXPLOITED
SWAMPS, MARSHESAND BOGS
HUMMOCKS ANDRIDGES
MANGROVE ANDNIPA
PEAT BOGS
TUNDRA
CRANBERRY BOGS
RICE PADDIES
Extensive areas indi-cated by label only.
HYDROGRAPHY
salt pans
mangrove
peat bog
LAND SUBJECT TOINUNDATION
SPRINGS, WELLSAND WATERHOLES
GLACIERS
GLACIAL MORAINES
ICE CLIFFS
SNOWFIELDS, ICEFIELDS AND ICECAPS
ICE PEAKS
FORESHORE FLATS
Tidal flats exposed atlow tide.
HYDROGRAPHY
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VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Topographic Information 26
ROCKS-ISOLATED
Bare or Awash
WRECKS
Exposed
REEFS-ROCKYOR CORAL
MISCELLANEOUSUNDERWATERFEATURES NOTOTHERWISESYMBOLIZED
FISH PONDS AND
HATCHERIES
ICE
PermanentPolar Ice
Pack Ice
HYDROGRAPHY
RELIEF
CONTOURS
Basic
Approximate
Intermediate
Auxiliary
Depression
Illustration includesmound withindepression
Values
2000
1000
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27 VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Topographic Information
SPOT ELEVATIONSELEVATIONS
Position Accurate
Position Accurate,
ElevationApproximate
UNRELIABLE RELIEFApproximatelocation
Critical
Highest on Chart
MOUNTAIN PASS
HACHURING
UNSURVEYEDAREAS
Label appropriatelyas required
UNCONTOUREDAREAS
Label appropriatelyas required
DISTORTEDSURFACE
AREAS
LAVA FLOWS
RELIEF
12632
RELIEF DATA INCOMPLETE
lava
SAND OR GRAVELAREAS
SAND RIDGES
To Scale
SAND DUNES
To Scale
SHADED RELIEF
ROCK STRATAOUTCROP
AREA RELIEF FEA-TURES
QUARRIES TOSCALE
STRIP MINES, MINEDUMPS ANDTAILINGS
To Scale
CRATERS
MISCELLANEOUSRELIEF FEATURES
ESCARPMENTS,BLUFFS, CLIFFS,DEPRESSIONS, ETC.
LEVEES ANDESKERS
RELIEF
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HELICOPTER ROUTE CHARTS - Aeronautical Information 28
AIRPORTS
LANDPLANE
All recognizable run-ways, including somewhich may be closed,
are shown for visualidentification.
HELICOPTER ROUTECHARTS
HELIPORT
SEAPLANE
ULTRALIGHTFLIGHT PARK
AIRPORT DATAGROUPING
Boxed airport nameindicates airport forwhich a Special Traf-fic Rule has beenestablished.
RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION
VHFOMNI-DIRECTIONALRADIO (VOR) RANGE
VOR
VORTAC
VOR-DME
NON-DIRECTIONALRADIOBEACON(NDB)
NDB-DME
{
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29 HELICOPTER ROUTE CHARTS - Aeronautical Information
NAVAIDS USEDTO DEFINECLASS B AIRSPACE
BROADCAST
STATIONS (BS)
On request by theproper authority orwhen a VFR Check-
point.
FLIGHT SERVICESTATION (FSS)
REMOTE
COMMUNICATIONSOUTLET (RCO)
RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION
AIRSPACE INFORMATION
CLASS B AIRSPACE
Appropriate notes asrequired may beshown. (Mode C seeFAR 91.215/AIM)
All mileages arenautical (NM)
All radials aremagnetic.
CLASS C AIRSPACEAppropriate notes asrequired may beshown. (Mode C seeFAR 91.215/AIM)
CLASS D AIRSPACEHELICOPTER ROUTECHARTS
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HELICOPTER ROUTE CHARTS - Aeronautical Information 30
CLASS E SURFACE(SFC) AIRSPACE
SPECIAL AIRSPACEAREAS
SPECIAL FEDERALAVIATIONREGULATIONS(SFAR) AREASRELATING TONATIONAL SECURITY
Example:Washington DC
Appropriate notes asrequired may beshown.
AIR DEFENSEIDENTIFICATIONZONE (ADIZ)
Note. Delimiting linenot shown when it
coincides with Inter-national Boundary,projection lines orother linear features.
AIRSPACE INFORMATION
WASHINGTON DC METROPOLITAN SPECIAL
FLIGHT RULES AREA IN EFFECT (See SFAR 94
description in chart border). Special regulations applyto all aircraft operations below Flight Level 180 in the Washington
DC Metropolitan Area. Pilots should contact a local AFSS for NOTAM
information prior to flight in the Washington DC Metropolitan Area.
CANADIAN AIRSPACE
Appropriate notes asrequired may beshown.
HELICOPTERROUTES
AIRSPACE INFORMATION
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31 HELICOPTER ROUTE CHARTS - Aeronautical Information
SPECIAL USEAIRSPACE
Only the airspaceeffective below18,000 feet MSL is
shown.
The type of area shallbe spelled out in largeareas if space per-mits.
MILITARY TRAININGROUTES (MTR)
SPECIAL AIRTRAFFIC RULES /
AIRPORT TRAFFICAREAS(FAR PART 93)
Appropriate boxednotes as requiredshown adjacent toarea.
MODE C(FAR 91.215)
Appropriate notes asrequired may beshown.
MISCELLANEOUSAIRSPACE AREAS
Parachute Jumping
Area with Frequency
GliderOperating Area
UltralightActivity
Hang GliderActivity
SPECIALCONSERVATION
AREAS
National Park,
Wildlife Refuge,Primitive andWilderness Areas,etc.
TERMINAL RADARSERVICE AREA(TRSA)
Appropriate notes asrequired may beshown.
AIRSPACE INFORMATION NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION
VFR CHECKPOINTS
VFR WAYPOINTS
Stand-Alone
Collocated withVFR Checkpoint
OBSTRUCTIONS
MAXIMUMELEVATION FIGURE(MEF)
(see page 2 for expla-nation).
NAVIGATION DATA
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HELICOPTER ROUTE CHARTS - Topographic Information 32
WARNING ANDCAUTION NOTES
LOCAL MAGNETICNOTES
UnreliabilityNotes
CULTURE
RAILROADSSingle Track
Double Track
ROADS
Dual Lane
Primary
BRIDGES
POPULATEDPLACES
Built-up Areas
BOUNDARIES
International
State andProvincial
NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION
POWERTRANSMISSIONLINES
PROMINENTPICTORIALS
LANDMARKS
HYDROGRAPHY
SHORELINES
MAJOR LAKES ANDRIVERS
RESERVOIRS
RELIEF
SPOT ELEVATIONS
Position Accurate
CULTURE
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33 VFR FLYWAY PLANNING CHARTS - Aeronautical Information
AIRPORTS
LANDPLANE
No distinction ismade between air-ports with servicesand those withoutservices. Runwaysmay be exaggeratedto clearly portray the
pattern. Hard-sur-faced runways which
are closed but stillexist are included inthe charted pattern.
FAR 91 - Fixed wingspecial VFR opera-tions prohibited.
VFR FLYWAY PLAN-NING CHARTS
RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION
VHFOMNI-DIRECTIONALRADIO RANGE (VOR)
VOR
VORTAC
VOR-DME
NON-DIRECTIONALRADIOBEACON(NDB)
NDB-DME
NAVAIDS USED TODEFINE CLASS B
AIRSPACE
AIRSPACE INFORMATION
CLASS B AIRSPACE
Appropriate notes asrequired may beshown.
(Mode C seeFAR 91.215 /AIM)
All mileages arenautical (NM).
All radialsare magnetic.
CLASS C AIRSPACE
Appropriate notes asrequired may beshown.
(Mode C seeFAR 91.215/AIM)
CLASS D AIRSPACE
CLASS E SURFACE(SFC) AIRSPACE
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VFR FLYWAY PLANNING CHARTS - Aeronautical Information 34
SPECIAL AIRSPACEAREAS
SPECIAL FEDERALAVIATIONREGULATIONS(SFAR) AREASRELATING TONATIONAL SECURITY
Example:Washington DC
Appropriate notes asrequired may beshown.
TEMPORARY FLIGHTRESTRICTION (TFR)RELATING TONATIONAL SECURITY
Example:P-40/R-4009
Appropriate notes asrequired may beshown.
AIRSPACE INFORMATION
WASHINGTON DC METROPOLITAN AREA
SPECIAL FLIGHT RULES AREA IN EFFECT
(See SFAR 94 description in chart border).Special regulations apply to all aircraft operations below
Flight Level 180 in the Washington DC Metropolitan Area.Pilots should contact a local AFSS for NOTAM information
prior to flight in the Washington DC Metropolitan Area.
CAUTIONP-40 AND R-4009 EXPANDED BYTEMPORARY FLIGHT RESTRICTION.CONTACT AFSS FOR LATEST STATUSAND NOTAMS.
SUGGESTED VFRFLYWAY AND
ALTITUDE
IFR ROUTES
Appropriate notesas required maybe shown.
Arrival
Departure
TRANSITION ROUTES
Appropriate notes asrequired may beshown.
Uni-directional
Bi-directional
SPECIAL USEAIRSPACE
Only the airspaceeffective below18,000 feet MSL is
shown.
MILITARY TRAININGROUTES (MTR)
AIRSPACE INFORMATION
VFR TRANSITION ROUTE
ATC CLEARANCE REQUIRED
SEE SHOWBOAT GRAPHIC
ON SIDE PANEL
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SPECIAL AIRTRAFFIC RULES /
AIRPORT TRAFFICAREAS(FAR Part 93)
Appropriate boxednote as requiredshown adjacent toarea.
MODE C(FAR 91.215)
Appropriate notes asrequired may beshown.
AIR DEFENSEIDENTIFICATIONZONE (ADIZ)
TERMINAL RADARSERVICE AREA(TRSA)
MISCELLANEOUS
AIRSPACE AREASParachute Jumping
Area
GliderOperating Area
UltralightActivity
Hang GliderActivity
AIRSPACE INFORMATION NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION
VFR CHECKPOINTS
VFR WAYPOINTS
Stand-Alone
Collocated withVFR Checkpoint
OBSTRUCTIONS
Only those obstaclesspecified by the FAAshall be shown.
Above Ground Level(AGL) heights are not
shown.
NAVIGATIONAL DATA
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VFR FLYWAY PLANNING CHARTS - Topographic Information 36
CULTURE
RAILROADS
Single andMultiple Tracks
ROADS
Dual Lane
Primary
POPULATEDPLACES
Built-up Areas
Towns
BOUNDARIES
International
POWERTRANSMISSIONLINES
PROMINENTPICTORIALS
LANDMARKS
HYDROGRAPHY
SHORELINES
MAJOR LAKESAND RIVERS
RESERVOIRS
HARBOR FREEWAY
110
POWER PLANT
RELIEF
Spot Elevations
Position AccurateMountain Peaks
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37 IFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS
EXPLANATION OF IFR ENROUTE TERMS AND SYMBOLS
The discussions and examples in this section will be based primarily on the IFR (Instrument Flight Rule)Enroute Low Altitude Charts. Other IFR products use similar symbols in various colors (see Section 3 of this guide)
The chart legends list aeronautical symbols with a brief description of what each symbol depicts. This section wilprovide a more detailed discussion of some of the symbols and how they are used on IFR charts.
NACO charts are prepared in accordance with specifications of the Interagency Air Cartographic Committee(IACC), and are approved by representatives of the Federal Aviation Administration and the Department of DefenseSome information on these charts may only apply to military pilots.
AIRPORTS
All active airports with hard-surfaced runways of
3000' or longer are shown on FAA IFR Enroute Charts.
All active airports with approved instrument approach
procedures are also shown regardless of runway length
or composition. Charted airports are classified according
to the following criteria:
Blue Airports with an approved Department of
Defense (DoD) Low Altitude Instrument Approach Pro-
cedure and/or DoD RADAR MINIMA published in
DOD FLIP (Flight Information Publication or the FAA
U.S. Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP).
Green
Airports and seaplane bases with an
approved Low Altitude Instrument Approach Proce-
dure published in the FAA TPP volumes.
Brown
Airports and seaplane bases that do not
have a published Instrument Approach Procedure.
Airports are plotted in their true geographic posi-
tion unless the symbol conflicts with a radio aid to navi-
gation (NAVAID) at the same location. In such cases, the
airport symbol will be displaced, but the relationship
between the airport and the NAVAID is retained.
Airports are identified by the airport name. In the
case of military airports, the abbreviated letters AFB (Air
Force Base), NAS (Naval Air Station), NAF (Naval Air
Facility), MCAS (Marine Corps Air Station), AAF (Army Air
Field), etc., appear as part of the airport name.
Airports marked "Pvt" immediately following the
airport name are not for public use, but otherwise meet
the criteria for charting as specified above.
Runway length is the length of the longest active
runway (including displaced thresholds but excluding
overruns) and is shown to the nearest 100 feet using 70
feet as the division point; e.g., a runway of 8,070' is
labeled 81.
The following runway compositions (materials)
constitute a hard-surfaced runway: asphalt, bitumen
concrete, and tar macadam. Runways that are not
hard-surfaced have a small letter "s" following the run-
way length, indicating a soft surface.
A symbol following the elevation under the air
port name means that runway lights are in operation
sunset to sunrise. A symbol indicates there is Pilot
Controlled Lighting. A symbol means the lighting is
part-time or on request. The pilot should consult the Air-
port/Facility Directory for light operating procedures. TheAeronautical Information Manual thoroughly explains the
types and uses of airport lighting aids.
RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION (NAVAIDs)
All IFR radio NAVAIDs that have been flight-
checked and are operational are shown on IFR enroute
charts. VHF/UHF NAVAIDs (VORs, TACANs, and UHF
NDBs) are shown in black, and LF/MF NAVAIDs (Com-
pass Locators and Aeronautical or Marine NDBs) are
shown in brown.
MARTINSBURGEastern WV Rgnl (MRB)
Longest runway length tonearest 100 feet with 70feet as the dividing point(add 00)s indicates soft surface
Part-time or establishedby NOTAM. See A/Gtabulation for times of
operation.In Alaska see SupplementAlaska
Airport
Name
AssociatedCity Name
1. Airport elevation given in feet above or below mean
sea level.
2. Pvt - Private use, not available to general public.
3. A solid line box enclosing the airport name indicates
FAR 93 Special Requirements- see Directory/Supplement
4. "NO SVFR" above the airport name indicates FAR 91
fixed-wing special VFR flight is prohibited
5. following the airport name indicates Class C or
Class D Airspace.
6. There is no A/G tabulation on Alaska Low AltitudeCharts.
7. Airport symbol may be offset for enroute navigational
aids.
8. Associated city names for public airports are shown
above or preceding the airport name. If airport name and
city name are the same, only the airport name is shown.
The airport identifier in parentheses follows the airport
name. City names for military and private airports are not
shown.
or
AutomaticTerminal
InformationService
AirportElevation
Part-time Frequency
LOW ALTITUDE - U.S.& ALASKA
AirportIdentifier
L
L
L
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39 IFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS
SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE
Special use airspace confines certain flight activ-
ities or restricts entry, or cautions other aircraft operating
within specific boundaries. Special use airspace areas
are depicted on aeronautical charts. Special use air-
space areas are shown in their entirety, even when they
overlap, adjoin, or when an area is designated within
another area. The areas are identified by type and identi-
fying number or name (R4001), effective altitudes, oper-ating time, weather conditions (VFR/IFR) during which
the area is in operation, and voice call of the controlling
agency, on the back or front panels of the chart. Special
Use Airspace with a floor of 18,000' MSL or above is not
shown on the Enroute Low Altitude Charts. Similarly,
Special Use Airspace with a ceiling below 18,000' MSL
is not shown on Enroute High Altitude Charts.
OTHER AIRSPACE
Mode C Required Airspace
(from the surface to
10,000' MSL) within 30 NM radius of the primary air-
port(s) for which a Class B airspace is designated, is
depicted on Enroute Low Altitude Charts. Mode C is also
depicted within 10 NM of all airports listed in Appendix D
of FAR 91.215 and the Aeronautical Information Manual
(AIM).
Mode C is required within the limits of a Class C airspace
up to 10,000' MSL.
INSTRUMENT AIRWAYS
The FAA has established two fixed route systems
for air navigation. The VOR and LF/MF (low or medium
frequency) systemdesignated from 1,200' AGL to but
not including 18,000' MSLis shown on Low Altitude
Enroute Charts, and the Jet Route systemdesignated
from 18,000' MSL to FL 450 inclusiveis shown on
High Altitude Enroute Charts.
VOR LF/MF AIRWAY SYSTEM(LOW ALTITUDE ENROUTE CHARTS)
In this system VOR airwaysairways based on
VOR or VORTAC NAVAIDsare depicted in black and
identified by a "V" (Victor) followed by the route number
(e.g., "V12"). In Alaska, some segments of low-altitude
airways are based on LF/MF navaids and are charted in
brown instead of black.
LF/MF airwaysairways based on LF/MF
NAVAIDsare sometimes called "colored airways"
because they are identified by color name and number
(e.g., "Amber One", charted as "A1"). Green and Red air-
ways are plotted east and west, and Amber and Blue air-
ways are plotted north and south. Regardless of their
color identifier, LF/MF airways are shown in brown. U.S
colored airways exist only in Alaska, those within the
conterminous U.S. have been rescinded. (Note: In Mexi-
can airspace on FAA charts, LF/MF airways are charted
in black).
AIRWAY/ROUTE DATA
On both series of Enroute Charts, airway/route
data such as the airway identifications, bearings or radi-
als, mileages, and altitude (e.g., MEA, MOCA, MAA) are
shown aligned with the airway and in the same color as
the airway.
Airways/Routes predicated on VOR or VORTAC
NAVAIDs are defined by the outbound radial from the
NAVAID. Airways/Routes predicated on LF/MF NAVAIDs
are defined by the inbound bearing.
AREA NAVIGATION (RNAV) T ROUTE SYSTEM(LOW ALTITUDE ENROUTE CHARTS)
The FAA has created new low altitude area navi-
gation (RNAV) routes for the en route and terminal envi-
ronments. The RNAV routes will provide more direc
routing for IFR aircraft and enhance the safety and effi-ciency of the National Airspace System. To utilize these
routes aircraft will need to be equipped with IFR
approved Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). In
Alaska, TSO-145a and 146a equipment is required.
Low altitude RNAV only routes are identified by
the letter T prefix, followed by a three digit number (T-
200 to T-500). Routes are depicted in aeronautical blue
on the IFR Enroute Low Altitude charts. RNAV route
data (route line, identification boxes, mileages, way-
points, waypoint names, magnetic reference bearings
3500G
V4
5500
*3500
30 310
Victor Route (with RNAV/G PS MEA shown in blue)
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IFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS 40
and MEAs) will also be printed in aeronautical blue.
Magnetic reference bearings will be shown originating
from a waypoint, fix/reporting point or NAVAID. A GNSS
minimum IFR en route altitude (MEA) for each segment
will be established to ensure obstacle clearance and
communications reception. MEAs will be identified with
a G suffix..
Joint Victor/RNAV routes will be charted as out-
lined above except as noted. The joint Victor route and
the RNAV route identification box shall be shown adja-
cent to each other. Magnetic reference bearings will not
be shown. MEAs will be stacked in pairs or in two sepa-
rate columns, GNSS and Victor. On joint routes, RNAV
specific information will be printed in blue.
OFF ROUTE OBSTRUCTION CLEARANCE ALTI-TUDE (OROCA)
The Off Route Obstruction Clearance Altitude
(OROCA) is represented in thousands and hundreds of
feet above mean sea level. The OROCA represents the
highest possible elevation including both terrain and
other vertical obstructions (towers, trees., etc.) bounded
by the ticked lines of latitude and longitude. In this exam-
ple the OROCA represents 12,500 feet.
OROCA is computed just as the Maximum Ele-
vation Figure (MEF) found on Visual charts except that itprovides an additional vertical buffer of 1,000 feet in des-
ignated non-mountainous areas and a 2,000 foot vertical
buffer in designated mountainous areas within the United
States. Unlike a MEF, when determining an OROCA the
area 4 NM around each quadrant is analyzed for
obstructions. Evaluating the area around the quadrant
provides the chart user the same lateral clearance an air-
way provides should the line of intended flight follow a
ticked line of latitude or longitude. OROCA does not pro-
vide for NAVAID signal coverage, communication cover-
age and would not be consistent with altitudes assigned
by Air Traffic Control. OROCAs can be found over all land
masses and open water areas containing man-made
obstructions (such as oil rigs). OROCAs are shown in
every 30 x 30 minute quadrant on Area Charts, every
one degree by one degree quadrant for U.S. Low Alti-
tude Enroute Charts and every two degree by two
degree quadrant on Alaska Low Enroute Charts.
MILITARY TRAINING ROUTES (MTRs)
Military Training Routes (MTRs) are routes estab-
lished for the conduct of low-altitude, highspeed military
flight training (generally below 10,000 feet MSL at air-
speeds in excess of 250 knots IAS). These routes are
depicted in brown on Enroute Low Altitude Charts, and
are not shown on inset charts or on IFR Enroute High
Altitude Charts. Enroute Low Altitude Charts depict all IR
(IFR Military Training Route) and VR (VFR Military Training
Route) routes, except those VRs that are entirely at or
below 1500 feet AGL.
Military Training Routes are identified by designa-
tors (IR-107, VR-134) which are shown in brown on the
route centerline. Arrows indicate the direction of flight
along the route. The width of the route determines the
width of the line that is plotted on the chart:
Route segments with a width of 5 NM or less
both sides of the centerline, are shown by a .02"
line.
Route segments with a width greater than 5 NM
either or both sides of the centerline, are shown by a
.035" line.
JET ROUTE SYSTEM (HIGH ALTITUDE EN-ROUTE CHARTS)
Jet routes are based on VOR or VORTAC
navaids, and are depicted in black with a "J" identifier fol-
lowed by the route number (e.g., "J12"). In Alaska, some
segments of jet routes are based on LF/MF navaids and
are shown in brown instead of black.
AREA NAVIGATION (RNAV) Q ROUTE SYSTEM (HIGH ALTITUDE ENROUTE CHARTS)
The FAA has adopted certain amendments to
Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations which paved the
way for the development of new area navigation (RNAV)
routes in the U.S. National Airspace System (NAS)
These amendments enable the FAA to take advantage of
technological advancements in navigation systems such
as the Global Positioning System (GPS). RNAV Q
Route MEAs are shown when other than 18,000. MEAs
for GNSS RNAV aircraft are identified with a G suffix
NGOZIGRANT
T270T270
087268
70
5000G 088
67
54006000G
269
Magnetic
ReferenceBearing
Waypoint
VAL10000
8000G
6700
100007000G
67007000G
4400T228 V333333
10 10
BILLY TOMMY YATESJES
1094940
332
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41 IFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS
MEAs for DME/DME/IRU RNAV aircraft do not have a
G suffix.. RNAV routes and associated data are charted
in aeronautical blue. Magnetic reference bearings are
shown originating from a waypoint, fix/reporting point, or
NAVAID. Joint Jet/RNAV route identification boxes will be
located adjacent to each other with the route charted in
black. With the exception of Q-Routes in the Gulf of
Mexico, GNSS or DME/DME/IRU RNAV are required,
unless otherwise indicated. Radar monitoring is required.
DME/DME/IRU RNAV aircraft should refer to the A/FD for
DME information. Altitude values are stacked highest to
lowest.
TERRAIN CONTOURS ON AREA CHARTS
The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)
recently recommended that terrain be added to Area
Charts to increase pilots situational awareness of terrain
in the terminal area and to increase the safety of flight.
When the terrain on an Area Chart rises at least 1000
above the airport elevation, terrain will be depicted in
shades of brown. The initial contour value (lowest eleva-
tion) depicted will be at least 1000, but no more than
2000 above the airport elevation. The initial contour
value may be less than 1000 only if needed to depict a
rise in terrain close to the airport. Subsequent contour
values will be depicted at a whole 1000 increment
(2000/4000, etc., NOT 2500/4500, etc.). The follow-
ing Area Charts are affected: Anchorage, Denver, Fair-
banks, Juneau, Los Angeles, Phoenix, Prudhoe Bay, San
Francisco and Vancouver.
The following boxed notes are added to affected
Area Charts as necessary:
MagneticReferenceBearing
RNAV Route
MEA - 23000G
Q7
300
Waypoint
154
MEA - 23000G
J12
MEA - 27000
300
Q7
Joint Jet/RNAV Route
NOTE: TERRAIN CO NTOURS HAVE BEEN ADDED TO
THOSE AREA CHARTS WHERE THE TERRAIN O N THE
CHART IS 1000 FOOT OR GREATER THAN THE
ELEVATION OF THE PRIMARY AIRPORT
UNCONTROLLED AIRSPACE BOUNDARIES ARE DEPICTED
WITH A SOLID BROWN LINE AND A .125" WIDE SHADED
BROWN BAND. THE SHADED SIDE REPRSENTS THE
UN CO N T ROLLE D S ID E
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42
IFR AERONAUTICAL CHART SYMBOLS
IFR Enroute Low/High Altitude (U.S. & Alaska Charts)
AIRPORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
AIRSPACE INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
CULTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49HYDROGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
TOPOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Oceanic Route Charts
North Atlantic and North Pacific Route Charts
AIRPORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
AIRSPACE INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
CULTURAL BOUNDARIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51HYDROGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
GENERAL INFORMATION
Symbols shown are for the Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) Enroute Low and High Altitude Charts.
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43 IFR ENROUTE LOW/HIGH ALTITUDE U.S. & ALASKA CHARTS
AIRPORTS
AIRPORT DATAIFR ENROUTE LOW/HIGH ALTITUDECHARTS
AERONAUTICALINFORMATION
AIRPORT DATADEPICTION
LOW/HIGH ALTITUDE
Airports/Seaplane bases shown in BLUE and GREENhave an approved Instrument Approach Procedurepublished. Those in BLUE have an approved DoDInstrument Approach Procedure and/or DoD RADARMINIMA published in DoD FLIPS or FAA TPP.Airports/Seaplane bases shown in BROWN do nothave a published Instrument Approach Procedure.
All IAP Airports are shown on the Low AltituideCharts.
Non-IAP Airports shown on the U.S. Low AltitudeCharts have a minimum hard surface runway of3000'.
Non-IAP Airports shown on the Alaska LowAltitude Charts have a minimum hard or softsurface runway of 3000'.
Airports shown on the U.S. High Altitude Chartshave a minimum hard surface runway of 5000'.
Airports shown on the Alaska High AltitudeCharts have a minimum hard or soft s urfacerunway of 4000'.
Associated city names for public airports areshown above or preceding the airport name. Ifairport name and city name are the s ame, onlythe airport name is shown. City names formilitary and private airports are not shown.
The airport identifier in parentheses follows theairport name or Pvt.
Airport symbol may be offset for enroutenavigational aids.
Pvt - Private Use
MARTINSBURGEastern WV Rgnl (MRB)
Longest runway length tonearest 100 feet with 70feet as the dividing point(add 00)s indicates soft surface
Part-time or establishedby NOTAM. See A/Gtabulation for times ofoperation.In Alaska see SupplementAlaska
AirportName
AssociatedCity Name
1. Airport elevation given in feet above or below mean
sea level.2. Pvt - Private use, not available to general public.
3. A solid line box enclosing the airport name indicates
FAR 93 Special Requirements- see Directory/Supplement
4. "NO SVFR" above the airport name indicates FAR 91
fixed-wing special VFR flight is prohibited
5. following the airport name indicates Class C or
Class D Airspace.
6. There is no A/G tabulation on Alaska Low Altitude
Charts.
7. Airport symbol may be offset for enroute navigational
aids.
8. Associated city names for public airports are shown
above or preceding the airport name. I f airport name and
city name are the same, only the airport name is s hown.
The airport identifier in parentheses follows the airport
name. City names for military and private airports are not
shown.
or
AutomaticTerminal
InformationService
AirportElevation
Part-time Frequency
LOW ALTITUDE - U.S.& ALASKA
AirportIdentifier
Joe Foss Fld (FSD)SIOUX CITY
AirportNa m e
AssociatedCity Name
HIGH ALTITUDE - U.S.Airport
Identifier
Edward GPitka Sr (G AL)
GALENA
15 72 s
Longest runwaylength to nearest 100feet with 70 feet asthe dividing point(add 00)s indicates soft
AirportNa m e
AssociatedCity Name
AirportElevation
HIGH ALTITUDE - ALASKA
AirportIdentifier
CIVIL
CIVIL ANDMILITARY
MILITARY
SEAPLANE -CIVIL
HELIPORT
AIRPORTS
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IFR ENROUTE LOW/HIGH ALTITUDE U.S. & ALASKA CHARTS 44
RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION
VHFOMNIDIRECTIONALRADIO RANGE(VOR)
DISTANCEMEASURINGEQUIPMENT (DME)
TACTICAL
AIRNAVIGATION(TACAN)
NON-DIRECTIONALRADIO BEACON(NDB)
MARINERADIO BEACON(RBN)
COMPASSLOCATORBEACON
ILS LOCALIZER
VOR/DME RNAVWAYPOINT DATA
RNAVWAYPOINT
NAVIGATION andCOMMUNICATIONBOXES
RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION
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45 IFR ENROUTE LOW/HIGH ALTITUDE U.S. & ALASKA CHARTS
AIRSPACE INFORMATION
LOW ALTITUDEAIRWAYS
HIGH ALTITUDEROUTES
SINGLEDIRECTIONROUTES
DIRECTION OFFLIGHT INDICATOR
SUBSTITUTEROUTE
UNUSABLEROUTE
BY-PASSROUTE
AIRWAYRESTRICTION
V4 J4
VHF / UHF Data is depited in BlackLF / MF Data is depicted in BrownRNAV Route data is depicted in Blue
T000Low Altitude RNAV RouteGNSS Required
VOR Airway /Jet Route
LF /MF Airway
Uncontrolled LF MFAirway
Oceanic Route
ATS Route
LOW/HIGH ALTITUDE
HIGH ALTITUDE
RNAV Route
MagneticReferenceBearingMEA - 23000G
Q7
300
Waypoint
154
MEA - 23000G
J12
MEA - 27000
300
Q7
Joint Jet/RNAV Route
V 193
1000-0600Z
Q11
1300-0600Z
Other times routes revert to bi-directional
V4
MILITARYTRAININGROUTES (MTR)
FIXES/ATC REPORT-ING REQUIREMENTS
TACTICAL AIRNAVIGATION(TACAN)FIX - ALASKA
RADIALSANDBEARINGS
All radials and bearingsare magnetic
FACILITYLOCATORS
MILEAGES
All Mileages areNautical (NM)
DISTANCEMEASURINGEQUIPMENT (DME)FIX
AIRSPACE INFORMATION
LOW/HIGH ALTITUDE
Fix-CompulsoryPosition Report
Coordinates are shownfor compulsory, offshoreand holding fixes
Fix-Non-CompulsoryPosition Report
Off-set arrows indicatefacility forming a fix(airway away from
VHF/UHF, towardLF/MF NAVAID)
RNAV WaypointCompulsory Report
RNAV Waypoint Non-Compulsory Report
(RCRCP)
Mileage Breakdown orComputer Navigation Fix(CNF)(no ATC function)
Five-letter identifier inparenthesis indicates CNFwith no ATC function
Total Mileage betweenCompulsory ReportingPoints and/or NAVAIDs
Mileage between other
Fixes, NAVAIDs and/orMileage Breakdown
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IFR ENROUTE LOW/HIGH ALTITUDE U.S. & ALASKA CHARTS 46
MINIMUMENROUTE
ALTITUDE (MEA)
All Altitudes Are MSLUnless Otherwise Noted
MINIMUMENROUTE
ALTITUDE (MEA)GAP
MAXIMUMAUTHORIZEDALTITUDE (MAA)
All Altitudes Are MSLUnless OtherwiseNoted
MINIMUMOBSTRUCTIONCLEARANCE
ALTITUDE (MOCA)
All Altitudes Are MSLUnless OtherwiseNoted
CHANGEOVERPOINT
ALTITUDECHANGE
MINIMUMCROSSING
ALTITUDE (MCA)
MINIMUMRECEPTION
ALTITUDE (MRA)
HOLDINGPATTERNS
AIRSPACE INFORMATION
V4
V4
3000GRNAV/GPS MEA3500
55003500
3500
55003500
A0
A0
J4
V4MEA is established when
there is a gap in navigation
signal coverage
V4
J4
5500*3500
5500*3500
V4
7000G
T266
112
*6300
T2447400SE
NEHER DIGGS
GRANTV6 4000SW V6 4000SW
COPEL SHIMY
V4
AIRDEFENSEIDENTIFICATIONZONE (ADIZ)
AIR
ROUTETRAFFICCONTROLCENTER (ARTCC)
AIR TRAFFICSERVICEIDENTIFICATIONDATA
ALTIMETERSETTINGCHANGE
FLIGHTINFORMATIONREGIONS (FIR)
CONTROLAREAS (CTA)
UPPERINFORMATIONREGIONS (UIR)
UPPER
CONTROL AREAS(UTA)
ADDITIONALCONTROL
AREAS
AIRSPACE INFORMATION
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47 IFR ENROUTE LOW/HIGH ALTITUDE U.S. & ALASKA CHARTS
OFF ROUTEOBSTRUCTIONCLEARANCE
ALTITUDE(OROCA)
SPECIAL USEAIRSPACE
SPECIAL USE
AIRSPACEContinued
AIRSPACE INFORMATION
ORO CA is computed similarly to the Maximun
Elevation Figure (MEF) found on Visual charts exceptthat it provides an additional vertical buffer of 1,000feet in designated non-mountainous areas and a2,000 foot vertical buffer in designated mountainousareas within the United States.
P - Prohibited AreaR - Restricted Area
W - Warning Area
Low OnlyA - Alert Area
Canada OnlyCYR - Restricted AreaCYD - Danger Area
CYA - Advisory Area
Caribbean OnlyD - Danger Area
In the Caribbean, the first 2 letters represent thecountry code, i.e. MY: Bahamas, MU: Cuba
EXCLUSION AREAAND NOTE
Internal lines delimitseparation of the sameSpecial Use Areas orExclusion Areas
SEE AIRSPACE TABULATION ON EACH CHARTFOR COMPLETE INFORMATION ON:
AREA IDENTIFICATIONEFFECTIVE ALTITUDEOPERATING TIMECONTROLLING AGENCY VOICE CALL
CONTROLLEDAIRSPACE
AIRSPACE INFORMATION
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IFR ENROUTE LOW/HIGH ALTITUDE U.S. & ALASKA CHARTS 48
CONTROLLEDAIRSPACE
CONTROLLEDAIRSPACECanada Only
UNCONTROLLEDAIRSPACE
CANADIAN AIRSPACE
Appropriate notes asrequired may beshown.
AIRSPACE OUTSIDEOF U.S.
Other than Canada
Appropriate notes asrequired may beshown.
AIRSPACE INFORMATION
NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION
ISOGONIC LINEAND VALUE
TIME ZONE
ENLARGEMENTAREA
MATCH MARK
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49 IFR ENROUTE LOW/HIGH ALTITUDE U.S. & ALASKA CHARTS
CRUISINGALTITUDESU.S. only
NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION
NOTES
MORSE CODE
CULTURE
BOUNDARIESCULTURE &HYDROGRAPHY
International
U.S. /RussiaMaritime Line
Date Line
HYDROGRAPHY
SHORELINE
TOPOGRAPHY
TERRAIN
Area Charts
NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION
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OCEANIC ROUTE CHARTS - Aeronautical Information 50
AIRPORTS
AIRPORT DATA
LANDPLANE-CIVILRefueling and repairfacilities for normaltraffic.
LANDPLANE-CIVIL
AND MILITARYRefueling and repairfacilities for normaltraffic.
LANDPLANE-MILITARYRefueling and repairfacilities for normaltraffic.
RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION
VHFOMNIDIRECTIONALRADIO RANGE
(VOR)DISTANCEMEASURINGEQUIPMENT(DME)
TACTICAL AIRNAVIGATION (TACAN)
NON-DIRECTIONALRADIO BEACON(NDB)
DISTANCEMEASURINGEQUIPMENT
(DME)
IDENTIFICATION BOXOCEANIC ROUTECHARTS
AIRSPACE INFORMATION
AIR TRAFFIC SER-VICE (ATS) OCEANIC
ROUTES
Note: Mileages areNautical (NM)
ATS SINGLE DIREC-TION ROUTE
AERIALREFUELINGTRACKS
AIR DEFENSEIDENTIFICATIONZONE (ADIZ)
AIR ROUTETRAFFIC CONTROLCENTER (ARTCC)
FLIGHTINFORMATIONREGIONS (FIR)and/or (CTA)
UPPERINFORMATIONREGIONS (UIR)
UPPER CONTROLAREAS (UTA)
OCEANIC CONTROLAREAS (OCA)and /or (CTA /FIR)
ADDITIONALOCEANIC CONTROL
AREAS
Note: Limits notshown when coinci-dent with Warning
Areas.
BUFFER ZONE
NON-FREE
FLYING ZONE
NORTH ATLANTIC /MINIMUMNAVIGATIONPERFORMANCESPECIFICATIONS(NAT/MNPS)
REPORTINGPOINTS
SPECIAL USEAIRSPACE
Warning Area
Special Use
12 Mile Limit
UNCONTROLLEDAIRSPACE
AIRSPACE INFORMATION
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51 OCEANIC ROUTE CHARTS - Aeronautical Information
NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION
MILEAGE CIRCLES
Note: Mileages areNautical (NM)
Time ZoneNote: All time isCoordinated Uni-versal (Standard)
Time (UTC)
Overlap Marks
NPRC Only
COMPASS ROSE
Note: CompassRoses oriented toMagnetic North
NOTES
WARNING
CULTURAL BOUNDARIES
INTERNATIONAL
MARITIME
DATE LINE
HYDROGRAPHY
SHORELINES
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U.S. TERMINAL PROCEDURES PUBLICATION 52
EXPLANATION OF TPP TERMS AND SYMBOLS
The discussions and examples in this section will be based primarily on the IFR (Instrument Flight Rule) Ter-minal Procedures Publication (TPP). Other IFR products use similar symbols in various colors (see Section 2 of thisguide). The publication legends list aeronautical symbols with a brief description of what each symbol depicts. Thissection will provide a more detailed discussion of some of the symbols and how they are used on TPP charts.
NACO charts are prepared in accordance with specifications of the Interagency Air Cartographic Committee(IACC), which are approved by representatives of the Federal Aviation Administration, and the Department ofDefense. Some information on these charts may only apply to military pilots.
PILOT BRIEFING INFORMATION
The pilot briefing information format consists ofthree horizontal rows of boxed procedure-specific infor-mation along the top edge of the chart. Altitudes, fre-
quencies and channel, course and elevation values
(except HATs and HAAs) are charted in bold type. Thetop row contains the primary procedure navigation infor-mation, final approach course, landing distance avail-able, touchdown zone and airport elevations. Themiddle row contains procedure notes and limitations,icons indicating if nonstandard alternate and/or take-offminimums apply, approach lighting symbology, and thefull text description of the missed approach procedure.
The bottom row contains air to ground communicationfacilities and frequencies in the order in which they areused during an approach with the tower frequency boxbolded.
NOTE: The symbol indicates that outages of theWAAS vertical guidance may occur daily at this loca-tion due to initial system limitations. WAAS NOTAMsfor vertical outages are not provided for this approach.Use LNAV minima for flight planning at these locations,whether as a destination or alternate. For flight opera-tions at these locations, when the WAAS avionics indi-cate that LNAV/VNAV or LPV service is available, thenvertical guidance may be used to complete theapproach using the displayed level of service. Shouldan outage occur during the procedure, reversion toLNAV minima may be required. As the WAAS cover-
age is expanded, the will be removed.
MISSED APPROACH ICONS
In addition to the full text description of themissed approach procedure contained in the notes sec-tion of the middle-briefing strip, the steps are alsocharted as boxed icons in the chart profile view. These
icons provide simple-to-interpret instructions, such as
direction of initial turn, next heading and/or course, nextaltitude, etc.
RNAV CHART MINIMA
RNAV instrument approach procedure charts wilnow incorporate all types of approaches using Area Nav-igation systems, both ground based and satellite basedBelow is an explanation of the RNAV minima.
The standard format for RNAV minima (and land-ing minima) is as shown below. RNAV minima are
dependent on navigational equipment capability, asstated in the applicable AFM or AFMS, or other FAAapproved document, and as outlined below.
GLS (Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
Landing System)
The GLS (NA) Minima line will be removed fromthe existing RNAV (GPS) approach charts when LPVminima is published.
LPV (An Approach Procedure with Vertical Guid-ance (APV) and precise lateral based on WAAS
Must have WAAS (Wide Area Augmentation Sys-tem) avionics approved for LPV approach.
LNAV/VNAV (Lateral Navigation/Vertical Naviga-tion)
Must have either:a.) WAAS avionics approved for LNAV/VNAV
approach, or
b.) A certified Baro-VNAV system with an IFRapproach approved GPS, or
c.) A certified Baro-VNAV system with an IFRapproach approved WAAS, or
d.) An approach certified RNP-0.3 system..
Other RNAV approach systems require speciaapproval.
NOTES:
W
W
W
300296
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53 U.S. TERMINAL PROCEDURES PUBLICATION
1. LNAV/VNAV minima not applicable for Baro-VNAV equipment if chart is annotated Baro-VNAV NAor when below the minimum published temperature,e.g., Baro-VNAV NA below -17 C (2 F).
2. DME/DME based RNP-0.3 systems may beused only when a chart note indicates DME/DME avail-ability; e.g., DME/DME RNP-0.3 Authorized. SpecificDME facilities may be required; e.g., DME/DME RNP-0.3 Authorized, ABC, XYZ required.
LNAV (Lateral Navigation)
Must have IFR approach approved GPS, WAAS,or RNP-0.3 system. Other RNAV systems require specialapproval.
NOTE:
DME/DME RNP-0.3 systems may be usedonly when a chart note indicates DME/DME availabil-ity; e.g., "DME/DME RNP-0.3 Authorized." SpecificDME facilities may be required; e.g., "DME/DME RNP-0.3 Authorized. ABC, XYZ required."
TERMINAL ARRIVAL AREAS (TAAs)
The objective of the Terminal Arrival Area (TAA) isto provide a seamless transition from the enroute struc-ture to the terminal environment for arriving aircraftequipped with Flight Management System (FMS) and/orGlobal Positioning System (GPS) navigational equip-ment. The underlying instrument approach procedure isan area navigation (RNAV) procedure. The TAA containswithin it a T structure that normally provides for a NoProcedure Turn (NoPT) for aircraft using the approach.
The TAA provides the pilot and air traffic controller with avery efficient method for routing traffic into the terminalenvironment with little required air traffic control interface,
and with minimum altitudes depicted that provide stan-dard obstacle clearance compatible with the instrumentprocedure associated with it. The TAA will not be foundon all RNAV procedures, particularly in areas of heavyconcentration of air traffic. When the TAA is published, itreplaces the MSA for that approach procedure. TAAsmay appear on current and new format GPS and RNAVIAP charts.
The standard TAA consists of three areas definedby the extension of the Initial Approach Fix (IAF) legs andthe intermediate segment course. These areas are calledthe straight-in, left-base, and the right-base areas. TAA
area lateral boundaries are identified by magneticcourses TO the IAF. The straight-in area can further bedivided into pie-shaped sectors with the boundariesidentified by magnetic courses TO the IF/IAF, and manycontain stepdown sections defined by arcs based onRNAV distances (DME or ATD) from the IF/IAF. The right/left-base areas can only be subdivided using arcs basedon RNAV distances from the IAFs for those areas.
Straight-In Area: The straight-in area is defined by asemi-circle with a 30 NM radius centered on andextending outward from the IF/IAF. The altitude shownwithin the straight-in area icon provides minimum IFR
obstacle clearance
Base Areas: the left and right base areas are boundedby the straight-in TAA and the extension of the inter-mediate segment course. The base areas are definedby a 30 NM radius centered on the IAF on either sideof the IF/IAF. The IF/IAF is shown in the base areaicons without its name. The altitude shown within thebase area icons provides minimum IFR obstacle clear
ance.
Minimum MSL altitudes are charted within eachof these defined/subdivisions that provide at least 1,000feet of obstacle clearance, or more as necessary inmountainous ares
NOTE: Additional information for the TAAs can befound in the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIMPara 5-4-5-d.
ALTERNATE MINIMUMS
When an alternate airport is required, standardIFR alternate minimums apply. Precision approach pro-cedures require a 600 ceiling and 2 statute miles visibil-ity; nonprecision approaches require an 800 ceiling and2 statute miles visibility. When a appears in the Notessection of the approach chart, it indicates non-standardIFR alternate minimums exist for the airport. This infor-
mation is found in Section E of the TPP. If appearsalternate minimums are not authorized due to unmoni-tored facility or absence of weather reporting serviceCivil